Η περιοχή μελέτης ανήκει στη ΒΔ Πελοπόννησο, εκτείνεται στο βόρειο τμήμα του νομού Ηλείας και στο νοτιοανατολικό τμήμα του νομού Αχαΐας, χαρακτηρίζεται από την εμφάνιση υπόθερμων θερμομεταλλικών πηγών, καταλαμβάνει έκταση περίπου 1500 Km2 και αναπτύσσεται σε διεύθυνση Α-Δ από τον Ερύμανθο ως τις δυτικές ακτές. Η περιοχή μελέτης οριοθετήθηκε με κύριο κριτήριο τη γεωλογική δομή και τη νεοτεκτονική εξέλιξη της ΒΔ Πελοποννήσου αλλά και τις υδρογεωλογικές συνθήκες, προκειμένου να ερευνηθεί η προέλευση της θερμομεταλλικής υδροφορίας της πηγής των Λουτρών Κυλλήνης καθώς και η σχέση της με τις υπόλοιπες θερμομεταλλικές εμφανίσεις της περιοχής μελέτης. Η αναζήτηση της ζώνης τροφοδοσίας της θερμομεταλλικής πηγής Κυλλήνης προέκυψε από την γεωλογική – υδρογεωλογική έρευνα στην περιοχή Λουτρών Κυλλήνης, σε συνδυασμό με τα στοιχεία υφιστάμενων μελετών, από όπου προκύπτει: 1) η σχέση του νερού της πηγής Κυλλήνης, μετεωρικής προέλευσης, με τους βαθύτερους υδροφορείς μέσω των ενεργών νεοδιαπειρικών ρηγμάτων, η δε ανάπτυξη της θερμομεταλλικής υδροφορίας εντοπίζεται σε μία ζώνη με γενική διεύθυνση Α-Δ, 2) η παροχή, η θερμοκρασία και η μεταλλικότητα της πηγής παρουσιάζει διαχρονικά σταθερότητα και το θερμό θειούχο νερό δημιουργείται εντός ασβεστολιθικών πετρωμάτων, που βρίσκονται σε μεγαλύτερες αποστάσεις σε σχέση με αυτά της περιοχής Κάστρου Κυλλήνης. Από τη γεωλογική, τεκτονική και υδρογεωλογική διερεύνηση της περιοχής μελέτης προκύπτει: 1) η δυνατότητα τόσο της κατακόρυφης όσο και της οριζόντιας σε βάθος κίνησης του νερού μέσω του σύνθετου τεκτονικού ιστού της περιοχής, 2) η από το κεντρικό τμήμα της μεταλπικής λεκάνης πιθανή επικοινωνία των θερμομεταλλικών νερών μέσα από τις ζώνες των ρηγμάτων της περιοχής και 3) η πιθανή τροφοδοσία αυτών από το καρστικό σύστημα των ανθρακικών σχηματισμών του Ερύμανθου. Από την υδροχημική – ισοτοπική έρευνα των νερών του δικτύου δειγματοληψίας που περιελάμβανε νερά πηγών και γεωτρήσεων τόσο γλυκού νερού όσο και θερμομεταλλικού, με διασπορά στην έκταση της περιοχής μελέτης, μελετήθηκε ο υδροχημικός χαρακτήρας των υπόγειων νερών και η ισοτοπική τους σύσταση. Συσχετίζοντας τις γεωλογικές – υδρογεωλογικές συνθήκες των εμφανίσεων της θερμομεταλλικής υδροφορίας στη περιοχή μελέτης με τα υδροχημικά τους χαρακτηριστικά (δηλαδή τους υδροχημικούς δείκτες, τη χημική ταξινόμηση, το χαρακτηρισμό του τύπου των νερών), σε συνάρτηση με την ισοτοπική τους σύσταση, επιβεβαιώνεται η κοινή προέλευση των γεωθερμικών ρευστών των διαφορετικών πηγών καθώς και η συμμετοχή του νερού των καρστικών υδροφορέων της ζώνης Πίνδου στη τροφοδοσία τους. Οι διαφορές που παρατηρούνται ωστόσο στη σύσταση στο σημείο εκροής (δηλαδή διαφορετική θερμοκρασία και αλατότητα, διαφορά στην παροχή, καθώς και μικρές διαφορές σε συγκεντρώσεις ιόντων), μαρτυρούν τη διαφορετική πορεία του γεωθερμικού ρευστού από το γεωθερμικό ταμιευτήρα ως την επιφάνεια. / The region of study belongs to the SW Peloponnese, extends in the northern department of the province of Ilia and in the SE department of the province of Achaia, is characterized by the appearance of hypothermal geothermal-mineral springs, occupies extent approximately 1500 Km2 and is developed in direction E-W from Mount Erymanthos to the sea. The region of study was delimited with main criterion the geological structure and the neotectonic development of SW Peloponnese but also the hydrogeological circumstances so that the origin of the geothermal aquifer of the spring of Killini’s Baths as well as its relation with the remainder of the geothermal-mineral appearances in the region of study are searched. The inquiry of the recharge zone of the geothermal spring of Killini resulted from the geological – hydrogeological research in the region of Killini’s Baths in combination with the elements of pre-existing studies, from where it results: 1) the relation of the water in Killini’s spring, whose origin is meteoric, with the deeper aquifers via the active diapir faults as well as the growth of the geothermal aquifer which is located in an area with general direction Ε-W, 2) the supply, the temperature and the minerality of the spring present stability through the years and the hot, sulphurous water is created on the inside of limestone rocks, that are found in bigger distances in relation to those of the region of Killini’s Castle. From geological, tectonics and hydrogeological investigation in the region of study, it results: 1) the possibility of both vertical and horizontal in-depth water movement via the complex tectonic web of the region, 2) the likely communication of geothermal-mineral via the fault zones of the region in the central department of the post alpine basin 3) probable recharge of the geothermal-mineral from the karsts system of Mount Erymanthos carbonic formations. The hydrochemical character of the underground waters and their isotopic composition were studied, with dissemination in the extent of study region , by the hydrochemical-isotopic research of waters of network of sampling that included waters of springs and drillings both sweet and geothermal-mineral. The common origin of geothermal fluid coming from different springs as well as the participation of the karst aquifer of the zone of Mount Erymanthos in their recharge were confirmed by connecting the geological – hydrogeological conditions of the geothermal – mineral aquifer appearances in the region of study with their hydrochemical characteristics (hydrochemical indicators, the chemical classification, the characterization of water type) and in combination with their isotopic composition. However, the differences that are observed in the characteristics at the point of flow (different temperature and salinity, difference in the supply as well as small differences in concentration if ions), testify the different course of geothermal fluid from the geothermal basin to the surface.

O início das atividades para implantação e operacionalização do Sistema de Gestão Ambiental do IPEN teve inicio em meados de 2011/2012 com o processo de regularização ambiental do IPEN/CNEN, por intermédio de seu Termo de Compromisso de Ajustamento de Conduta TCAC (IBAMA/IPEN/CNEN) demostrando as intenções do IPEN/CNEN em adequar-se ambientalmente segundo as diretrizes do IBAMA, respaldado nos aspectos legais em vigor. Esta operacionalização do SGA vem complementar as ações de licenciamento nuclear, em atendimento aos requisitos legais da Resolução CNEN Nº 112/2011, que dispõe sobre o licenciamento de instalações radiativas que utilizam fontes seladas, fontes não seladas, equipamentos geradores de radiação ionizante e instalações radiativas para produção de radioisótopos. O desenvolvimento prático da política ambiental da instituição foi o resultado do conjunto das ações dos programas institucionais, entre eles o Programa de monitoração Químico Ambiental PMQA. As informações associadas a esse Programa visam prover o IPEN de documentação técnica necessária para atendimento às legislações ambientais vigentes e ao atendimento as solicitações do TAC IBAMA referente às suas instalações localizadas na Av. Professor Lineu Prestes, nº 2.242, Cidade Universitária, Butantã, São Paulo, Capital. O Programa Monitoração Ambiental dos Compostos Químicos Estáveis do Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares IPEN - PMA-Q do IPEN, executado pelo Centro de Química e Meio Ambiente CQMA, desde 2006 estabelece os requisitos básicos para a proteção da vida e da propriedade nas suas dependências, onde são manuseados produtos químicos, biológicos e radioativos e equipamentos e, contempla avaliação da qualidade dos recursos hídricos subterrâneos assim como a caracterização do efluente líquido liberado na rede coletora de esgoto do instituto. Esse Programa contempla a caracterização bimestral da qualidade da água subterrânea em nove poços de monitoramento, avaliando compostos estáveis e radioativos. As análises dos compostos estáveis são realizadas no Laboratório de Análises Químicas e Ambientais LAQA do CQMA. Um sistema de monitoramento tem o papel de acusar a influência de uma determinada fonte de poluição na qualidade da água subterrânea. A localização estratégica e a utilização racional dos poços de monitoramento, aliadas a métodos eficientes de coleta, acondicionamento e análise de amostras, permitem resultados bastante precisos sobre a influência, na qualidade da água subterrânea. A composição natural e a verificação de indícios de poluição ou contaminação das águas podem ser avaliadas por meio de parâmetros físicos, químicos e microbiológicos. Esta avaliação é fundamental para determinação da adequabilidade das águas em função do uso requerido. Desta forma, a proposta do trabalho está alinhada ao Programa de Monitoramento Ambiental dos Compostos Químicos Estáveis do Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares IPEN, propondo uma caracterização hidroquímica das águas subterrâneas com o objetivo de conhecer as principais características qualitativas desse recurso. Esse conhecimento é fundamental para subsidiar as ações de controle da poluição ambiental. Com os resultados da rede de monitoramento de qualidade, obtidos nos poços tubulares, possibilitarão o estabelecimento de Valores de Referência de Qualidade VRQs para os poços de monitoramento do IPEN. / The beginning of the activities for the implementation and operationalization of the Environmental Management System of IPEN began in 2011/2012 with the environmental regularization process of IPEN / CNEN, through its Term of Commitment of Adjustment of Conduct - TCAC (IBAMA / IPEN / CNEN), demonstrating the intentions of IPEN / CNEN to comply with the environment according to the IBAMA guidelines, supported by the legal aspects in force. This operation of the EMS complements the nuclear licensing actions, in compliance with the legal requirements of Resolution CNEN Nº. 112/2011, which deals with the licensing of radiative installations using sealed sources, unsealed sources, ionizing radiation generating equipment and radiative installations for the production of radioisotopes. The practical development of the institution\'s environmental policy was the result of all the actions of the institutional programs, among them the Environmental Chemistry Monitoring Program (PMQA). The information associated with this Program is intended to provide IPEN with the technical documentation required to comply with current environmental legislation and to comply with requests from the IBAMA TAC for its facilities located at Av. Professor Lineu Prestes, nº 2.242, Cidade Universitária, Butantã, São Paulo, Capital. The Environmental Monitoring Program for Stable Chemical Compounds of the IPEN-PMA-Q Institute, run by the Chemistry and Environment Center (CQMA) since 2006 establishes the basic requirements for the protection of life and property in its dependencies, where chemical, biological and radioactive products and equipment are handled, and includes the evaluation of the quality of groundwater resources as well as the characterization of the liquid effluent released in the sewage collection network of the institute. This Program contemplates the bimonthly characterization of groundwater quality in nine monitoring wells, evaluating stable and radioactive compounds. Analyzes of the stable compounds are carried out at the Laboratory of Chemical and Environmental Analysis - LAQA of the CQMA. A monitoring system has the role of accusing the influence of a given source of pollution on the quality of groundwater. The strategic location and the rational use of the monitoring wells, together with efficient methods of collection, conditioning and analysis of samples, allow very precise results on the influence, in the groundwater quality. The natural composition and the verification of signs of contamination or contamination of the waters can be evaluated through physical, chemical and Microbiological parameters. This evaluation is fundamental to determine the suitability of the water in function of the required use. In this way, the proposal of the work is aligned with the Environmental Monitoring Program of Stable Chemical Compounds of the Institute of Energy and Nuclear Research - IPEN, proposing a hydrochemical characterization of groundwater with the purpose of knowing the main qualitative characteristics of this resource. This knowledge is fundamental to subsidize actions to control environmental pollution. The results of the quality monitoring network, obtained from tubular wells, will enable the establishment of Quality Reference Values VRQs for IPEN monitoring wells.

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No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação-Lorena Mota de Castro.pdf: 3075802 bytes, checksum: b59b09dae6173c79ab6b505213e08e8e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-09-11 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The Amazon basin, the largest watershed in the world, accounts for approximately 16% of the water discharged into the ocean and its broad scope results in greater sensitivity of its rivers to global climate change. The dynamic and availability of chemical elements in a system as complex rely on natural processes such as leaching of chemicals contained in the rocks as well as a source of anthropogenic activity. The objective of this study was to evaluate the spatial variation of physical and chemical parameters (temperature, turbidity, conductivity, total suspended solids, pH) and anion concentration (F-, Cl-, NO3-, NO2- and SO42-) in sections covering the main forming the Amazon: Solimões and Madeira river, in addition to characterize the bottom sediment of these systems in regard to its particle size, mineralogical composition (XRD) and concentration of the metals Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Cr, Ni and Pb (ICP-OES). With the exception of turbidity, both the parameters and the ions concentration presented their values below the maximum recommended by the CONAMA resolution 357/2005 for waters class 2. Both evaluated stretches showed medium and fine sand contents as the predominant composition in the bottom sediments, except for RMGua point Guayaramerín-BO, reflecting the higher concentration of metals in this sample. In bottom sediments there was a predominance of quartz, albite, clinochlore, illite, muscovite and microcline in the total fraction of these. The presence of heavy minerals such as andalusite, augite and rutile were viewed in the Solimões / Amazonas stretch where this occurrence may be associated with Içá and Solimões formations. The correlation analysis allowed to evaluate that metals such as Fe, Pb and Ni have high correlation with the mineralogical composition of the Solimões / Amazonas stretch. The high correlation between Zn and Fe with SO42- content indicates their relationship with pyrite deposits, though not rule out the influence of mining activities widespread in the region. In PCA analysis it was observed that the dispersion of data, both in the Solimões / Amazonas stretch and in Madeira / Amazonas, are caused by naturally occurring factors, despite the high incidence of human activities, mainly in the basin of Madeira. / A bacia Amazônica, considerada a maior bacia hidrográfica do mundo, é responsável por aproximadamente 16% da água despejada no oceano e sua ampla extensão resulta na maior sensibilidade dos seus rios às mudanças climáticas globais. A dinâmica e disponibilidade de elementos químicos em um sistema tão complexo dependem de processos naturais como a lixiviação de substâncias químicas contidas nas rochas como também de atividades de fonte antrópica. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a variação espacial de parâmetros físico-químicos (temperatura, turbidez, condutividade, sólidos totais suspensos, pH) e concentração de ânions (F-, Cl-, NO3-, NO2- e SO42-) em trechos que abrangem os principais formadores do rio Amazonas: Rio Solimões e Rio Madeira, além de caracterizar o sedimento de fundo destes sistemas no que se refere à sua granulometria, composição mineralógica (DRX) e concentração dos metais Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Cr, Ni e Pb (ICP-OES). Com exceção da turbidez, tanto os parâmetros quanto a concentração de íons apresentaram seus valores abaixo do máximo recomendado pela resolução do CONAMA 357/2005 para águas de classe 2. Ambos os trechos avaliados apresentaram teores de areia fina e média como composição predominante nos sedimentos de fundo, com exceção de um ponto em Guayaramerín-BO (RMGua), refletindo na maior concentração de metais nesta amostra. Nos sedimentos de fundo verificou-se a predominância de quartzo, albita, clinocloro, ilita, muscovita e microclina na fração total. A presença de minerais pesados como a andaluzita, augita e rutilo foram visualizadas no trecho Solimões/Amazonas onde esta ocorrência pode ser associada às formações Içá e Solimões. A análise de correlação permitiu avaliar que metais como Fe, Pb e Ni possuem alta correlação com a composição mineralógica do trecho Solimões/Amazonas. A alta correlação entre o Zn e Fe com o teor de SO42- indica a relação destes com os depósitos de pirita, entretanto não se descarta a influência das atividades mineradoras muito difundidas na região. Na análise de PCA foi possível observar que a dispersão entre os dados, tanto no trecho Solimões/Amazonas quanto no Madeira/Amazonas, são causados por fatores de origem natural, apesar da alta incidência de atividades antrópicas, principalmente na bacia do Rio Madeira.

Magister Scientiae - MSc / This research investigated the nature, source and the spatial variation of the salinity of the water used for irrigation in the urban farming area of Philippi, which lies in the Cape Flats region of the Cape Town Metropolitan Area, South Africa. The irrigation water is mainly drawn from the Cape Flats aquifer, and pumped into ponds for eventual crop irrigation. Water samples were collected in summer and in winter from fifteen selected sites using standard water sampling procedures. Each site consisted of one borehole and one pond. The samples were routinely analyzed for salinity levels, and concentrations of major and minor ions. From the same boreholes and ponds, water was sampled in summer for isotope analysis to assess effects of evaporation on the water quality and salinity. Descriptive statistics were used to display the variation in range of specific ions in order to compare them with the recommended ranges. Geographical Information Systems analysis described the spatial distribution of the salinity across the study area, and hydrogeochemical analysis characterized the various waters and detected similarities between the water samples in the study area and other waters found in the Cape Flats region. In addition, the US salinity diagram classification of irrigation water developed by Richards (1954) was used to assess the current suitability of groundwater and pond water samples collected during the entire sampling period for irrigation activities. The research indicated that the concentrations of some ions such as chloride, nitrate, potassium and sodium exceeded in places in the study area, the target range values set by the Department of Water Affairs and Forestry (DWAF, 1996) and the Food and Agriculture Organization (Ayers and Westcot, 1985). It revealed that borehole and pond water were mostly brackish across the area regarding their total dissolved salts content, and fresh water was only found in the middle part of the study area. The research found that sea water does not intrude into the aquifer of the study area, and the accumulation of salts in groundwater and soil in the study area is mainly due to the agricultural activities and partially due to the natural movement of water through the geological formation of the Cape Flats region. The conceptual model of the occurrence of the salinization process supported these findings. From this investigation it is understood that the groundwater and pond water in the study area were generally suitable for irrigation purposes but they have to be used with caution as the vegetables are classified as sensitive and moderately sensitive to salt according to DWAF Irrigation water guidelines (1996). The quality of these waters was mainly affected by the land use activities. / South Africa

The thesis is oriented on working-out of the quality manual for hydrochemical laboratory conformable with standards ISO 9000 and 16000. The quality manual describes principles and working processes for utilisation in standard audited and accredited hydrochemical laboratory. It is focused on management system of quality created in laboratory in conformity with standard ČSN EN ISO 9001. It presents basic information about politics and goals of laboratory´s quality. In the practical part of the thesis, there are reviews of various Standards operation procedure, which are components of the Quality Manual.

As part of a U.S. Geological Survey study in Juab Valley in central Utah from 1991 to 1994, the chemistry of ground - and surface -water samples was determined. Total dissolved solids in the ground water of southern Juab Valley have historically been higher , in general, than ground water in other areas of Utah . Total dissolved solids for ground-water samples from this study ranged from 623 to 3,980 milligrams/liter. High-sulfate chemical data of previous studies suggested that the major source of ground-water salinity is the dissolution of gypsum (hydrous calcium sulfate ) from the Arapien Shale. Sulfur-34 to sulfur- 32 isotopic ratio data have confirmed that dissolved Arapien Shale is the major source of salinity in southern Juab Valley water. This thesis study of southern Juab Valley had four main objectives: 1) define the present chemistry of the ground and surface water; 2) qualitatively determine the mineralogy of the Middle Jurassic Arapien Shale; 3) determine the major sources of salinity; and 4) determine the main flow path in the ground-water system. Chemical data show that the water in southern Juab Valley is predominantly of a calcium-magnesium-sulfate-bicarbonate composition. X-ray diffraction determined the mineralogy of the Arapien Shale as primarily calcite and quartz. Mineralogy of the acid-insoluble residue is illite, chlorite, quartz, and a trace of feldspar. Based on chemical, isotopic, and simple salt weight percent data, dissolution of gypsum is the major source of salinity in southern Juab Valley water. Using the chemical and isotopic data as input , a mass balance computer software program (NETPATH) helped to determine that the gypsum is derived from the Arapien Shale . NETPATH and the potentiometric surface map helped to define the main ground-water flow path as southwest across southern Juab Valley, from Chicken Creek in the San Pitch Mountains on the east side of the valley toward Chick Creek Reservoir in the southwest part of the valley.

Στο πεδίο κρατήρων του Κόλπου του Ελαιώνα, παρατηρήθηκε διαφυγή γλυκού νερού (Christodoulou et al., 2002). Προκειμένου να διαπιστωθεί αν ο παράκτιος υδροφόρος εκφορτίζεται στη θάλασσα, έγινε δειγματοληψία νερού σε πηγές και γεωτρήσεις στη χέρσο και πραγματοποιήθηκαν υδροχημικές και ισοτοπικές αναλύσεις. / Groundwater seepage was observed in the pockmark field in Eleonas Bay (Christodoulou et al., 2002). In order to find out if the coastal aquifer seeps through the seafloor, water samples were taken from springs and boreholes and hydrochemical and isotopic analyses took place.

Στα πλαίσια της παρούσας μεταπτυχιακής εργασίας μελετώνται οι υδρογεωλογικές και υδροχημικές συνθήκες που επικρατούν στο βορειοδυτικό τμήμα της Πελοποννήσου. Συγκεκριμένα, η περιοχή μελέτης αποτελεί την βόρεια απόληξη της εκτεταμένης πεδινής έκτασης Πύργου- Αμαλιάδας- Κάτω Αχαΐας, ενώ δίνεται έμφαση στη μελέτη του προσχωματικού υδροφόρου της περιοχής. Η περιοχή μελέτης γεωλογικά χαρακτηρίζεται από την επικράτηση αποθέσεων του Νεογενούς (Πλειόκαινο) και του Τεταρτογενούς, με τοπικές εμφανίσεις των αλπικών σχηματισμών της Ιόνιας ζώνης, στην οποία ανήκει η περιοχή, σύμφωνα με την γεωτεκτονική διαίρεση του Ελληνικού χώρου. Οι Πλειοτεταρτογενείς αποθέσεις αποτελούνται από εναλλαγές υδροπερατών, ημιπερατών και υδατοστεγανών σχηματισμών και χαρακτηρίζουν την ανάπτυξη της υπόγειας υδροφορίας που παρουσιάζεται με τη μορφή επάλληλων υπό πίεση ή μερικώς υπό πίεση υδροφόρων οριζόντων. Στην παρούσα εργασία μελετήθηκαν γεωτρήσεις που υδρομαστεύουν στρώματα σε διαφορετικά βάθη. Έτσι στις βαθιές γεωτρήσεις το βάθος φτάνει μέχρι και 170 μέτρα, ενώ στις αβαθείς δεν ξεπερνά τα 40 μέτρα. Η κύρια τροφοδοσία των μελετηθέντων υδροφόρων γίνεται κατά κύριο λόγο από την απευθείας κατείσδυση του νερού των βροχοπτώσεων κυρίως δια μέσου των υπερκείμενων τεταρτογενών αποθέσεων και από τη διήθηση του από τις κοίτες του δικτύου ρεμάτων. Για την υδροχημική έρευνα χρησιμοποιήθηκε πυκνό δίκτυο δειγματοληψίας νερού σε 21 αρδευτικές γεωτρήσεις της περιοχής έρευνας. Τα νερά των βαθύτερων γεωτρήσεων κατατάσσονται κατά Piper στις εξής ομάδες: α) Κανονικά γαιοαλκαλικά νερά-οξυανθρακικά (Ca-HCO3), β) Κανονικά γαιοαλκαλικά νερά- οξυανθρακικά – θειϊκά (Ca-HCO3-SO4) γ) Γαιοαλκαλικά νερά με υψηλό ποσοστό αλκαλίων - οξυανθρακικά (Ca-Na-Mg-HCO3, Ca-Na-HCO3) και δ) Αλκαλικά νερά- χλωριοθειϊκά (Na-Cl-SO4). Στην τελευταία κατηγορία κατατάσσεται γεώτρηση του Ι. Γ. Μ. Ε με θερμομεταλλικό χαρακτήρα, που πιθανόν να συνδέεται με τις θερμομεταλλικές εμφανίσεις στην ευρύτερη περιοχή της χερσονήσου της Κυλλήνης. Παρατηρείται τοπικά αύξηση της αγωγιμότητας (κυρίως στο βορειοανατολικό τμήμα της περιοχής μελέτης) με παράλληλη αύξηση των ιόντων χλωρίου, λόγω υφαλμύρινσης του νερού του υδροφόρου. Επίσης, παρουσιάζουν αυξημένες συγκεντρώσεις των ιχνοστοιχείων Fe και Mn, που πιθανή προέλευσή τους μπορεί να θεωρηθούν οι κόνδυλοι σιδήρου και μαγγανίου που βρίσκονται μέσα στους κερατόλιθους της ζώνης της Πίνδου, οι οποίοι αναπτύσσονται ανατολικά της περιοχής έρευνας. Αντίστοιχα, τα νερά των αβαθών γεωτρήσεων ομαδοποιούνται ως εξής: α) Κανονικά γαιοαλκαλικά νερά – οξυανθρακικά (Ca-HCO3), β)Κανονικά γαιοαλκαλικά νερά- οξυανθρακικά – θειϊκά (Ca-HCO3-SO4), γ) Γαιοαλκαλικά νερά με υψηλό ποσοστό αλκαλίων - οξυανθρακικά (Ca-Na-HCO3, Ca-Na-Mg-HCO3, Ca-Na-HCO3-SO4) και δ) Αλκαλικά νερά- χλωριοθειϊκά (Na-Ca-Cl). Αξίζει να υπογραμμίσουμε ότι διαπιστώθηκε σημειακή ρύπανση στο βόρειο και κυρίως στο νοτιοανατολικό τμήμα της περιοχής μελέτης από νιτρικά, λόγω αφ’ενός των κτηνοτροφικών αποβλήτων, και αφ’ετέρου των λιπασμάτων που χρησιμοποιούνται ευρέως στην περιοχή. Παράλληλα, παρατηρείται αύξηση προς τα κατάντη (στο βόρειο τμήμα της περιοχής μελέτης) τόσο της αγωγιμότητας όσο και των ιόντων νατρίου και χλωρίου λόγω της υφαλμύρινσης του υδροφόρου ορίζοντα, συνέπεια των υπεραντλήσεων που συμβαίνουν στην περιοχή. Μεταξύ των βαθιών και αβαθών γεωτρήσεων παρατηρείται σημαντική διαφοροποίηση ως προς τη θερμοκρασία, με τα νερά των βαθύτερων να εμφανίζουν υψηλότερες θερμοκρασίες λόγω γεωθερμικής βαθμίδας. Όσον αφορά την ποιότητα του νερού σε σχέση με την άρδευση τα νερά τόσο των βαθιών όσο και των αβαθών γεωτρήσεων χαρακτηρίζονται από μέτρια ποιότητα, καθώς παρουσιάζουν μικρή επικινδυνότητα νατρίου και μέση έως μεγάλη επικινδυνότητα αλατότητας. / In the frame of the present thesis the hydrogeological and hydrochemical conditions that prevail in the the north-western department of Peloponnese are analyzed and interpreted. Concretely, the region of study constitutes the northern ending of extensive flat extent of Pirgos-Amaliada-Kato Achaia. The study emphasizes in the unconfined aquifer of the region. The geology of the research area is characterized by the predominance of depositions of Neogene (Pliocene) and Quaternary, with local appearances of Alpine shapings of Ionian zone, in which belongs the region, according to the geotectonic division of Greek space. Plio-Quaternary depositions are constituted by alternations of shapings with small or medium permeability or without permeability and they characterize the growth of the aquifer system that is presented like equitant layers under pressure or partially under pressure of water wagon horizons. In the present work were studied drillings which are collecting water from layers in different depths. Thus in the deep drillings the depth reaches until 170 meters, while in the drillings of smaller depth it does not exceed 40 meters. The main catering of studied water wagon becomes in the first place from the direct percolation of water of rainfalls mainly via means of hypertexts of quaternary depositions and from his filtering from the watercourses of network of streams. For the hydrochemical research was used dense network of sampling of water in 21 irrigatory drillings of region of research. The waters of deeper drillings are classified at Piper in the following teams: a) Regularly waters (Ca-HCO3), b) Regularly waters- sulphurous (Ca-HCO3-SO4) g) Waters with high percentage of alkalis - (Ca-Na-Mg-HCO3, Ca-Na-HCO3) and [d]) Alkaline waters (Na-Cl-SO4). In the last category is classified drilling of Institute of Geological and Mineral Research with geothermal mineral’s character, that likely it is connected with the appearances of geothermal mineral’s waters in the wider region of the spring of Kyllinis. It’s locally observed increase of conductivity (mainly in the north-eastern department of region of study) with parallel increase of ions of chloride, because of sea water intrusion and as result catio-exchange phenomena took place. Also, they present increased stockings of trace elements Fe and Mn, that likely the cause of their existense can be considered the condyles of iron and manganese that finds in the cherts of area of Pindos, which are developed easternly of the region of research. Respectively, the waters of shallow drillings are grouped as follows: a) Regularly waters - (Ca-HCO3), b) Regularly waters - sulphurous (Ca-HCO3-SO4), g) Waters with high percentage of alkalis - (Ca-Na-HCO3, Ca-Na-Mg-HCO3, Ca-Na-HCO3-SO4) and [d]) Alkaline waters (Na-Ca-Cl). It deserves we underline that was realised specific pollution in the nothern and mainly in the south-eastern department of region of study from nitric, because on the one hand the veterinary surgeon waste, and on the other hand the fertilizers that are used widely in the region. At the same time, it is observed increase of the conductivity, in the northern department of region of study, with high quantities of ions of sodium and chloride because of the sea water intrusion, consequence of overpumpings that happens in the study area. Between the deep and shallow drillings is observed important differentiation as for the temperature, with waters of deepest they present higher temperatures because geothermal rung. With regard to the quality of water concerning the irrigation the waters of so much deep what shallow drillings are characterized by mediocre quality, while present small venturousness of sodium and middle until big venturousness of salinity.

The present thesis is concerned with neutralization of acid groundwater after the hydrochemical uranium mining in the area of Stráž pod Ralskem. In the thesis is briefly described progression of the hydrochemical uranium mining and follow-up negative impacts on the environment. There is described the technology involved in its disposal. This is followed by the design calculation of major apparatus technology associated with neutralization of acid solutions. Output of technology is determined by the mass balance. The results are the main dimensions of the apparatus, mechanical parts and electric power each device.

Cette thèse s’inscrit dans le cadre des travaux de recherche de nouvelles ressources en eau en Egypte orientale. Elle est plus spécifiquement axée sur la région du désert Sud-Oriental de l'Egypte. Le présent travail porte sur les propriétés et les potentialités en eau souterraine du système aquifère précambrien dans la région de Hafafit. Les eaux souterraines représentent la ressource la plus importante pour la boisson et les autres usages (domestiques, industriels, agricoles) dans cette région.La répartition spatiale des roches réservoirs, ainsi que leur structure ont d’abord été déterminées afin de comprendre la distribution des aquifères associés et les écoulements préférentiels des eaux souterraines. La méthodologie utilisée est le couplage du travail de terrain pour identifier les roches à l'affleurement et le traitement des images Landsat en utilisant les techniques de télédétection. Cette approche a permis une cartographie géologique détaillée de la région de Hafafit et aussi de dessiner la carte de densité des linéaments et leur orientation. Les résultats ont permis d’identifier les zones potentiellement aquifères.La deuxième étape a consisté à mener une étude pétrographique afin de déterminer la minéralogie et par conséquent, les éléments chimiques qui peuvent être impliqués dans les interactions eaux-roches. L’objectif est de comprendre les processus physico-chimiques à l’origine de la minéralisation des eaux souterraines dans les rochers précambriennesEnfin, avec toutes les données climatiques, géologiques, hydrologiques, hydrogéologiques et chimiques, nous avons tenté d’élaborer un modèle conceptuel du système aquifère du Précambrien de la zone de Hafafit, expliquant ses propriétés physico-chimiques et ses potentialités.Le désert Sud-Oriental de l'Égypte est limité par les longitudes 33° 50' 00" - 35° 45' 00" E et les latitudes 24° 00' 00"- 25° 15' 00" N et couvre une superficie d'environ 17,290 km². Ainsi, il forme une longue bande d'environ 150-200 km de large, bordée à l'Ouest par le Nil et à l'Est par la Mer Rouge. La zone étudiée est située dans la partie sud de cette bande et peut être définie par un quadrilatère dont les sommets sont, au Nord, les villes de Idfu et El Qusier et ceux d'Assouan et Ras Banas au Sud.Pour la zone étudiée, des histogrammes des variations saisonnières de température et de précipitation ont été établis sur les cinq dernières décennies en utilisant les relevés météorologiques historiques (disponibles sur Tutiempo International DataBase) de deux stations situées respectivement à l'Ouest (Assouan sur le Nil) et au Nord (El Qusier sur la Mer Rouge). Les données d'une nouvelle station implantée à l’Est (Marsa Alam sur la Mer Rouge) ont été utilisées, mais sur 6 ans uniquement. Malheureusement aucune station n’a été implantée dans la partie montagneuse de la région étudiée.Ces histogrammes montrent que, dans la région de Hafafit, la température varie de 22 à 36 °C avec une moyenne de 28 °C. L'effet de la température est renforcé par l’ensoleillement relatif annuel moyen, compris entre 80% et 106% entre les deux saisons. L'humidité relative annuelle varie entre 32% et 60% de l'hiver à l'été. Les précipitations annuelles varient de 0 à 117 mm/an dans l'Ouest (Assouan) et de 0 à 195 mm/an dans le Nord (El Qusier) avec une moyenne générale de 50 mm/an pour toute la région. Cependant de longues périodes de sécheresse peuvent succéder à certains événements pluviométriques intenses (souvent 60 mm.h-1). Un autre critère important du climat local est le vent qui souffle régulièrement avec une vitesse moyenne élevée à près de 20 km/h. Par conséquent, l'évaporation potentielle peut atteindre 10 mm/jour. Toutes ces conditions témoignent du degré élevé de l'aridité de la région de Hafafit et du faible potentiel de recharge des aquifères par les apports pluviométriques... / Groundwater is the main water resource for drinking, domestic, irrigation and industrial purposes in the study area as a result of limited natural fresh water. The water scarcity and shortage in Egypt due to population growth, agriculture expansion, industry development, climatic changes and water pollution lead to search about new water resources to overcome the depletion of annual individual share of water such as evaluation of groundwater in Precambrian aquifer, Southeastern Desert, Egypt. Egypt is under water scarcity due to difference between water demand and available water resources, so, we need to search and explore new water resources in Egypt, especially in Southeastern Desert of Egypt. The importance of Southeastern Desert of Egypt represents one of the famous regions for mining such as gold (El-Sukkari gold mine), ilmenite (Abu Ghuson) and other economic ores, therefore the area crowded with touristic villages and resorts parallel to the red sea coast with industrial, commercial and agricultural expansion in the area. The previous factors lead to necessity of qualitative and quantitative evaluation of groundwater resources to reduce the gap between the available water resources and water demand. Applications of remote sensing and Geographic information system techniques have been utilized to investigate the hydro-geological framework and hydrochemistry of fractured Precambrian and coastal aquifers system in Southeastern Desert of Egypt. The aim of the work is evaluation and exploration for new water resources in Southeastern Desert of Egypt dealing with groundwater properties and potentially in the Precambrian aquifer, Hafafit area, Southeastern Desert of Egypt. The groundwater potentialities of Precambrian and coastal aquifers have been studied using remote sensing, geomorphology, hydrology, hydrogeology and geophysics techniques. The groundwater properties of Precambrian and coastal aquifers have been studied using remote sensing, petrography and mineralogy and hydrochemistry techniques.The area is limited by longitudes 330 50/ - 350 45/ 00// E and latitudes 240 00/ - 250 15/ N and covering an area about 17290 Km2. The study area lies within arid desert conditions based on degree of aridity with air temperature and rainfall are variable from summer to winter. The temperature ranges from 22-36 Co with average 28 Co, The average annual rainfall ranges from 3 to 50 mm/year, some intense rainfall events (often 60mm.h-1). The average annual wind velocity is 18.7 km/hour. The intensity of evaporation is 10.1 mm/day. The mean annual relative sunshine ranges between (80-106 %) from season to another, the annual relative humidity varies between (32 % -60%) from winter to summer. In regard to geological setting of the area compose mainly of sedimentary rocks in the coastal line and Precambrian rocks to the west from the coast. The coastal plain sediments include tertiary and quaternary sediments, which classifie into paleogene sediments appear as Abu Ghuson Formation is belong to Oligocene age and Neogene sedimentsare belong to Miocene and Pliocene age include [Ranga Formation, Um Mahara Formation, Abu Dabbab Formation, Sabakha Formation, Um Gheig Formation, Samah Formation, Gabir Formation, Shagra Formation and Samady Formation]. The Precambrian rocks range from the oldest to youngest as [paragneisses and migmatites, geosynclinals metasediments, cataclastic rocks, metavolcanics, serpentinites, metagabbro-diorite complex, older granitoids, Dokhan volcanics, Hammamat group, younger gabbro, younger granitoids, dykes and plugs and alkaline ring complexes].The petrological studies include the mineralogical compositions of rock-bearing minerals that help to understand chemistry of groundwater and hydro-chemical processes such as water-rock interaction, leaching and dissolution of these minerals in groundwater...