O dimensionamento seguro e econômico de dissipadores de energia por ressalto hidráulico formado a jusante de vertedouros passa pela compreensão de como se processa a dinâmica do escoamento. Para que isso seja possível é necessário que sejam identificadas as características macroturbulentas do escoamento, tanto no que diz respeito aos valores médios quanto às parcelas flutuantes e extremas dos esforços de pressões atuantes junto ao fundo. Este trabalho, então, propõe a análise dos esforços hidrodinâmicos atuantes na estrutura hidráulica a partir de uma nova abordagem que preconiza que os esforços atuantes junto ao fundo devem ser avaliados como um somatório dos efeitos hidrodinâmicos ocasionados pelas distintas condições do escoamento. Dessa forma, foram avaliados individualmente os efeitos: (i) da curva de concordância vertical entre o perfil vertente e a bacia de dissipação e a sua influência sobre esta, (ii) do escoamento em regime rápido sobre um plano horizontal, (iii) da macroturbulência presente no ressalto hidráulico livre (tipo A) e (iv) do afogamento do ressalto hidráulico. Essa avaliação individualizada proporciona, em última instância, a identificação global dos esforços atuantes junto à estrutura hidráulica, conferindo sensibilidade a esta análise global a partir da identificação da influência de cada um dos efeitos atuantes e das respectivas consequências sobre a bacia de dissipação. O trabalho apresenta, assim, um método analítico de previsão de pressões médias, flutuantes e extremas atuantes ao longo de uma bacia de dissipação por ressalto hidráulico, quer este seja formado integralmente na bacia de dissipação, quer este seja formado parcialmente sobre o perfil vertente, condição predominante na operação de sistemas estruturais de dissipação de energia hidráulica. / To safely and economically design hydraulic jump energy dissipators downstream spillways the comprehension of the flow dynamics is needed. To achieve this it is needed to identify the macroturbulent characteristics of the flow, both the mean pressure values as well as the fluctuating and extreme pressures acting on the floor of the stilling basin. The present work proposes to analyze the hydrodynamic forces acting on the structures by means of a new approach which states that the pressures acting on the basin floor can be evaluates as the sum of hydrodynamic effects caused by the distinct flow conditions. The following effects were individually evaluated (i) transition from the spillway slope to the flat basin slope. (ii) supercrítical flow over a flat slope, (iii) macroturbulence present in a classic hydraulic jump (type A jump) and (iv) jump submergence. This individualized evaluation aims to identify the global forces acting on the spillway structure conferring sensitivity to the global analysis from the identification of each of the acting effects and its consequences. The present work relates an analytical method for predicting of mean, fluctuating and extreme pressures acting on a hydraulic jump stilling basin, be it formed integrally on the structure or partially over the spillway, usual condition in the basin operation.

Orientador: Roberto Testezlaf / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Agricola / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-15T18:38:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Mesquita_Marcio_M.pdf: 2438272 bytes, checksum: 82069e6658df10bdc4e42bc8a5723a16 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: Filtros de areia são equipamentos recomendados no tratamento de água de irrigação em sistemas localizados, na presença de materiais orgânicos e inorgânicos. Contudo, o pouco conhecimento disponível na literatura e as informações técnicas dispersas, que não chegam ao produtor, limitam a operação e manutenção desses filtros de forma apropriada às nossas condições de qualidade de água. Buscando contribuir com informações que alterem essa situação, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo determinar a influência da granulometria das partículas de areia e da altura do leito filtrante no comportamento hidráulico de três modelos nacionais de filtros de areia com diferentes componentes internos de difusão e de drenagem, utilizando água limpa. Inicialmente, realizou-se um levantamento dos principais equipamentos comercializados no Brasil, identificando a sua origem e caracterizando suas estruturas, componentes e padrões operacionais. Em seguida, foram realizadas visitas técnicas a propriedades rurais, analisando o nível de operacionalidade dos filtros de areia em campo, identificando os principais problemas e possíveis falhas de funcionamento e/ou critérios adotados durante a operação desses equipamentos, utilizando uma metodologia de campo desenvolvida especificamente para esse objetivo. Na etapa experimental, caracterizaram-se fisicamente três amostras de areia pertencentes a diferentes intervalos granulométricos, que foram utilizadas na caracterização hidráulica dos filtros. Essa caracterização constituiu-se na determinação da perda de carga em função da taxa de filtração para a condição de filtros vazios e para três alturas de leito filtrante. Finalizando, realizou-se a validação de um modelo matemático que explicasse o comportamento físico da presença dos difusores e drenos no processo de filtragem para os equipamentos avaliados. O levantamento realizado demonstrou que os filtros comercializados no Brasil apresentam diferentes projetos de componentes ou partes internas, com poucas informações sobre o seu dimensionamento e também para a sua operação. As visitas técnicas aos produtores rurais detectaram o pouco conhecimento que estes possuíam sobre a operação de filtragem e retrolavagem em filtros de areia. Os resultados experimentais obtidos demonstraram que a variação da perda de carga é inversamente proporcional ao diâmetro efetivo dos grãos de areia e diretamente proporcional à altura da camada filtrante. Adicionalmente, verificou-se que o tipo de componentes internos interage diferentemente com a granulometria e altura da camada filtrante, modificando as características hidráulicas de operação dos filtros. O modelo matemático composto, H¿ = (ßo.eQ. ß1) + [?L. (aFV + ßF V2)], explicou adequadamente a variabilidade do comportamento hidráulico dos filtros avaliados com a presença dos seus diferentes componentes internos / Abstract: Sand filters are recommended for water treatment in localized irrigation systems in the presence of organic and inorganic materials. However, due to the little knowledge available on literature and scattered technical information, which do not reach the farmers, there are some limitation in the operation and maintenance of these filters appropriated to our water quality conditions. In search of contributing to understand this problem, this study had the objective to evaluate the influence of sand particles size distribution and the media layer depth on the hydraulic behavior of three national models of sand filters with different internal components of diffusion plate and drainage outlets, using clean water. Initially, it was performed a survey of the major equipment brands traded in Brazil, identifying their origin and characterizing their structures, components and operating standards. In a second step, technical visits were done to farms, examining sand filters operation level in the field, identifying the main problems and possible malfunctions and/or the operation criteria used in such equipments, using a field methodology developed specifically for this purpose. In the experimental lab phase, three samples of sand belonging to different grain size distribution intervals were physically characterized to be used in the trials. Using these samples, it were performed the hydraulic characterization of three models of national commercial brands of sand filters, determining the head loss in function of the filtration rate for the following conditions: empty filters and for three media layer depths. Finally, it was developed a validation procedure of a mathematical model to explain the physical behavior of the diffusion plates and drains types on filtering process for the sand filters tested. The survey showed that the filters sold in Brazil have different designs of components and internal parts, with little information about its drawing and field operation. The technical visits to the farmers found that they had little knowledge about the filtration and backwash operations. The experimental results demonstrated that the head loss variation is inversely proportional to the sand grains effective diameter and directly proportional to the media layer depth. Additionally, it was verified that the internal filter parts interact differently to the particle size and the filter layer depth modifying the hydraulic operation. The proposed composed mathematical model: H¿ = (ßo.eQ. ß1) + [?L. (aFV + ßF V2)], adequately explained the variability of filter hydraulic behaviors considering the presence of theirs internal parts / Mestrado / Agua e Solo / Mestre em Engenharia Agrícola

Orientadores: Tiago Zenker Gireli, Paulo Vatavuk / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-27T09:39:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Morais_VitorHugoPereirade_M.pdf: 5887313 bytes, checksum: d9a8b6193d7d493225eafddb46579af3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / Resumo: A busca pelo entendimento do comportamento dos fluidos é realizada geralmente por meio de métodos experimentais. Por exemplo, são clássicas as soluções utilizando-se modelos físicos reduzidos na otimização de projetos de grandes estruturas hidráulicas, como as barragens. A utilização de métodos experimentais é onerosa e demanda um tempo relativamente alto. Este fato, associado ao desenvolvimento tecnológico de computadores digitais de alta capacidade de processamento, fez surgir alternativamente às soluções clássicas, modelos computacionais que resolvem as equações que descrevem o comportamento dos fluidos com condições de contorno gerais e geometrias complexas. Neste sentido, este trabalho tratará de uma avaliação comparativa dos resultados obtidos em uma simulação do escoamento por um extravasor de uma barragem utilizando o programa FLOW-3D®, com os obtidos em um modelo físico reduzido presente na Fundação Centro Tecnológico de Hidráulica (FCTH) da Universidade de São Paulo / Abstract: Usually the research on the the behavior of fluids is developed using experimental methods. For instance, it is usual to apply physical scale models models in the optimization studies of hydraulic structures design, such as dams. Using experimental methods is expensive and demands a relatively high time of tests. This fact, associated with the technological development of digital computers of high processing capacity, has given rise, alternatively to the classical solutions, computational models that solve the equations that describe the behavior of fluids with general boundary conditions and complex geometries. In this way, this report will present a comparative evaluation of the results obtained in a simulation of a flow through a dam spillway using a mathematical model called FLOW-3D® with those obtained in a physical scale model operated by the Fundação Centro Tecnológico de Hidráulica (FCTH) of the University of São Paulo / Mestrado / Recursos Hidricos, Energeticos e Ambientais / Mestre em Engenharia Civil

In recent years, magnitudes of flood estimates used in hydraulic design have increased for many reservoirs. Consequently, many existing spillways are now deficient as they do not meet current discharge capacity requirements. To rehabilitate existing, fixed-width spillways, labyrinth weirs are often viable solutions. For reservoir applications, arcing labyrinth weirs into the reservoir increases hydraulic efficiency. This results from better cycle orientation to the approaching flow field. This study supplements available arced labyrinth weir hydraulic data by observing flow characteristics of three laboratory-scale physical models and two numerical (CFD) models. Physical model results provide head (energy)-discharge data and empirical coefficients for hydraulic design. Results also show that increasing the arc angle improves efficiency at H/P<0.3, where H/P is upstream piezometric head divided by weir height; after which, efficiency improvements diminish as downstream submergence also increases. The purpose of the CFD analysis was to assess the appropriateness of CFD as a design tool for arced labyrinth weir head-discharge relationship development. The CFD model results found good agreement with the physical model data indicating CFD’s usefulness as a hydraulic design tool; however, it is recommended that CFD models be calibrated to reliable laboratory or field data. This study’s data may be used, with sound engineering judgement, to aid in hydraulic design of arced labyrinth weirs

Reservoir releases for power generation often cause rapidly fluctuating water levels and increased velocities in certain downstream sections of rivers. These conditions and the natural geometry of the river can render certain sections of the river dangerous for recreation. Although public utilities take precautionary safety measures immediately downstream of the dam, their measures further downstream have been limited, if not non-existent. The placement of weirs between the dam and dangerous sections would retard the flow—slowing the rise in water levels and decreasing velocities at predetermined dangerous sections. Big Falls, on the New River near McCoy, Virginia, is a popular recreation spot and becomes dangerous at certain times of the day due to releases from Claytor Lake Dam. Several people have drowned at this location over the years. In this study, the influence of weirs placed upstream of Big Falls on the rise of water level and increase in velocity is investigated by an implicit finite difference computer model of one-dimensional gradually varied unsteady flow. The model allows for investigation of different weir geometries and placements, and the effectiveness of these weirs when subjected to various boundary conditions which arise from variations of the maximum peak release hydrograph from Claytor Lake Dam from May to September of 1983 and 1984. Results of the study consist of the optimum weir geometry and placement on the New River upstream of Big Falls. Criteria for determining the weir included physical location limitations, and the effectiveness of the weir in reducing the rate-of-rise of water levels and increased velocities at Big Falls. / M.S.

Thesis (MScEng)--Stellenbosch University, 2013. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Groynes are hydraulic structures typically constructed from gabions to extend from the outer bank of a river channel into the main flow. The principal uses for groynes are as river training structures, and to protect the riverbank from erosion. This is done by deflecting the current away from the riverbanks, dissipating energy and creating lower flow velocity zones, reducing the effects of erosion. Groynes have been used extensively in the Western Cape since the early 1990s as a means to protect agricultural lands. There is, however an absence of published manuals for the design of groynes around bends as a means of riverbank protection. This study was done to better understand the flow, scour and sediment deposition patterns associated with implementing a series of groynes around a bend. A physical model of a typical sinusoidal South African river was constructed in the Hydraulics Laboratory at the University of Stellenbosch. The model consisted of two succesive 90˚ bends to best simulate erosion patterns. Different layout designs for a series of groynes were tested to determine the optimal design for the given situation in terms of the projection lengths of the groynes, the spacing between the groynes as a factor of the projection length, and the orientation of the groynes with regard to the oncoming flow. An integrated software package, that was developed at the National Centre for Computational Hydroscience and Engineering, at the University of Mississippi, named CCHE2D was used to simulate the physical model numerically. The model was calibrated by adjusting the Manning‟s n value of the sediment, and the normal tailwater depth was calculated and used for the physical and numerical models. The flow rate used during the physical model experiments was also used for the numerical model. The model was validated by comparing scour depths obtained from the physical model to the resulting depth in the hydrodynamic model. From the results obtained from the physical and numerical models, it was found that groynes with a perpendicular orientation to the direction of the oncoming flow were optimal. Groynes with an upstream orientation resulted in excessive scour around the nose of the groynes, while recirculating flow patterns occurred at a velocity which caused bank failure. Groynes with a downstream orientation created very little recirculation of flow, resulting in less scour protection for the outer bank than found for groynes with perpendicular orientation. Finally, the optimal design was identified as a perpendicular groyne orientation with a projection length L and a spacing of 3.5 xL. For the given design, eddy currents covered the entire area between consecutive groynes, causing low flow zones near the outer banks, promoting sediment deposition and decreasing the potential for scour. Recommendations for further studies include the investigation of the effects of different bend radii, the sediment size, as well as various channel widths, flow rates and river slopes. The use of a three-dimensional hydrodynamic model would also be advantageous in order to better understand the flow and scour mechanics associated with different designs. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Groynes is hidrouliese strukture, tipies gebou uit skanskorwe in Suid Afrika, wat vanaf die buiteoewer van 'n rivier strek na die hoofkanaal. Groynes word hoofsaaklik aangewend as rigmure in riviere en om rivieroewers te beskerm teen erosie. Erosiebeskerming word geskep deur vloei weg te deflekteer van die rivieroewer en energie te dissipeer. Sodoende vorm areas met lae vloeisnelhede naby die oewer wat die potensiaal vir erosie verminder. Groynes is sedert die vroeë 1990s in die Wes-Kaap gebruik as 'n manier om landbougrond teen erosie te beskerm. Daar is egter 'n tekort aan gepubliseerde ontwerpriglyne vir die gebruik van groynes vir erosiebeskeriming in riviere. Hierdie studie is gedoen om die vloei-, uitskuringsen sediment neersettingspatrone, geassossiëer met die implementering van groynes, te ondersoek. 'n Fisiese model van 'n tipiese kronkelende Suid-Afrikaanse rivier is gebou in die Hidrouliese Laboratorium by die Universiteit van Stellenbosch. Die model bestaan uit twee opeenvolgende 90˚ draaie om die erosie-patrone te simuleer. Verskillende uitlegte vir 'n reeks groynes is getoets om die optimale ontwerp vas te stel in terme die projeksielengte van die groynes, die spasiëring tussen opeenvolgende groynes as 'n faktor van die projeksielengte en die oriëntasie van die groynes ten opsigte van die aankomende vloeirigting. 'n Geïntegreerde sagteware pakket wat ontwikkel is by die “National Centre for Computational Hydroscience and Engineering”, by die Universiteit van Mississippi, genaamd CCHE2D is gebruik om die fisiese eksperimente numeries te simuleer. Die model is gekalibreer deur die Manning n waarde van die sediment aan te pas, die stroomaf waterdiepte wat bereken is, en die vloeitempo wat waargeneem is tydens die fisiese eksperimente. Die model is bekragtig deur uitskuurdieptes van die fisiese- en hidrodinamiese modelle te vergelyk. Vanuit die resultate wat verkry is in die fisiese- en numeriese modelle, is daar gevind dat groynes met 'n loodregte oriëntasie met betrekking tot die aankomende vloei optimaal is. Daar is gevind dat groynes met 'n stroomop oriëntasie oormatige uitskuring rondom die neus van die groynes ondervind, terwyl hersirkulasie van vloei teen 'n hoë snelheid plaasvind, wat erosie van die oewer tot gevolg het. Groynes met 'n oriëntasie na die stroomaf kant het baie min hersirkulasie van vloei tot gevolg gehad, wat tot minder erosiebeskerming van die buitebank gelei het. Die optimale ontwerp is geïdentifiseer as groynes met loodregte oriëntasie, 'n projeksielengte van 0.675 m en 'n spasiëring van 3.5 keer die projeksielengte. Vir die gegewe ontwerp is werwelstrome gevind wat die hele area tussen opeenvolgende groynes dek, wat area van lae vloei sones veroorsaak naby die oewer, wat sediment deponering bevorder en die potensiaal vir uitskuring verminder. Aanbeveling vir verdere studies sluit die studie van die effekte van verskillende draai radiusse en die sediment-grootte in, sowel as verskillende kanaalbreedtes, vloeie en rivierhellings. Die gebruik van 'n drie-dimensionele hidrodinamiese model sal ook voordelig wees om die betrokke vloei- en uitskuringspatrone rakende verskillende ontwerpe beter te verstaan.

Šio darbo tikslas – įvertinti CC1 pasekmių klasės hidrotechnikos statinių konstrukcijų patikimumą įtakojančius pagrindinius veiksnius bei konstrukcijų remonto metodus, užtikrinančius statinių ilgaamžiškumą. Statant hidrotechnikos statinius Lietuvoje pagrindinių konstrukcijų gamybai buvo naudojamas gelžbetonis, kuriam dabar yra apie 30 – 50 metų. Pastaruoju metu, CC2 ir CC3 pasekmių klasės hidrotechnikos statinių techninė priežiūra ir einamasis remontas yra atliekami periodiškai, tačiau dauguma CC1 pasekmių klasės statinių yra apleisti. Minėti statiniai yra reikšmingi įvairių sistemų bei hidromazgų funkcionavimui, todėl yra svarbu, kad jie išliktų saugūs ir patikimi. Šiam tikslui pasiekti nustatyta, kaip kinta konstrukcijos sauga įtakojama pažaidų, atsirandančių dėl aplinkos poveikio. Norint sustabdyti gelžbetoninių konstrukcijų tolimesnį irimą, atstatyti patikimumą bei saugą – būtinas statinio remontas. Atstatant konstrukcijų geometrinius parametrus ypač svarbu, kad naudojama remonto medžiaga gerai sukibtų su senu betonu ir jai sukietėjus kartu dirbtų kaip vientisas monolitas. Darbe išnagrinėtos cementinės ir polimercementinės remonto sistemos. Vertinant cementines remonto sistemas nustatyta betono paviršiaus šiurkštumo, gruntavimo bei cementinio skiedinio modifikavimo plėtriuoju priedu įtaka sukibimo stipriui ir atsparumui šalčiui. Tiriant polimercementinę remonto sistemą nustatytas jos tinkamumas skirtingų hidrotechninio betono klasių remontui. Remonto ilgaamžiškumas... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The objective of the study is to evaluate the main factors influencing the reliability of the constructions of the CC1 consequence class hydraulic structures as well as the repair works of constructions ensuring durability of structures. When building hydraulic structures in Lithuania, reinforced concrete (which is already 30-50 years old) was used for the construction of main structures. Presently, the technical maintenance and running repairs of CC2 and CC3 consequence class hydraulic structures are carried out periodically; however, the majority of the CC1 consequence class structures are derelict. The CC1 consequence class hydraulic structures are important for the functioning of various systems and hydro schemes. Therefore, it is necessary for them to remain safe and reliable. For the achievement of this aim, it is important to determine the variation of construction safety under the influence of various defects occurring because of the impact of the environment. In order to stop the deterioration of reinforced concrete constructions and restore the reliability and theirs safety, the repair of the structure is necessary to be carried out. When repairing reinforced concrete constructions, it is very important that the old concrete and new repair materials should bond well and form monolithic construction. In the investigation there are analysed hydraulic and polymer hydraulic cement repair systems. Evaluating hydraulic repair systems were determined the influence of... [to full text]

Les matériaux granulaires présentent un large spectre de propriétés mécaniques. Développer des modèles constitutifs permettant d'intégrer ces caractéristiques dans le cadre de simulations à l'échelle de l'ouvrage demeure un réel challenge scientifique. A cet égard, les approches multi-échelles constituent aujourd'hui une voie très prometteuse. Elles permettent de faire émerger des propriétés macroscopiques à partir de modèles micromécaniques calibrés à l'échelle microscopique.Parmi les modèles multi-échelles, le modèle H marque une avancée majeure pour la prise en compte des effets de la microstructure dans le comportement des matériaux granulaires. La structure du matériau granulaire est décrite par une distribution d'hexagones orientés dans l'espace. A partir d'opérations d'homogénéisation, les contraintes et les déformations incrémentales sont reliées à l'échelle de la distribution, donnant lieu à un modèle de comportement qui a la capacité à reproduire propriétés mécaniques essentielles des matériaux granulaires.Nous étudions dans un premier temps les propriétés mécaniques de l'assemblage hexagonal de grains, élément de base du modèle H, afin d'identifier les conditions menant à sa déstabilisation. Nous réalisons dans un second temps une étude de sensibilité du modèle constitutif vis-à-vis des paramètres micro-mécaniques et microstructurels. Enfin, nous démontrons les capacités opérationnelles du modèle à partir d'essais triaxiaux non drainés réalisés sur un sable lâche liquéfiable.Dans un second temps, le modèle H est implémenté en tant que loi constitutive dans un code de calcul aux différences finies. Des simulations d'essais biaxiaux non homogènes sont conduites afin d'explorer les capacités du modèle à reproduire les différents modes de rupture observés en laboratoire. L'utilisation du modèle H pour modéliser des essais biaxiaux drainés et non drainés met clairement en évidence l'influence de la microstructure sur la réponse mécanique des matériaux granulaires. Enfin, le modèle H est utilisé dans le cadre d'une simulation hydro-mécanique couplée à l'échelle de l'ouvrage pour modéliser le chargement d'une fondation superficielle et la rupture d'une digue soumise à une crue. / Granular materials generally exhibit a broad spectrum of mechanical properties. Developing constitutive models to integrate these properties in the context of simulations at the structure scale remains a real scientific challenge. In this respect, multi-scale approaches offer very promising solutions as they allow the emergence of macroscopic properties from micromechanical models calibrated on a microscopic scale.Among the multiscale models, the H model marks a major step forward in taking into account the effects of the microstructure in the behavior of granular materials. The structure of the granular material is described by an assembly of hexagons, oriented in space. From homogenization operations, stresses and incremental strains are related to the scale of the assembly, giving rise to a constitutive model that has the ability to reproduce the essential mechanical properties of granular materials.We first study the mechanical properties of the hexagonal grain assembly in order to identify the conditions leading to the triggering of its instability. We then carry out a study of the sensitivity of the constitutive model with respect to micro-mechanical and microstructural parameters. Finally, we demonstrate the operational capacities of the model from triaxial undrained tests carried out on a liquefiable loose sand.In a second step, the H model is implemented as a constitutive law in a finite difference code. Simulations of non-homogeneous biaxial tests are carried out in order to explore the model's capacities to reproduce the different failure modes observed in the laboratory. The use of the H model to model drained and undrained biaxial tests highlights the influence of the microstructure on the mechanical response of granular materials. Finally, model H is used in numerical simulations at the structure scale to model the loading of a shallow foundation and the failure of a levee subjected to a flooding event.

A good understanding of flow in a number of hydraulic structures, such as energy dissipators, among others, is needed to effectively control upstream and downstream flow conditions, for instance, high water depth and velocity to ensure, scouring, flow stability and control scouring, which is thus crucial to ensuring safe acceptable operation. Although some previous research exists on minimizing scouring and flow fluctuations after hydraulic structures, none of this research can fully resolve all issues of concern. In this research, three types of structures were studied, as follows: a) a vertical gate; b) a vertical gate with an expansion; and c) a vertical gate with a contraction. A Stability Concept was introduced and defined to characterize the conditions downstream of gated structures. When established criteria for stability are met, erosion is prevented. This research then investigated and evaluated two methods to classify the flow downstream of a gated vii structure to easily determine stability. The two classification methods are: the Flow Stability Factor and the Flow Stability Number. The Flow Stability Factor, which is developed based on the Fuzzy Concept, is defined in the range of 0 to 1; the maximum value is one and indicates that the flow is completely stable; and the minimum value is zero and indicates that the flow is completely unstable. The Flow Stability Number is defined as the ratio of total energy at two channel sections with a maximum value of one, and it allows flow conditions to be classified for various hydraulic structures; the number is dimensionless and quantitatively defines the flow stability downstream of a hydraulic structure under critical and subcritical flow conditions herein studied, also allowing for an estimate of the downstream stable condition for operation of a hydraulic structure. This research also implemented an Artificial Neural Network to determine the optimal gate opening that ensures a downstream stable condition. A post-processing method (regression-based) was also introduced to reduce the differences in the amount of the gate openings between experimental results and artificial intelligence estimates. The results indicate that the differences were reduced approximately 2% when the post-processing method was implemented on the Artificial Neural Network estimates. This method provides reasonable results when few data values are available and the Artificial Neural Network cannot be well trained. Experiments were conducted in two laboratories, for two different scales, to investigate any possible scale effect. Results indicate, for instance, that the case of the vertical gate with an expansion performs better in producing a downstream stable condition than the other two studied structures. Moreover, it was found that smaller changes caused by expansions and contractions on the channel width show better performance in ensuring a viii downstream stable condition in the cases of a vertical gate with an expansion and a vertical gate with a contraction over a wide range of structures. Moreover, upstream flow depths in the gate with expansion are higher than in the cases of a gate and a gate with a contraction, suggesting that it may be more appropriate for agriculture applications. This research also applied Game Theory and the Nash Equilibrium Concept in selecting the best choice among various structures, under different flow expectations. In addition, the accuracy of the Flow Stability Factor and the Flow Stability number were compared. This showed that the Flow Stability Factor and the Flow Stability number had good agreement in stable conditions. Hence, the Flow Stability Factor can then be used instead of the Flow Stability number to define stable conditions, as a visual method that does not need any measurement. Importantly, a Fuzzy-based Efficiency Index, a method based on an image processing technique, was also innovatively tested to estimate the hydraulic efficiency of the hydraulic structures. The method was tested and validated using laboratory data with an average agreement of 96.45%, and then demonstrated for prototype case situations in Florida and California. These cases yielded overall efficiencies of 96% and 97.87% in Spillway Park, FL and Oroville Dam, CA, respectively. Statistical assessment was also done on the image, determining an Efficiency Index. Specifically, an image histogram was extracted from the grayscale image, then the mean and standard deviation of the histogram was used to calculate the Index. The method uses the darkness and whiteness of the image to estimate the Efficiency Index; it is easy to use, quick, low cost, and trustworthy.

Fondée sur une enquête archéologique de terrain, cette thèse est consacrée à l’étude des temples dans l’expansion d’un site majeur de l’Inde centrale, Badoh-Pathari (district de Vidisa, Madhya Pradesh), entre le 5e et le 10e siècle de notre ère. Le terrain de cette recherche empirique couvre une aire géographique d’environ 80 km² au sein desquels furent découverts un grand nombre de sites et de vestiges provenant de temples et de structures hydrauliques. En considérant que les temples et les ouvrages hydrauliques sont des artefacts historiques organisés dans l’espace et dans le temps, et qu’ils résultent de processus socioéconomiques au sein de contextes écologiques et anthropiques variés, ces travaux se proposent d’étudier non seulement les vestiges de ces artefacts et la configuration structurelle de leur site, mais également le paysage dans lequel ils existent et dans lequel se sont forgées les relations de l’homme avec le milieu, et de mettre ces résultats au service d’une recherche plus vaste sur l’implication et le rôle intermédiaire des institutions religieuses dans le développement d’un centre économique, politique et religieux et d’un territoire agraire à l’époque médiévale. L’étude du site de Badoh-Pa et #7789;h et #257;ri est menée dans le cadre (1) d’un examen descriptif des vestiges et de leur distribution spatiale et chronologique, (2) d’une exploration des particularités géomorphologiques des sites, de la fonction des ouvrages hydrauliques et de leur relation aux sites cultuels, (3) d’une analyse intégrée de diverses sources de données par la mise en place d’un système d’information géographique (SIG). / Based on new data acquired from fieldwork, this Ph.D. dissertation is devoted to the archaeological study of temples and their place in the expansion of an important site in Central India, Badoh-Pathari (Vidisa district, Madhya Pradesh), between the 5th and the 10th century AD. This empirical research covers a geographic area of about 80 km², in which a large number of sites and remains from temples and hydraulic structures were discovered and examined. As historic artefacts organized in space and time and within various ecological and anthropogenic contexts, the remains of these temples and hydraulic structures testify of several interrelated socioeconomic processes in the formation of a centre in early medieval time. This work deals not only with the material of these artefacts and the structural configuration of the sites, but also with the landscape in which they are kept and distributed, reflecting how the dynamic rela! tionship between man and environment were forged. It is crucial to integrate the study of both material sources and landscape in a historical context in order to address the question about the role of religious institutions in the economic, political and religious development of a centre in early medieval time. The purpose of this work is: (1) to examine in detail the remains and their archaeological context, as well as the spatial and chronological distribution of sites, (2) to explore the landscape features in which they are kept, the functions of hydraulic structures and their spatial relation to cult sites, (3) to develop an integrated analysis of various data in the framework of a geographic information system (GIS).