O presente estudo objetivou a caracterização hidrogeoquímica da microbacia de drenagem Entre Rios, reflorestada com eucaliptos utilizando-se modelos de transporte de materiais nas fases dissolvidas e particuladas, em períodos de amostragens, antes e depois da realização da colheita de madeira. Na área experimental foram coletadas amostras de águas fluviais, material particulado em suspensão, águas de chuva, solos e sedimentos de fundo. Foram determinados importantes parâmetros e variáveis como vazão, concentração de íons majoritários e material particulado em suspensão, variabilidade temporal e transportes de material dissolvido e particulado, mecanismos de aporte difuso e pontual da carga dissolvida, separação das componentes superficial e subterrânea no escoamento total, concentração e biodisponibilidade dos principais metais pesados nos solos e sedimentos de fundo do córrego. As características hidroquímicas das águas fluviais mostraram que as espécies químicas SiO2, HCO3 -, Ca2+, Mg2+ e Na+ apresentaram comportamentos de diluição com o aumento da vazão e aportes de origem difusa, em todo período, relacionadas à formação geológica da região e mecanismos de recarga da bacia. A amostragem realizada cinco meses após a colheita de madeira evidenciou anomalias de K+ e Cl- que apresentaram padrões de aumento de suas concentrações em relação ao aumento das respectivas vazões, associadas à aplicação de insumos agrícolas. O transporte específico de TDS na amostragem anterior à colheita foi de 35,81 kg km-2d-1, e posterior à colheita foi de 23,53 kg km-2d-1 pelo método estocástico. Tal transporte foi composto principalmente de SiO2 e HCO3 - e a origem destas espécies estiveram associadas à alterações de rochas e aportes atmosféricos totais. Em termos de MPS, as concentrações obtidas se relacionaram positivamente com a vazão nas amostragens intensivas indicando maiores arrastes deste material nas maiores vazões, com concentrações máximas de 50,2 e 80,6 mg L-1 antes e após a colheita, respectivamente. A erosão mecânica da microbacia mostrou-se com uma taxa de degradação física dos solos de 8,7 m Ma-1.Em relação aos aportes atmosféricos, as espécies químicas mais representativas foram o Ca2+ e o Na+ para os cátions e HCO3 -, NO3 - e SO4 2- para os ânions. O transporte específico do TDS nas águas de chuva foi de 4,10 t km-2 a-1. Pelas razões dos transportes totais de águas pluviais e fluviais ficou evidenciado um controle dos aportes atmosféricos totais sobre as águas do córrego da microbacia. Cr, Cd, Co, Cu, Zn e Sc foram os metais pesados com maiores concentrações no solo LVd da microbacia. A especiação química dos solos revelou que o LVd foi solo que apresentou maior fração biodisponível para Cd e Zn e estiveram associados principalmente as frações óxidos de ferro cristalino e matéria orgânica, respectivamente. Os resultados dos fatores de enriquecimento para as camadas de 0-10 cm dos solos da microbacia de drenagem não evidenciaram influência antrópica causada pelos tratos culturais, exceto pelo Cu no solo LVAd na camada de 0-10 cm / This study aimed to characterize the Entre Rios stream small watershed hydrogeochemistry, reforested with eucalyptus using materials transport models in dissolved and particulate phases, in periods of sampling, before and after the clearcutting. In the experimental area were collected river water samples, suspended particulate material, rain water, soil and botton sediments. Were determined important parameters and variables such as discharge, major íons concentration, and suspended particulate material, temporal variability and dissolved and particulate transports, punctual and diffuse input mechanisms of the dissolved load, superficial and sub superficial components of the total discharge, concentration and bioavailability of the major heavy metals in soils and bottoms sediments. Hydrochemistry characteristics of the fluvial waters showed that chemical species SiO2, HCO3 -, Ca2+, Mg2+ and Na+ presented dilution behavior with increasing of the discharge and diffuse input, in any period, related to the regional geological formation and watershed recharge mechanisms. Sampling performed five months after the clearcutting showed abnormalities of K+ and Clthat showed increase of their concentrations with the discharge, associated with the agricultural inputs application. The TDS specific transport in the sample before clearcutting was 35.81 kg km-2d-1, and after was 23.53 kg km-2d-1 calculated by the stochastic method. This transport was composed mainly of the SiO2 and HCO3 - and the origin of these species were associated with rock alterations and total atmospheric inputs. In terms of MPS, the concentrations were related positively with the discharge in intensive sampling indicating more haul of this material in the higher discharge with maximum concentrations of the 50.2 and 80.6 mg L-1 before and after clearcutting, respectively. The mechanical erosion showed a soil physical degradation tax of the 8.7 m Ma-1. In relation of atmospherics inputs, the most representative chemical species were Ca2+ and Na+ and HCO3 -, NO3 -, SO4 2-. The TDS specific transport in rain waters was 4.10 t km-2 y-1. The rations between rainwater and river transports demonstrated the control of the atmospheric total contributions in the watershed waters. Cr, Cd, Co, Cu, Zn and Sc were heavy metals with higher concentrations LVd in soil. The soils chemical speciation showed to the LVd soil higher bioavailable fraction for Cd and Zn and were associated mainly with crystalline iron oxides and organic matter, respectively. The enrichment factors results for the 0-10 cm soil layer in the watershed showed no anthropogenic influence caused by cultural treatments, except for the Cu in 0-10 cm LVAd soil layer

O presente estudo objetivou a caracterização hidrogeoquímica ao longo da bacia de drenagem do rio Sorocaba - São Paulo, em cinco estações de amostragens, localizadas desde a região de nascentes, estação S5- Ibiúna, passando por áreas com maior influencia urbana e agrícola (S4 - Votarantim, S3 - Itavuvu e S2 - Tatuí), até a foz da bacia em estudo, S1 - Laranjal Paulista, utilizando-se modelos de transporte de materiais nas fases dissolvidas e particuladas. Para tal, foram realizadas coletas ao longo de 18 meses, de amostras de águas fluviais, pluviais, sedimento fino em suspensão (FSS) e dos principais tipos solos integrantes da bacia. Importantes parâmetros físico-quimicos e a caracterização das cargas dissolvida e particulada foram determinados. As características hidroquímicas das águas fluviais mostraram que as espécies químicas SiO2, Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, HCO3- e TDS indicaram possíveis aportes difusos e as espécies Na+, Cl-, SO42-, PO43-, NH4+ e NO3-indicaram origens pontuais. O elemento químico dissolvido que mais contribuiu no transporte específico fluvial junto à foz do rio Sorocaba (S1- Laranjal Paulista), foi o Na+ para os cátions (24,25, kg km-2 d-1) e para os ânions foi o HCO3- com 53,97 kg km-2 d-1. Já no transporte pluvial o Ca2+ foi a espécie química que apresentou maior contribuição na carga do rio com 54,89 %. Com relação ao material particulado, representada pelo FSS, o transporte específico variou de 22,68 a 55,70 t km-2 a-1, desde a região das nascentes até a foz, respectivamente. O rio Sorocaba foi classificado como médio transportador de sedimento fino em suspensão e a erosão mecânica foi de 37,88 m.Ma-1 / This study aimed to characterize the hydrogeochemical along the Sorocaba river basin (SP), in five sampling stations, located from the headwaters region, S5-Ibiúna station, passing through areas with higher urban and agricultural influences (S4 - Votorantim, S3 - Itavuvu and S2 and Tatuí, to the mouth of the basin under study, S1 - Laranjal Paulista, using models of transport on dissolved and particulate phases. Samples of river water, pluvial, fine suspended sediment (FSS) and the main soils types were collected over 18 months. Important physico-chemical characterization of dissolved and particulate loads were determined. The hydrochemical features of the river water showed that the chemical species SiO2, Ca2 +, Mg2+, K +, HCO3-and TDS indicated possible diffuse contributions and species Na +, Cl-, SO42-, PO43-, NH4+ and NO3-indicated origin contributions. The dissolved chemical element who more contributed in transport dissolved specific in S1-Laranjal Paulista), was Na+ for cations, with 24,25 kg km-2 d-1 and for anions was HCO3- with 53.97 kg km-2 d-1. In the rain Ca2+ was the chemical species with the highest contribution to the river load with 54.89%. The suspended particulate matter, represented by the FSS, the specific transport ranged from 22.68 to 55.70 t km-2 a-1, from the region of the headwaters to the mouth, respectively. The river was classified as medium transporting fine sediment in suspension and the mechanical erosion was the 37.88 m .Ma-1

O presente estudo objetivou a caracterização hidrogeoquímica ao longo da bacia de drenagem do rio Sorocaba - São Paulo, em cinco estações de amostragens, localizadas desde a região de nascentes, estação S5- Ibiúna, passando por áreas com maior influencia urbana e agrícola (S4 - Votarantim, S3 - Itavuvu e S2 - Tatuí), até a foz da bacia em estudo, S1 - Laranjal Paulista, utilizando-se modelos de transporte de materiais nas fases dissolvidas e particuladas. Para tal, foram realizadas coletas ao longo de 18 meses, de amostras de águas fluviais, pluviais, sedimento fino em suspensão (FSS) e dos principais tipos solos integrantes da bacia. Importantes parâmetros físico-quimicos e a caracterização das cargas dissolvida e particulada foram determinados. As características hidroquímicas das águas fluviais mostraram que as espécies químicas SiO2, Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, HCO3- e TDS indicaram possíveis aportes difusos e as espécies Na+, Cl-, SO42-, PO43-, NH4+ e NO3-indicaram origens pontuais. O elemento químico dissolvido que mais contribuiu no transporte específico fluvial junto à foz do rio Sorocaba (S1- Laranjal Paulista), foi o Na+ para os cátions (24,25, kg km-2 d-1) e para os ânions foi o HCO3- com 53,97 kg km-2 d-1. Já no transporte pluvial o Ca2+ foi a espécie química que apresentou maior contribuição na carga do rio com 54,89 %. Com relação ao material particulado, representada pelo FSS, o transporte específico variou de 22,68 a 55,70 t km-2 a-1, desde a região das nascentes até a foz, respectivamente. O rio Sorocaba foi classificado como médio transportador de sedimento fino em suspensão e a erosão mecânica foi de 37,88 m.Ma-1 / This study aimed to characterize the hydrogeochemical along the Sorocaba river basin (SP), in five sampling stations, located from the headwaters region, S5-Ibiúna station, passing through areas with higher urban and agricultural influences (S4 - Votorantim, S3 - Itavuvu and S2 and Tatuí, to the mouth of the basin under study, S1 - Laranjal Paulista, using models of transport on dissolved and particulate phases. Samples of river water, pluvial, fine suspended sediment (FSS) and the main soils types were collected over 18 months. Important physico-chemical characterization of dissolved and particulate loads were determined. The hydrochemical features of the river water showed that the chemical species SiO2, Ca2 +, Mg2+, K +, HCO3-and TDS indicated possible diffuse contributions and species Na +, Cl-, SO42-, PO43-, NH4+ and NO3-indicated origin contributions. The dissolved chemical element who more contributed in transport dissolved specific in S1-Laranjal Paulista), was Na+ for cations, with 24,25 kg km-2 d-1 and for anions was HCO3- with 53.97 kg km-2 d-1. In the rain Ca2+ was the chemical species with the highest contribution to the river load with 54.89%. The suspended particulate matter, represented by the FSS, the specific transport ranged from 22.68 to 55.70 t km-2 a-1, from the region of the headwaters to the mouth, respectively. The river was classified as medium transporting fine sediment in suspension and the mechanical erosion was the 37.88 m .Ma-1

O presente estudo objetivou a caracterização hidrogeoquímica da microbacia de drenagem Entre Rios, reflorestada com eucaliptos utilizando-se modelos de transporte de materiais nas fases dissolvidas e particuladas, em períodos de amostragens, antes e depois da realização da colheita de madeira. Na área experimental foram coletadas amostras de águas fluviais, material particulado em suspensão, águas de chuva, solos e sedimentos de fundo. Foram determinados importantes parâmetros e variáveis como vazão, concentração de íons majoritários e material particulado em suspensão, variabilidade temporal e transportes de material dissolvido e particulado, mecanismos de aporte difuso e pontual da carga dissolvida, separação das componentes superficial e subterrânea no escoamento total, concentração e biodisponibilidade dos principais metais pesados nos solos e sedimentos de fundo do córrego. As características hidroquímicas das águas fluviais mostraram que as espécies químicas SiO2, HCO3 -, Ca2+, Mg2+ e Na+ apresentaram comportamentos de diluição com o aumento da vazão e aportes de origem difusa, em todo período, relacionadas à formação geológica da região e mecanismos de recarga da bacia. A amostragem realizada cinco meses após a colheita de madeira evidenciou anomalias de K+ e Cl- que apresentaram padrões de aumento de suas concentrações em relação ao aumento das respectivas vazões, associadas à aplicação de insumos agrícolas. O transporte específico de TDS na amostragem anterior à colheita foi de 35,81 kg km-2d-1, e posterior à colheita foi de 23,53 kg km-2d-1 pelo método estocástico. Tal transporte foi composto principalmente de SiO2 e HCO3 - e a origem destas espécies estiveram associadas à alterações de rochas e aportes atmosféricos totais. Em termos de MPS, as concentrações obtidas se relacionaram positivamente com a vazão nas amostragens intensivas indicando maiores arrastes deste material nas maiores vazões, com concentrações máximas de 50,2 e 80,6 mg L-1 antes e após a colheita, respectivamente. A erosão mecânica da microbacia mostrou-se com uma taxa de degradação física dos solos de 8,7 m Ma-1.Em relação aos aportes atmosféricos, as espécies químicas mais representativas foram o Ca2+ e o Na+ para os cátions e HCO3 -, NO3 - e SO4 2- para os ânions. O transporte específico do TDS nas águas de chuva foi de 4,10 t km-2 a-1. Pelas razões dos transportes totais de águas pluviais e fluviais ficou evidenciado um controle dos aportes atmosféricos totais sobre as águas do córrego da microbacia. Cr, Cd, Co, Cu, Zn e Sc foram os metais pesados com maiores concentrações no solo LVd da microbacia. A especiação química dos solos revelou que o LVd foi solo que apresentou maior fração biodisponível para Cd e Zn e estiveram associados principalmente as frações óxidos de ferro cristalino e matéria orgânica, respectivamente. Os resultados dos fatores de enriquecimento para as camadas de 0-10 cm dos solos da microbacia de drenagem não evidenciaram influência antrópica causada pelos tratos culturais, exceto pelo Cu no solo LVAd na camada de 0-10 cm / This study aimed to characterize the Entre Rios stream small watershed hydrogeochemistry, reforested with eucalyptus using materials transport models in dissolved and particulate phases, in periods of sampling, before and after the clearcutting. In the experimental area were collected river water samples, suspended particulate material, rain water, soil and botton sediments. Were determined important parameters and variables such as discharge, major íons concentration, and suspended particulate material, temporal variability and dissolved and particulate transports, punctual and diffuse input mechanisms of the dissolved load, superficial and sub superficial components of the total discharge, concentration and bioavailability of the major heavy metals in soils and bottoms sediments. Hydrochemistry characteristics of the fluvial waters showed that chemical species SiO2, HCO3 -, Ca2+, Mg2+ and Na+ presented dilution behavior with increasing of the discharge and diffuse input, in any period, related to the regional geological formation and watershed recharge mechanisms. Sampling performed five months after the clearcutting showed abnormalities of K+ and Clthat showed increase of their concentrations with the discharge, associated with the agricultural inputs application. The TDS specific transport in the sample before clearcutting was 35.81 kg km-2d-1, and after was 23.53 kg km-2d-1 calculated by the stochastic method. This transport was composed mainly of the SiO2 and HCO3 - and the origin of these species were associated with rock alterations and total atmospheric inputs. In terms of MPS, the concentrations were related positively with the discharge in intensive sampling indicating more haul of this material in the higher discharge with maximum concentrations of the 50.2 and 80.6 mg L-1 before and after clearcutting, respectively. The mechanical erosion showed a soil physical degradation tax of the 8.7 m Ma-1. In relation of atmospherics inputs, the most representative chemical species were Ca2+ and Na+ and HCO3 -, NO3 -, SO4 2-. The TDS specific transport in rain waters was 4.10 t km-2 y-1. The rations between rainwater and river transports demonstrated the control of the atmospheric total contributions in the watershed waters. Cr, Cd, Co, Cu, Zn and Sc were heavy metals with higher concentrations LVd in soil. The soils chemical speciation showed to the LVd soil higher bioavailable fraction for Cd and Zn and were associated mainly with crystalline iron oxides and organic matter, respectively. The enrichment factors results for the 0-10 cm soil layer in the watershed showed no anthropogenic influence caused by cultural treatments, except for the Cu in 0-10 cm LVAd soil layer

Chemical and tritium analyses of groundwater, precipitation and discharge records, fracture orientations, lineaments, and structural, stratigraphic, and topographic relationships have been used to describe the groundwater systems of Mantua Valley, north-central Utah. Groundwater flows through fractured Paleozoic quartzites and carbonate rocks and discharges from eleven perennial springs in Mantua Valley. Permeability in quartzites is the result of intense faulting and jointing. Groundwater in carbonate aquifers flows through fractures and/or fractures modified by solution and discharges as relatively large springs (up to 227 liters per second). Neogene normal faulting, rather than extensive karst processes, has produced valleys which are closed or nearly closed to surface-water drainage. Groundwater in the area has relatively low total dissolved solids, is warmer than the mean annual air temperature, and is of the calcium-magnesium-bicarbonate type. Temperatures of the groundwater suggest circulation depths in excess of 10 to 185 meters. Intermittent turbidity and fluctuations in calcite and dolomite saturation indices and in groundwater temperatures suggest that springs may be supplied by mixtures of shallow and deeper groundwater flow. With the methods used here, a water budget analysis of the area indicates that recharge to the groundwater systems is approximately 49% of mean annual precipitation. Annual recharge and average discharge of the springs were used to calculate recharge areas, which range from 3.0 km2 to 18 km2. Tritium analyses of two of the springs suggest mean residence times of less than ten years.

Isotopes and hydrochemistry were used to define groundwater flow systems and better understand the hydrogeological setting of the Karijini National Park within the Central Pilbara region, this study was initiated because of the near proximity of the Marandoo iron ore mine to the National Park. Based on the stable isotope composition of the water samples, two main groups of water can be identified. Groundwater is characterised by depleted δD and δ¹⁸O, suggesting no significant evaporation effect. Surface water on the other hand is more enriched in δD and δ¹⁸O due to evaporation. The relatively high concentration of Cl- compared to rainfall and depleted δD and δ¹⁸O values of groundwater indicate that recharge of the aquifers is occurring during intense rainfall events when rapid infiltration occurs. Evapotranspiration then acts to concentrate ionic species prior to recharge. The presence of CFCs in the groundwater indicates the presence of modern recharge water. Relationships between various ionic species has shown that infiltration through the Tertiary sequence and subsquent dissolution of carbonate minerals is main influence on increasing concentrations of Ca²⁺ , Mg²⁺ , HCO₃⁻ . The TDS concentration of the groundwater in the Marra-Mamba Iron Formation that hosts the Marandoo ore body is higher than most of the water bodies surrounding the mining area. This suggests that either significant chemical modification is occuring or it is recharged by different mechanisms to that of the Karijini groundwater. Relationships between the major ion concentration and catchment area, surficial Tertiary cover and distance between recharge and discharge were identified. The results show that the hydrochemistry of the water discharging at each location within the National Park can be justified by groundwater evolution within it’s own catchment.

This thesis reports the results obtained, and conclusions made regarding research into the hydrochemistry of a small impounded karst area in southeastern Australia. Water samples were collected from a variety of sites over a period of approximately six years and include samples that are representative of baseflow (drought conditions) and flood (high flow conditions) the two extremes of the flow regime. Four distinct water types were found to be associated with the karst spring and cave water sites sampled. In terms of physical, chemical and computed parameter values these have been classed as TYPE 1 water (median parameter values similar to those noted for the surface stream sites sampled with catchments of non-carbonate material); TYPE 2 water (catchment predominantly of limestone); TYPE 3 water (catchment predominantly of dolomite); TYPE 4 water (high median chemical concentrations). Spatial variation within the study area is considerable and intrinsic factors such as catchment lithology, the residence time of recharge, aspect and vegetation cover are the major natural controls in determining physical and chemical characteristics.

Isotopes and hydrochemistry were used to define groundwater flow systems and better understand the hydrogeological setting of the Karijini National Park within the Central Pilbara region, this study was initiated because of the near proximity of the Marandoo iron ore mine to the National Park. Based on the stable isotope composition of the water samples, two main groups of water can be identified. Groundwater is characterised by depleted δD and δ¹⁸O, suggesting no significant evaporation effect. Surface water on the other hand is more enriched in δD and δ¹⁸O due to evaporation. The relatively high concentration of Cl- compared to rainfall and depleted δD and δ¹⁸O values of groundwater indicate that recharge of the aquifers is occurring during intense rainfall events when rapid infiltration occurs. Evapotranspiration then acts to concentrate ionic species prior to recharge. The presence of CFCs in the groundwater indicates the presence of modern recharge water. Relationships between various ionic species has shown that infiltration through the Tertiary sequence and subsquent dissolution of carbonate minerals is main influence on increasing concentrations of Ca²⁺ , Mg²⁺ , HCO₃⁻ . The TDS concentration of the groundwater in the Marra-Mamba Iron Formation that hosts the Marandoo ore body is higher than most of the water bodies surrounding the mining area. This suggests that either significant chemical modification is occuring or it is recharged by different mechanisms to that of the Karijini groundwater. Relationships between the major ion concentration and catchment area, surficial Tertiary cover and distance between recharge and discharge were identified. The results show that the hydrochemistry of the water discharging at each location within the National Park can be justified by groundwater evolution within it’s own catchment.

Στα πλαίσια αυτής της πτυχιακής εργασίας μελετώνται οι υδρογεωλογικές και υδροχημικές συνθήκες που επικρατούν στην ευρύτερη περιοχή του Αγίου Βασιλείου. Το υπόβαθρο της περιοχής δομείται από ανθρακικά ιζήματα της μεταβατικής ζώνης μεταξύ των ζωνών Πίνδου και Πελαγονικής, ενώ το νοτιοδυτικό τμήμα δομείται από ανθρακικά ιζήματα και φλύσχη των ζωνών Πίνδου και Τρίπολης. Το κύριο αντικείμενο αυτής της εργασίας είναι να καθορίσει τις παραμέτρους του υδρολογικού ισοζυγίου χρησιμοποιώντας τα υδρομετεωρολογικά στοιχεία και τη τεχνολογία των γεωγραφικών συστημάτων πληροφοριών (GIS). / In the frame of this final work the hydrogeological and hydrochemical conditions that prevail in the broader Agios Vasilios region are studied. The geological background of the region is structured by carbonic sediments of transient area between Pindos zone and Pelagonikis, while the south-western department is structured by carbonic sediments and flysch of the Pindos and Tripolis zones. The main objective of this work is to determine the parameters of hydrological balance using hydrometeorological data and geographic information systems (GIS) technology.

Σκοπός της εργασίας αυτής είναι η προσέγγιση και μελέτη των υδρογεωλογικών συνθηκών που επικρατούν στην περιοχή της Εύβοιας και συγκεκριμένα στην λεκάνη του Μανικιάτη ποταμού. Ο ποταμός διασχίζει το σημείο επαφής δύο γεωτεκτονικών ζωνών, της Πελαγονικής και της Αττικοκυκλαδικής αποτελώντας ένα φυσικό δίαυλο ανάμεσα στις γεωμορφολογικά και γεωλογικά ετερόκλητες Βόρεια και Νότια Εύβοια. Στο πλαίσιο της παρούσας εργασίας πραγματοποιήθηκαν μετρήσεις στάθμης των πηγαδιών που βρίσκονται στη λεκάνη του ποταμού, δειγματοληψίες και υδροχημικές αναλύσεις και κατασκευάστηκαν αναλυτικοί χάρτες και διαγράμματα για την ανάλυση των υδρογεωλογικών συνθηκών. Επιπλέον, συγκεντρώθηκαν παλαιότερες μελέτες που αφορούν γεωλογικά στοιχεία της ευρύτερης περιοχής, καθώς και κλιματολογικά δεδομένα από αρμόδιες υπηρεσίες. / The purpose of this essay is the approach and study of the hydrogeological conditions of the area of Evia and specially of hydrological basin of the river Manikiatis. Manikiatis river runs over two separate geological zones, the Pelagonian Plate and the Attico Cycladic Massif, as a natural border between the geologically and geomorphologically different South and North Evia.For the purpose of this essay were used measurements of the groundwater levels, relevant research and data for the study area, meteorologial data from national agencies, samples for hydrochemical analysis in the laboratory of the Department of Geology and map construction with Geoproccessing and map digitizing programs.