Two algorithms are used to determine bathymetry in the littoral region using QuickBird multispectral satellite observations. The algorithms determine water-leaving radiance and convert this to water depth values. The first algorithm uses a ratio of two wavebands and the second uses the sum of several wavebands. Relative bathymetric errors are determined for the clear water of Looe Key (USA) and the turbid water of Plymouth Sound (UK). Bathymetric measurements from LIDAR and chart data are compared to derived depths to assess their accuracies. An amended version of the ratio method is proposed for use in turbid water to improve accuracy. The results show that the standard ratio and turbidity algorithms have a relative error of 11.7% and 16.5% respectively in clear water. In turbid water the average error of the turbidity algorithm is 11.6% and the amended ratio algorithm average error is 13%. / Royal Navy

Orientador: Fabiano Tomazini da Conceição / Coorientador: Sérgio dos Anjos Ferreira Pinto / Banca: Alexandre Martins Fernandes / Banca: Diego de Souza Sardinha / Resumo: A crescente demanda por recursos naturais promove pressões sobre o meio ambiente que colocam em risco a capacidade da natureza em renovar seus recursos. Em se tratando do solo e da água, recursos essenciais para manutenção da vida na Terra, têmse observado sua crescente deterioração provocada, sobretudo pelo aumento das áreas destinadas a suprir as demandas agrícolas, energéticas e de recursos minerais, que compõem o conjunto de insumos necessários para suprir os atuais padrões de consumo das sociedades modernas. Dentre os problemas de ordem ambiental, a aceleração dos processos erosivos constitui um dos principais agentes de degradação do meio ambiente destruindo as camadas férteis do solo. Para equacionar este problemas, modelos matemáticos de base física integrados a Sistemas de Informação Geográfica (SIG's) são uma importante ferramenta para prever os impactos provocados ao meio ambiente em função dos usos e da cobertura da superfície terreste. Neste trabalho, o modelo hidrossedimentológico SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool - Arnold et all, 1998) foi aplicado em duas bacias hidrográficas homogêneas quanto as suas características climáticas e heterogêneas quanto suas composições litológicas e pedológicas tendo por objetivo a analise da atuação dos processos erosivos neste contexto. O modelo foi programado para rodar três cenários, sendo no cenário 1 programado para rodar 21 anos, no cenário 2 programado para rodar 10 anos e no cenário 1 programado para rodar pelo período de 1 ano. Os resultados mais coerentes foram aqueles apresentados no cenário 1 com uma produção de sedimentos máxima no mês de Janeiro equivalente a 28,34 t/ha na bacia do Ribeirão Monjolo Grande e 25,15 t/ha na bacia do Ribeirão Jacutinga / Abstract: The demand for natural resources has promoted pressures on the environment that put's in a threat the nature's ability to renew their resources. In terms of soil and water resources of great importance for sustaining life on Earth, has been observed their deterioration growing caused mainly by the increase of areas designed to suply agricultural, energy and mineral demands, which make up the set of inputs necessary to maintain the current standards of consumption of modern societies. Among the problems related to the environment, the acceleration of erosion is one of a major environmental degradation agents destroying the fertile soil layers. To settle this problem, mathematical models of physical base integrated with Geographic Information Systems (GIS) are an important tool to predict the impacts to the environment due to the use and coverage of the Earth's surface. In this work, the hydrosedimentological model SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool - Arnold et all, 1998) was applied to two homogeneous watershed as their climate and heterogeneous characteristics as its lithology and soil compositions. The objective was analyze the performance of erosive processes in this context. The model was programmed to run three scenarios. In the first scenario, the SWAT was set to run 21 years of hydrography process. In second scenario scheduled to run for 10 years and in scenario three, set by one year of process. The most consistent results were those presented in scenario 1 with a maximum production of sediments in January equivalent to 28.34 t /ha in the Ribeirão Grande Monjolo watershed and 25.15 t / ha in Ribeirão Jacutinga watershed / Mestre

Thesis (Ph.D. - Renewable Natural Resources)--University of Arizona. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 200-203).

Thesis (M.S.)--Humboldt State University, 2008. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 131-138). Also available via Humboldt Digital Scholar.

Thesis (M.A.)--Old Dominion University. / Includes bibliographical references.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-02-05T18:29:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2014-11-07. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2016-02-05T18:33:21Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000856792.pdf: 2866434 bytes, checksum: 5fa728c70fbd3ec0e360a99d08956537 (MD5) / A crescente demanda por recursos naturais promove pressões sobre o meio ambiente que colocam em risco a capacidade da natureza em renovar seus recursos. Em se tratando do solo e da água, recursos essenciais para manutenção da vida na Terra, têmse observado sua crescente deterioração provocada, sobretudo pelo aumento das áreas destinadas a suprir as demandas agrícolas, energéticas e de recursos minerais, que compõem o conjunto de insumos necessários para suprir os atuais padrões de consumo das sociedades modernas. Dentre os problemas de ordem ambiental, a aceleração dos processos erosivos constitui um dos principais agentes de degradação do meio ambiente destruindo as camadas férteis do solo. Para equacionar este problemas, modelos matemáticos de base física integrados a Sistemas de Informação Geográfica (SIG's) são uma importante ferramenta para prever os impactos provocados ao meio ambiente em função dos usos e da cobertura da superfície terreste. Neste trabalho, o modelo hidrossedimentológico SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool - Arnold et all, 1998) foi aplicado em duas bacias hidrográficas homogêneas quanto as suas características climáticas e heterogêneas quanto suas composições litológicas e pedológicas tendo por objetivo a analise da atuação dos processos erosivos neste contexto. O modelo foi programado para rodar três cenários, sendo no cenário 1 programado para rodar 21 anos, no cenário 2 programado para rodar 10 anos e no cenário 1 programado para rodar pelo período de 1 ano. Os resultados mais coerentes foram aqueles apresentados no cenário 1 com uma produção de sedimentos máxima no mês de Janeiro equivalente a 28,34 t/ha na bacia do Ribeirão Monjolo Grande e 25,15 t/ha na bacia do Ribeirão Jacutinga / The demand for natural resources has promoted pressures on the environment that put's in a threat the nature's ability to renew their resources. In terms of soil and water resources of great importance for sustaining life on Earth, has been observed their deterioration growing caused mainly by the increase of areas designed to suply agricultural, energy and mineral demands, which make up the set of inputs necessary to maintain the current standards of consumption of modern societies. Among the problems related to the environment, the acceleration of erosion is one of a major environmental degradation agents destroying the fertile soil layers. To settle this problem, mathematical models of physical base integrated with Geographic Information Systems (GIS) are an important tool to predict the impacts to the environment due to the use and coverage of the Earth's surface. In this work, the hydrosedimentological model SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool - Arnold et all, 1998) was applied to two homogeneous watershed as their climate and heterogeneous characteristics as its lithology and soil compositions. The objective was analyze the performance of erosive processes in this context. The model was programmed to run three scenarios. In the first scenario, the SWAT was set to run 21 years of hydrography process. In second scenario scheduled to run for 10 years and in scenario three, set by one year of process. The most consistent results were those presented in scenario 1 with a maximum production of sediments in January equivalent to 28.34 t /ha in the Ribeirão Grande Monjolo watershed and 25.15 t / ha in Ribeirão Jacutinga watershed

This study proposes and demonstrates a through-water photogrammetry approach for Satellite Derived Bathymetry (SDB), which may be used to map nearshore bathymetry in the Canadian Arctic. A four step process is used: First, a standard photogrammetric extraction is performed on 2 m resolution WorldView stereo imagery, then apparent depths are calculated by referencing submerged points to the extracted elevation of the water level seen in the image. Due to the effects of refraction, these apparent depths are underestimates, and a refraction correction factor is applied to convert to actual depths. Finally, tidal stage at the time of image acquisition is used to bring depths to chart datum. A post processing step may be applied to remove erroneous depths caused by water surface objects such as boats, debris, or large waves. This was demonstrated in six study areas across Nunavut, Canada to test its robustness under a variety of environmental conditions, including different seafloor types, and under varying sea states. The six study sites were (with vertical accuracy given in Root Mean Square Error/and vertical bias, both in meters): eastern Coral Harbour (1.18/0.03), western Coral Harbour (0.78/-0.32), Cambridge Bay (1.16/0.08), Queen Maud Gulf (0.97/0.13), Arviat (1.02/0.13), and Frobisher Bay, where bathymetry extraction largely failed due to unfavourable sea surface conditions. These findings show that the proposed method has similar or better vertical accuracy as currently established SDB approaches; however, it has several benefits over the established methods which make it better suited for the Arctic. Namely, not requiring the precise atmospheric correction necessary for physics-based models, which is difficult at high latitudes; as well as being able to function in heterogeneous seafloor environments and not needing in-situ calibration data like the empirical spectral ratio approach, better suiting it to remote Arctic waters which often lack existing bathymetric survey data.

A detailed analysis of data taken on an oceanographic survey of Chatham Sound in the spring and summer of 1948 is presented. The primary purpose of the survey was to determine, if possible, whether there was any obvious characteristic of the water in the region which could be correlated with the known migration of salmon to the spawning grounds up the Nass and Skeena Rivers. The path taken by the fresh water between the river mouths and the more open waters of Dixon Entrance and Hecate Strait is shown to depend on the volume of fresh water discharged from the rivers. The rivers reach their peak discharge in late May or early June and during this period the amount of fresh water in the sound is 3 - 4 times the average. The effect of tides on the distribution of properties is also discussed. Anchor stations occupied for periods varying from 10 - 40 hours indicates that as a rule there is a good correlation between tidal, salinity, and temperature cycles. Dynamic calculations giving velocities, volume and fresh water transports have been made. During normal river discharge conditions, the agreement with the observed velocities, and fresh water discharge determined from gauge readings, suggests that even in these coastal waters there is an approximate balance between the horizontal pressure gradients and the coriolis force associated, with the motion. Stations at the mouth of Portland Inlet exhibit an apparent balance at all times which suggests that transverse inertial and fractional forces are slight compared with the transverse pressure gradient and coriolis force. Evidence of a variation in geopotential slope as the result of tidal variation is proposed. The relatively large tidal amplitudes together with the wide and rapid fluctuations in river discharges make it exceedingly difficult to obtain reliable synoptic observations over the entire Sound. / Science, Faculty of / Physics and Astronomy, Department of / Graduate

The storm runoff of small springs and seeps in the West Kootenays was subjected to hydrograph separation using oxygen-18 and conductance methodologies. The results showed that the vast majority of storm discharge was groundwater. Under peak flow conditions, the ratio of prestorm water to storm water was 0.93 for Morley Spring, 0.88 for Anderson Creek, 0.87 for Elliott Creek, 0.84 for Chou Creek and 0.85 for Tank Creek. Further comparison between prestorm discharge and storm water indicated that the groundwater probably originated as spring snow melt. These implications are discussed with regard to the various logging development plans currently being proposed for the study sites. / Science, Faculty of / Resources, Environment and Sustainability (IRES), Institute for / Graduate

This study collected zooplankton and hydrographic data in the Taiwan Strait (TS) using the cruises of ¡§Fishery Research I¡¨ from January 2005 to October 2006, to investigate the seasonal and spatial distribution of planktonic pteropods associated with hydrographic conditions. In total, 29 species of pteropods belonging to 10 genera and 5 families were identified, with mean abundance of 97.14 ¡Ó 66.16 ind./100 m3. The abundances and species number of pteropods exhibited apparent seasonal changes, abundance was higher in summer and lower during winter, while species numbers was higher in fall and lower in winter. Pteropods showed higher diversity in oceanic waters than in shallower shelf waters, but the abundance showed no significant difference. The night-time abundance and species number were significantly higher than the day-time. The effect of typhoon on the abundance and species numbers of pteropods was not significant. The four predominant species found in this study area were Creseis clava, Creseis acicula, Limacina inflate and Limacina trochiformis, together they accounted for 95% of the total pteropod catch, among these, C. clava constitued 48% of the total catch. The pteropod communition was similar among seasons, but ranked differently. Different dominant species showed different seasonal distribution patterns. The distribution of pteropods showed no clear spatial difference in the TS, but higher species richness was usually observed in the southern TS. The pteropods found in this study mostly belonged to the widespread oceanic species, and the dominant species were similar to the previous studies in the South China Sea. The total abundance, species number, and species diversity index of pteropods showed significantly positive correlation with the seawater temperature, and the species number was negative correlated with salinity. Among the four predominant species, the abundance of C. clava, C. acicula, and L. trochiformis were positively correlation with seawater temperature, meanwhile, C. acicula and L. trochiformis showed significantly negative correlations with salinity. This study proposed that the abundance, species number, and species diversity of Pteropods were not obviously influenced by typhoon, instead seasonal succession of water masses and day/night change might be the important factor affecting the distribution patterns of pteropods.