Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:28:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 3508986 bytes, checksum: 2db52e3d22de47fb05b83ccb8acf0b34 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-04-04 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Over 80% of international trade is transported by waterways and Brazil is no different. Only this statement might already be sufficient to justify any study on the area of marine geodesy. However, especially in Brazil knowledge about the reliefs submerged is still scarce. Such knowledge is acquired through bathymetric surveys, focus of this work. The methodology exposed covers all stages of realization of a singlebeam bathymetric survey, fully automated: data collection by applying a dual frequency echo sounder and technical RTK (Real Time Kinematic), processing, data analysis and generation Model Digital Depth (MDP) of an impoundment of Ribeirão São Bartolomeu located on the campus of UFV. At work methods are used for topography and bathymetry data acquisition on the relief of the site and the depth of the impoundment. These were processed and analyzed for the subsequent generation of MDP using deterministic and probabilistic interpolators. Regarding the three-dimensional modeling of the relief submerged studies have been performed to quantify the errors in the modeling through automatic kriging and compare the efficiency of kriging and inverse distance weighted in different sampling grids. It was found that the bathymetric surveys have ideal characteristics for the application of geostatistics. As main results verified that the Kriging systematically conducted by the analyst respecting all the conditions required by it, the bathymetry location represented more accurately compared to other methods studied. Through this work it was also possible to obtain an estimate of the volume of water and sludge reservoir fluidly deposited on the submerged bottom. / Mais de 80% do comércio internacional é transportado por vias aquáticas e no Brasil não é diferente. Somente esta afirmação já poderia ser suficiente para justificar qualquer estudo relativo à área de Geodésia Marinha. Contudo, principalmente no Brasil, o conhecimento a cerca dos relevos submersos ainda é escasso. Tal conhecimento é adquirido através de levantamentos batimétricos, foco deste trabalho. A metodologia exposta abrange todas as etapas de realização de um levantamento batimétrico monofeixe, totalmente automatizado: coleta dos dados aplicando um ecobatímetro de duas frequências e técnica RTK (Real Time Kinematic), o processamento, a análise dos dados e a geração do Modelo Digital de Profundidade (MDP) de um represamento do Ribeirão São Bartolomeu localizado no campus da UFV. No trabalho são utilizados métodos de topografia e batimetria para a aquisição de dados sobre o relevo do local e da profundidade do represamento. Estes foram processados e analisados para a posterior geração do MDP utilizando interpoladores determinísticos e probabilísticos. No que concerne à modelagem tridimensional do relevo submerso foram realizados estudos visando quantificar os erros cometidos na modelagem através da krigagem automática e comparar a eficiência da krigagem e do inverso ponderado da distância em diferentes GRIDs amostrais. Foi possível constatar que os levantamentos batimétricos apresentam características ideais para a aplicação da Geoestatística. Como resultados principais verificou-se que a Krigagem sistemática, realizada pelo analista respeitando-se todos os pressupostos exigidos pela mesma, representou a batimetria local de forma mais acurada comparativamente aos outros métodos estudados. Através deste trabalho também foi possível obter uma estimativa do volume de água do reservatório e de lama fluídica depositada no fundo submerso.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-07T17:12:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2015-12-01. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2016-06-07T17:17:12Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000865807.pdf: 14453873 bytes, checksum: 142359ea558e675cf17d1282f0ed4f41 (MD5) / A bacia hidrográfica do rio São Francisco, com 640.000 km2, abrange 7 unidades da federação brasileira. O rio São Francisco atravessa 2.700 km de extensão no continente, das nascentes na Serra da Canastra, em Minas Gerais, até a foz, no oceano Atlântico, entre Sergipe e Alagoas. Esta grande bacia é a única totalmente nacional e historicamente, este rio tem sido considerado, como o rio da integração nacional, unindo as regiões sudeste e nordeste. O uso de suas águas tem possibilitado a ocupação de uma vasta área no semi-árido nordestino e tem sido uma importante fonte de geração de energia hidroelétrica. No encontro com o oceano Atlântico seus sedimentos contribuem para o desenvolvimento de uma ampla planície costeira, reconhecida internacionalmente como um delta dominado por ondas. Na região marinha adjacente à sua foz, forma uma ampla zona lamosa na plataforma continental e escava um cânion submarino no talude continental, formando um amplo leque submarino em águas profundas. Este amplo contexto de ambientes deposicionais, com seus respectivos depósitos fluviais, costeiros e marinhos tem sido estudado de forma segmentada por diversos autores. O atual estudo enfoca este sistema sedimentarrio-mar de forma integrada, analisando o conjunto de sistemas deposicionais do continente até o oceano, até profundidades de 4.000 m, em uma perspectiva geológica evolutiva, desde a sua implantação, no Pleistoceno, até os dias atuais. As pesquisas enfocam as informações obtidas em superfície e subsuperficie na zona costeira e marinha, reconstituindo os controles morfo-estruturais e a evolução geoambiental do intervalo Pleistoceno-Holoceno. O estudo considera a conjunção dos aportes fluviais com os fatores relacionados com a dinâmica oceanográfica, como as ondas, marés e correntes marinhas. A influenciado aporte fluvial é documentada nos depósitos da região marinha, não só na plataforma continental e cânions... / The São Francisco River basin, with an area of about 640,000 km2, covers seven units of the Brazilian National State. The São Francisco River crosses 2.700 km long on the mainland, the springs in the Canastra Mountain, Minas Gerais, to the mouth in the Atlantic ocean between Sergipe and Alagoas. This basin is totally national and historical one, this river has been considered as the river of national integration, uniting the Southeast and Northeast regions. The use of its waters has enabled the wide footprint in the northeastern semi-arid and has been an important source of hydroelectric power generation. At the meeting with the Atlantic Ocean its sediments contribute to the development of a broad coastal plain, recognized internationally as a delta, dominated by waves. In the marine area adjacent to the mouth, form a large muddy area in the continental shelf and digs a submarine canyon on the continental slope, forming a broad range submarine in deep waters. This wide context of depositional environments and their respective river deposits, coastal and marine has been studied in a segmented manner by several authors. The current study focuses on this sedimentary system river-sea in an integrated manner, analyzing the set of depositional systems of the continent to the ocean, at depths of up 4,000 m, in an evolutionary geological perspective, since its deployment in the Pleistocene until the present day. Research focus on information obtained in surface and subsurface in the coastal and marine area, reconstituting the morpho-structural controls and geoenvironmental Pleistocene-Holocene evolution of the range. The study considers the conjunction of river inputs to the factors related to the oceanographic dynamics, such as waves, tides and currents. The influence of fluvial contribution is documented in deposits of marine region, not only in continental platform and submarine canyons, but also in continental foot, which extends to the...

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-14T12:17:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 8546697 bytes, checksum: 9e15d777984d8f22187dbcc388c8dcfa (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-28 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The present research had as main objective analyze the inter-relationship between geology, relief and hydrography on the area of the letter of Araçaji 1:25.000 (sheet SB.25-Y-A-V-3- NE), and thy mutual contributions to the development of ancient geomorphological feature and also current of this region. Furthermore it had as objective verify the influence of tectonics events and neotectonics about network configuration and drainage pattern. It is understood that knowledge of geomorphological modeled of a area in a concise form on elaboration of planning directed to the most diverse purposes, as: engineering works, environmental, agricultural development, mineral exploration, among other. This consideration applies to the area of the sheet Araçaji 1:25.000, it is known that is in course, since last decade after the construction of Arua Dam, a free expansion of agricultural practices. Moreover, it is being developed in the area of study, researchers focused on mineral exploration. In this study qualitative and quantitative aspects of geomorphology and drainage network were analyzed with the aid of cartographic material produced and the application of morphometric indices. The production of cartographic material, essential for qualitative analysis, consisted mainly in the preparation of thematic maps hypsometric, clinographyc, the Digital Elevation Model (DEM) and geomorphological letter. For quantitative and neotectonic analysis were applied the morphometric indices of Slope Relationship / Extension (SRE), Reason Fund / height Valley (RFHV) and Asymmetric Factor (AF). The thematic maps and DEM were generated on the software Spring 5.2, based on data extracted from leaf Araçaji 1:25.000 by manual vectorization, such as contour lines with contour interval of 10 meters, elevation points and other elements, such as hydrography, roads and highways. The preparation of geomorphological letter was based on the methodology proposed by Ross (1992), which is based on the taxonomic units of relief. The results shows that there are various anomalies in the area of the sheet Araçaji 1:25,000, such as altimetry with quotes at average of the region on the area of the geological unit of felsic volcanic rock Itapororoca, which was shown to have been affected by faults and compressive stresses shown in folded rocks with aspects of tectonic breccias, and other anomalies such as: strong inflections, straight channels and modified the drainage network influenced mainly dextral strike-slip faulting shown by field and by the local geological framework standards. Combined with qualitative analysis, the values obtained with the application of morphometric indices showed that the drainage network of the study area was also affected by neotectonic events. It follows therefore, that the combined qualitative analysis to quantitative analysis in geomorphological studies and drainage network brought reliable results that are complementary, and have been instrumental in detecting the activity of neotectonic events in geomorphological modeling and drainage network leaf area Araçaji 1:25.000 / A presente pesquisa teve como objetivo principal analisar as inter-relações existentes entre a geologia, o relevo e a hidrografia da área da folha Araçaji 1:25.000 (SB.25-Y-A-V-3-NE), Estado da Paraíba, e suas contribuições mútuas para o desenvolvimento das feições geomorfológicas pretéritas e atuais dessa região. Além disso, objetivou-se verificar a influência de eventos tectônicos e neotectônicos sobre a configuração da rede e dos padrões de drenagem. Entende-se que o conhecimento do modelado geomorfológico de uma área pode auxiliar de forma concisa na elaboração de planejamentos voltados aos mais diversos fins, como: obras de engenharia, questões ambientais, desenvolvimento agrícola, exploração mineral, entre outros. Tal consideração é válida para a área da folha Araçaji 1:25.000, visto que nela está em curso, desde a década passada, após a construção da Barragem de Aruá,uma franca expansão de práticas agrícolas. Ademais, estão sendo desenvolvidas, na área de estudo, pesquisas voltadas à exploração mineral. No presente trabalho foram analisados aspectos qualitativos e quantitativos da geomorfologia e da rede de drenagem, com o auxílio do material cartográfico produzido e da aplicação de índices morfométricos. A produção do material cartográfico, fundamental para análise qualitativa, consistiu na elaboração majoritariamente das cartas temáticas hipsométrica, clinográfica, do Modelo Digital de Elevação (MDE) e da carta geomorfológica. Para análise quantitativa e da neotectônica foram aplicados os índices morfométricos de Relação Declividade/Extensão (RDE), Razão Fundo/Altura de Vale (RFAV) e Fator Assimétrico (FA). As cartas temáticas e o MDE foram gerados no software Spring 5.2, com base em dados extraídos da folha Araçaji 1:25.000 por meio de vetorização manual, como: curvas de nível com equidistância de 10 metros, pontos cotados e outros elementos, a exemplo da hidrografia, rodovias e estradas. A elaboração da carta geomorfológica foi fundamentada na metodologia proposta por Ross (1992), que tem como base as unidades taxonômicas do relevo. Os resultados obtidos mostram que existem diversas anomalias na área da folha Araçaji 1:25.000, a exemplo de altimetria com cotas desproporcionais à média da região na área da unidade geológica da Rocha Vulcânica Félsica Itapororoca, que mostrou ter sido afetada por falhamentos e esforços compressivos evidenciados em rochas dobradas com aspectos de brechas tectônicas, e outras anomalias, como: fortes inflexões, canais retilíneos e padrões modificados na rede de drenagem influenciados principalmente por falhamentos transcorrentes dextrais visualizados em campo e pelo arcabouço geológico local. Aliados à análise qualitativa, os valores obtidos com a aplicação dos índices morfométricos mostraram que a rede de drenagem da área de estudo foi afetada, ainda, por eventos neotectônicos. Conclui-se, dessa forma, que a análise qualitativa combinada à análise quantitativa nos estudos geomorfológicos e da rede de drenagem trouxeram resultados confiáveis que se complementaram, além de terem sido fundamentais na detecção da atuação de eventos neotectônicos no modelado geomorfológico e da rede de drenagem da área da folha Araçaji 1:25.000

Orientador: José Cândido Stevaux / Coorientador: Edgardo Latrubesse / Banca: José Eduardo Zaine / Banca: Mauro Parolin / Banca: Fabiano Tomazini da Conceição / Banca: Antônio Roberto Saad / Resumo: A bacia hidrográfica do rio São Francisco, com 640.000 km2, abrange 7 unidades da federação brasileira. O rio São Francisco atravessa 2.700 km de extensão no continente, das nascentes na Serra da Canastra, em Minas Gerais, até a foz, no oceano Atlântico, entre Sergipe e Alagoas. Esta grande bacia é a única totalmente nacional e historicamente, este rio tem sido considerado, como o rio da integração nacional, unindo as regiões sudeste e nordeste. O uso de suas águas tem possibilitado a ocupação de uma vasta área no semi-árido nordestino e tem sido uma importante fonte de geração de energia hidroelétrica. No encontro com o oceano Atlântico seus sedimentos contribuem para o desenvolvimento de uma ampla planície costeira, reconhecida internacionalmente como um delta dominado por ondas. Na região marinha adjacente à sua foz, forma uma ampla zona lamosa na plataforma continental e escava um cânion submarino no talude continental, formando um amplo leque submarino em águas profundas. Este amplo contexto de ambientes deposicionais, com seus respectivos depósitos fluviais, costeiros e marinhos tem sido estudado de forma segmentada por diversos autores. O atual estudo enfoca este sistema sedimentarrio-mar de forma integrada, analisando o conjunto de sistemas deposicionais do continente até o oceano, até profundidades de 4.000 m, em uma perspectiva geológica evolutiva, desde a sua implantação, no Pleistoceno, até os dias atuais. As pesquisas enfocam as informações obtidas em superfície e subsuperficie na zona costeira e marinha, reconstituindo os controles morfo-estruturais e a evolução geoambiental do intervalo Pleistoceno-Holoceno. O estudo considera a conjunção dos aportes fluviais com os fatores relacionados com a dinâmica oceanográfica, como as ondas, marés e correntes marinhas. A influenciado aporte fluvial é documentada nos depósitos da região marinha, não só na plataforma continental e cânions... / Abstract: The São Francisco River basin, with an area of about 640,000 km2, covers seven units of the Brazilian National State. The São Francisco River crosses 2.700 km long on the mainland, the springs in the Canastra Mountain, Minas Gerais, to the mouth in the Atlantic ocean between Sergipe and Alagoas. This basin is totally national and historical one, this river has been considered as the river of national integration, uniting the Southeast and Northeast regions. The use of its waters has enabled the wide footprint in the northeastern semi-arid and has been an important source of hydroelectric power generation. At the meeting with the Atlantic Ocean its sediments contribute to the development of a broad coastal plain, recognized internationally as a delta, dominated by waves. In the marine area adjacent to the mouth, form a large muddy area in the continental shelf and digs a submarine canyon on the continental slope, forming a broad range submarine in deep waters. This wide context of depositional environments and their respective river deposits, coastal and marine has been studied in a segmented manner by several authors. The current study focuses on this sedimentary system river-sea in an integrated manner, analyzing the set of depositional systems of the continent to the ocean, at depths of up 4,000 m, in an evolutionary geological perspective, since its deployment in the Pleistocene until the present day. Research focus on information obtained in surface and subsurface in the coastal and marine area, reconstituting the morpho-structural controls and geoenvironmental Pleistocene-Holocene evolution of the range. The study considers the conjunction of river inputs to the factors related to the oceanographic dynamics, such as waves, tides and currents. The influence of fluvial contribution is documented in deposits of marine region, not only in continental platform and submarine canyons, but also in continental foot, which extends to the... / Doutor

Submitted by Cássia Santos (cassia.bcufg@gmail.com) on 2017-02-13T09:52:17Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Cleber Cezar da Silva - 2017.pdf: 2302727 bytes, checksum: 513364d8211e307007886fafe6177223 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2017-02-13T10:09:03Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Cleber Cezar da Silva - 2017.pdf: 2302727 bytes, checksum: 513364d8211e307007886fafe6177223 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-02-13T10:09:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Cleber Cezar da Silva - 2017.pdf: 2302727 bytes, checksum: 513364d8211e307007886fafe6177223 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-01-20 / This research focuses on the toponymic studies and aims to describe and analyze the origin of the names, morphological and semantic of designatory toponyms of the hydrography of Pires do Rio-GO city, to identify the relations between these designative places and their respective contextual factors which may, by chance, contain indications of toponymic motivation. The research of the toponyms was done by means of official documents, maps of the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE) and Mauro Borges Institute (IBM) on a scale of 1: 100,000 and topographic maps. The research is documentary based, in a qualitative and quantitative approach, the research method is the onomasiological method combined with other methods, which consists of the study of designations with the purpose of studying the various names attributed to a concept. The analysis of this research’s corpus took place after the survey of the 46 toponyms of the watercourses, from which 15 are analyzed in this study. In this sense, it is assumed that the toponymic sign is motivated, once extralinguistic factors influence the nominator in the act of naming, in the perspective that the language outlines reality in its own way (Sapir-Whorf), and the language itself is a depository of culture, thus, toponyms reveal socio-historical-cultural factors of the place that names it. The history and geography of Pires do Rio-GO city was the basis for the analyzes, which on the onomasiological bases show that the place and its physical and social characteristics influence the nominator in the moment of the toponym baptism. To perceive naming and nominator relationships are factors that are revealed through the taxonomic classifications, noticing at the same time that the origin of the names and their morphological structure reveals the contextual factors that are impregnated in the toponymy of the language / culture / environment, aspects from the point of view of who appointed it. / Esta pesquisa centra-se nos estudos toponímicos e tem como objetivo descrever e analisar a origem/etimologia, morfológica e semanticamente dos topônimos da hidrografia da cidade de Pires do Rio-GO, para identificar as relações entre esses designativos de lugares e respectivos fatores contextuais que, por ventura, possam conter indícios da motivação toponímica. O levantamento dos topônimos foi feito por meio de documentos oficiais, mapas do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE) e Instituto Mauro Borges (IBM) numa escala de 1:100.000 e das cartas topográficas. A pesquisa é de base documental, numa abordagem qualiquantitativa. O método da pesquisa é o onomasiológico e indutivo, parte-se de casos particulares para uma verdade geral combinado a outros métodos da Linguística Histórica, de estudo das designações com o objetivo de analisar os diversos nomes atribuídos a um conceito. A análise do corpus da pesquisa deu-se após o levantamento dos 46 topônimos dos cursos d’água, dentre os quais 15 são analisados neste estudo. Nesse sentido, parte-se do princípio de que o signo toponímico é motivado, pois fatores extralinguísticos influenciam o nomeador no ato de nomear, na perspectiva de que a língua recorta a realidade à sua maneira (Sapir-Whorf), sendo que a própria língua é um depositário de cultura, assim, os topônimos revelam fatores sócio-histórico-culturais do lugar que o nomeia. A história e a geografia do município de Pires do Rio-GO foram fundantes para as análises, que nas bases onomasiológicas e indutivas evidenciam que o local e suas características físicas e sociais influenciam o nomeador no ato do batismo do topônimo. Perceber as relações de nomeação e nomeador são fatores que por meio das classificações taxionômicas são revelados, sem deixar de perceber também que a origem dos nomes e sua estrutura morfológica evidencia os fatores contextuais a que da língua, cultura e ambiente estão impregnados no topônimo, isso tudo à vista de quem o designou.

Nearshore bathymetry in the Canadian Arctic is poorly surveyed, but is vital knowledge for coastal communities that rely on marine transportation for resources and development. Nautical charts currently available are often outdated and surveying by traditional methods is both time consuming and expensive. Satellite-derived bathymetry (SDB) offers a significantly cheaper and faster option to provide information on nearshore bathymetry. The two most common approaches to SDB are empirical and physics-based. The empirical approach is simple and typically does well when calibrated with high-quality in-situ data, whereas the physics-based approach is more difficult to implement and requires precise atmospheric correction. This project tests the practical use of five methods within the empirical and physics-based approaches to SDB, using Landsat 8 and Sentinel-2 satellite imagery, at seven sites across Nunavut. Methods tested include: the Ratio-Transform, Multiband, and Random Forest Regression methods (empirical) and radiative transfer modeling (physics-based) using two atmospheric correction models: ACOLITE and Deep Water Correction. All methods typically use geolocated water depth data for validation, as well as calibration for the empirical methods. Spectral reflectance for model inputs were collected in Cambridge Bay, NU. Water depth data were acquired from the Canadian Hydrographic Service. All processing was conducted within the framework of plugins developed for the open-source GIS software, QGIS. Results from the empirical methods were typically poor due to poor calibration data, though Random Forest Regression performed well when good calibration data were available. Due to poor quality validation data, error for the physics-based results cannot be adequately quantified in most places. Additionally, atmospheric correction remains a challenge for the physics-based methods. Overall, results indicate that where large, high-quality calibration datasets are available, Random Forest Regression performs best of all methods tested, with little bias and low mean absolute error in water less than 10 m deep. As such datasets are rare in the Arctic, the physics-based method is often the only option for SDB and is an excellent qualitative tool for informing communities of shallow bathymetry features and assessing navigation risk.

L'hydrographie française au XIXè siècle est mal connue pourtant c'est sans doute la période pendant laquelle elle a connu son plus fort développement portée par l'élan de la conquête coloniale.La collecte des données géographiques, la rédaction des cartes ainsi que I'approvisionnement des flottes de guerre et de commerce sont de la responsabilité du Dépôt des cartes et plans de la marine et des ingénieurs hydrographes qui forment un corps spécifique. Sur les terrains les officiers de marine reçoivent la mission de réaliser des levés et de collecter la moindre donnée qui pourrait servir à faire progresser le savoir géographique. Ils sont les indispensables auxiliaires des ingénieurs trop peu nombreux pour suffire à la tâche. Passée l'époque des grands voyages scientifiques (1790-1840), qui a permis de rénover la connaissance géographique du Pacifique et de ses rives, le rythme faiblit. En effet, la France, à la différence de la Grande-Bretagne et en raison de la modicité relative des crédits alloués à I'hydrographie, n'organise que très peu de campagnes exclusivement hydrographiques.Cependant, l'hydrographie française peine à trouver sa place sur le marché mondialisé de la carte nautique, dominé par la production britannique largement exploitée et copiée par les cartographes privés.La seconde partie de ce travail a pour objectif d'analyser les usages des cartes premièrement à travers l'étude du marché et des attentes des marins eux-mêmes. Enfin, nous nous sommes intéressés aux expériences quotidiennes de la navigation pour saisir la place que prend la carte dans la pratique des marins. / French hydrography during the XIXth Century had remained largely unexplored although this period had been extremely fecund. The « Dépôt des cartes et plans » is responsible for collecting geographical data producing nautical charts and providing the fleet and merchant seamen with nautical publications.Surveys were conducted by engineers and also by navy officers. However, after the era of the scientific expeditions (1790-1840) the production dropped. Actually, the French Navy never managed to wage exclusive hydrographic campaigns such as the British Navy did at the same time.Moreover, French charts struggled to find their place in a market dominated by the British production.In the second part of this thesis we addressed the question of the uses of nautical charts, first through the analysis of the market and expectations of seamen. Secondly we tried to enlighten the usual practices of sailors.

This dissertation uses hydrography as a lens to examine the way the United States Navy has understood, used, and defined the sea during the nineteenth century. It argues, broadly, that naval officers and the charts and texts they produced framed the sea as a commercial space for much of the nineteenth century, proceeding from a scientific ethos that held that the sea could be known, ordered, represented, and that it obeyed certain natural laws and rules. This was a powerful alternative to existing maritime understandings, in which mariners combined navigational science with folkloric ideas about how the sea worked. Hydrography proved an important aspect of the American maritime commercial predominance in the decades before the Civil War. By the end of the century, however, new strategic ideas, technologies, and the imperatives of empire caused naval officers and hydrographers to think about the sea in new ways. After the Spanish-American War of 1898, the Navy pursued hydrography with increased urgency, faced with defending the waters of a vast new oceanic empire. Surveys, charts, and the language of hydrography became central to the Navy's war planning and war gaming, to the strategic debate over where to establish naval bases, and, ultimately, it figured significantly in determining the geography of the American empire. Throughout, however, the sea continued to be a dynamic, powerful force in itself that flouted hydrographers' and naval officers' attempts to represent and control it. Charts and the cartographic process that produced them are full of meaning. By placing hydrography and the sea environment at the center of the narrative, historians can better understand the role of science, knowledge, and cartographic representations in expanding American commercial and naval power over the ocean. / History

The problem of correlating unit hydrograph features to topographic and man-made basin characteristics received attention in this report. The unit graph features considered herein were the peak discharge and the time lag of basin response. In order to facilitate the desired regression analysis, the two-parameter gamma model proposed by Edson was utilized in the investigation. The parameters of the model were obtained by the simultaneous solution of the equations for unit graph peak and lag using observed unit hydrographs for 16 basins in the Piedmont region of North Carolina and 14 basins located in Northern Virginia. In the opinion of many, these parameters are a better measure of the complex relationship which exists between the runoff from a basin and the topographic features of that basin than are the values of the unit graph peak and lag time themselves. The basin characteristics utilized in the investigation were: basin area, length of the longest streamcourse in the basin, average stream slope between points 10 percent and 85 percent downstream of the headwaters, and the percent of the impervious area contained in the basin. This last factor served as a measure of the amount of urban development present in the watershed. The investigation was hampered by a regrettable lack of sufficient data to derive regression equations of good reliability. This fact was due to the reduction of the data into groups by narrow geographical ranges. Thus, the number of stations available for analysis in anyone group was insufficient for purposes of a reliable regression analysis. From the investigation, it appears that the most significant basin characteristics affecting runoff are length, slope, and urban development. The strongest regression equations were derived using those three characteristics. It appears that the length and slope factors give better results when combined in the form (L/√S). / Master of Science

La caractéristique la plus évidente de l’interface terrestre est son hétérogénéité. Phénoménologiquement, celle-ci, anthropique ou naturelle, transparaît de limites qui définissent les formes déployées dans l’espace géographique. Ces limites sont certes dues à une dynamique temporelle, tout autant que à une dynamique scalaire. Celle-ci se manifeste dans les rapports possibles et changeant existant entre échelles dans la mesure où tout échelle ne peut se concevoir que comme relative à une autre servant de référence. Ceci conduit à la relativité d’échelle (R.E.) qui devrait permettre de définir intrinsèquement l’espace géographique. Le premier objectif est de montrer la possibilité d’utiliser la R.E. en géographie. Au coeur de la R.E., on trouve la géométrie fractale qui reste indispensable pour essayer de comprendre l’organisation scalaire du monde. Jusqu’à présent les fractales n’étaient utilisées que comme un outil de description plus ou moins pertinent. En R.E., les formes fractales deviennent une conséquence d’un espace formel intrinsèquement irrégulier. La fractalité peut donc être une voie de compréhension du monde utilisant l’espace de ses échelles, c’est-à-dire de ses résolutions. L’objectif central de cette étude est donc de construire une méthodologie fractale générale nécessaire à l’étude d’une morphologie quelconque à travers divers exemples issus de la géographie physique, de la géographie urbaine, de la géohistoire et de la géographie du peuplement. L’objectif final est d’aboutir à des solutions formelles accessibles à une large communauté de géographes, ce qui n’est pas le cas de la théorie de la R.E. dans son formalisme actuel. D’un point de vue épistémologique, le développement en géographie de la R.E. pose la question de la renaturalisation de cette discipline des Sciences humaines et sociales et de sa constitution en science analytique, donc plus largement de proposer une nouvelle définition de la géographie / The most obvious characteristic of the terrestrial interface is its heterogeneity. Phenomenologically, this one, human or natural, show limits that define the forms deployed in geographic space. These limits are certainly due to temporal dynamic, all as much as a scale dynamic. This one is manifested in the possible relationships and variables that exist between scales inasmuch as every scale can no conceive than relative to another that is used as reference. This leads to the scale relativity (SR) which should allow to define intrinsically the geographical space. The first objective is to show the possibility of using SR in geography. At the heart of the SR, we found that fractal geometry is indispensable to try to understand the organization in the scales of the world. So far fractals no were used than as a tool of describing more or less relevant. In SR, the fractal forms become a consequence of a formal space intrinsically irregular. The fractality can be thus a way of understanding of the world using the space of scales, that is to say its resolutions. The central objective of this study is thus to build a general fractal methodology necessary under investigation of an unspecified morphology through various examples resulting from the physical geography, the urban geography, the geohistory and the geography of the settlement. The final objective is to lead to solutions formal accessible at a broad community from geographers, which is not the case of the theory of the R.E in its current formalism. From an epistemological point of view, the development in geography of the R.E raises the question of the Re-naturalization of this discipline of the human and social sciences and of the constitution in analytical science, therefore more largely to propose a new definition of the geography