Οι αιμοσφαιρινοπάθειες συγκαταλέγονται ανάμεσα στις πιο κοινές μονογονιδιακές διαταραχές παγκοσμίως, συμπεριλαμβανομένης της β-θαλασσαιμίας και της δρεπανοκυτταρικής αναιμίας. Η επανενεργοποίηση των γονιδίων της γ-σφαιρίνης φαίνεται να είναι μια ενδιαφέρουσα θεραπευτική προσέγγιση για τους ασθενείς που πάσχουν από β-τύπου αιμοσφαιρινοπάθειες. Ορισμένες φαρμακευτικές ουσίες έχουν τη δυνατότητα να επάγουν παροδικά την έκφραση των γονιδίων της γ-σφαιρίνης γεγονός που βελτιώνει το φαινότυπο των ασθενών λόγω των υψηλότερων επιπέδων HbF που παρατηρούνται. Η μόνη φαρμακευτική ουσία που έχει εγκριθεί από τον FDA και χρησιμοποιείται ευρύτατα σε ασθενείς που πάσχουν από β-τύπου αιμοσφαιρινοπάθειες και συγκεκριμένα από δρεπανοκυτταρική αναιμία είναι η HU. Παρά το γεγονός ότι στην πλειονότητα των ασθενών παρατηρείται αύξηση της παραγωγής HbF μετά από αγωγή με HU (Steinberg et al. 1997), τα επίπεδα αύξησης διαφέρουν αρκετά μεταξύ των ασθενών που πάσχουν από β-θαλασσαιμία και δρεπανοκυτταρική αναιμία(Patrinos and Grosveld 2008). Σύμφωνα με τους Borg και συνεργάτες, το γονίδιο KLF10 φαίνεται να σχετίζεται με την αύξηση των επιπέδων της HbF και την ανταπόκριση ασθενών με β-τύπου αιμοσφαιρινοπάθειες σε θεραπεία με HU(Borg et al. 2012). Στην παρούσα μελέτη διερευνήθηκε η πιθανή συσχέτιση των SNP rs319133 και rs11552577, που εδράζονται στο γονίδιο KLF10, με αυξημένα επίπεδα HbF και η αξιολόγηση αυτών ως φαρμακογονιδιωματικοί δείκτες, που σχετίζονται με τη μεταβλητότητα των επιπέδων της HbF ως απόκριση στη θεραπεία με HU. Χρησιμοποιήθηκαν ασθενείς που πάσχουν από βαριά β-θαλασσαιμία, ενδιάμεση β-θαλασσαιμία, μη-θαλασσαιμικοί ασθενείς και διπλά ετερόζυγοι ασθενείς για β-θαλασσαιμία και δρεπανοκυτταρική αναιμία. Η μέθοδος γονοτύπησης που χρησιμοποιήθηκε και για τους δύο πολυμορφισμούς ήταν η PCR-RFLP. Η απουσία του πολυμορφισμού rs319133 φαίνεται να σχετίζεται με αυξημένα επίπεδα HbF στους ασθενείς που χαρακτηρίζονται από ενδιάμεση β-θαλασσαιμία συγκριτικά με ασθενείς που πάσχουν από βαριά β-θαλασσαιμία (p=0.04). Επίσης παρατηρείται μια στατιστική τάση συσχέτισης χειρότερης ανταπόκρισης στην αγωγή με HU στους διπλά ετερόζυγους ασθενείς 96 για β-θαλασσαιμία και δρεπανοκυτταρική αναιμία. Για τον δεύτερο πολυμορφισμό που μελετήθηκε δεν παρατηρήθηκαν στατιστικά σημαντικές διαφορές. Τα δεδομένα της παρούσας μελέτης υποδεικνύουν συσχέτιση του γονιδίου KLF10 με αυξημένα επίπεδα HbF. Μελέτες σε πολυπληθέστερες ομάδες θα μπορούσαν να οδηγήσουν στον εντοπισμό και άλλων πολυμορφισμών που σχετίζονται με αυξημένη έκφραση των γονιδίων της γ-σφαιρίνης. / Hemoglobinopathies are amongst the most common single gene disorders worldwide, including the thalassemias and sickle cell disease (SCD). Reactivation of the human γ-globin genes would be a therapeutic intervention for β-type hemoglobinopathies patients. Some drugs and compounds can transiently induce γ-globin gene expression and improve the disease phenotype by augmenting HbF accumulation. Only HU (hydroxyurea) is approved from the FDA and is widely used to treat patients with β-type hemoglobinopathies, in particular sickle cell disease. Although the majority of patients show an increase of HbF production upon HU treatment(Steinberg et al. 1997), the level of HbF increase differs considerably among β-thalassemia and SCD patients(Patrinos and Grosveld 2008). According to Borg et al, KLF10 appears to be significantly associated with high HbF and it may act as an important pharmacogenetic biomarker for β-type hemoglobinopathies patients who are treated with HU(Borg et al. 2012). The aim of our study was to elucidate whether there is an association of the SNPs namely rs3191333 and rs11552577 in KLF10 gene with increased levels of HbF and with response to HU treatment in β-hemoglobinopathies patients. We analyzed samples of β-thalassemia major patients, of β-thalassemia intermedia patients, of healthy (non-thalassemic) donors and samples of SCD/β–thalassemia patients who have been treated with HU. Genotyping was carried out by using PCR-RFLP. The lack of rs3191333 is associated with increased HbF levels in β–thalassemia intermedia compared to β– thalassemia major patients (p=0.04). Also, it is shown a statistical trend of worse response to HU treatment in compound heterozygote β–thalassemia-SCD patients. As far as rs11552577 is concerned no statistically significant differences were observed. Our data show that KLF10 gene is strongly associated with HbF levels. Further analyses could possibly reveal novel variants which are associates with increased expression of γ-globin genes.

Os eicosanoides, produtos do metabolismo do ácido araquidônico, apresentam papel importante na homeostasia e na patogênese de diversas doenças humanas. A biossíntese desses compostos pode ser estimulada por agentes farmacológicos como ionóforos e inibidores da Ca2+-ATPase, e também por agonistas naturais como o formil-metionil-leucil-fenialanina (fMLP). Considerando os interesses em avaliar e comparar o perfil de mediadores lipídicos, como os leucotrienos (LTs), as prostaglandinas (PGs), os ácidos epoxieicosatrienoicos (EETs), os ácidos dihidroxitetraenoicos (DiHETEs) e os ácidos hidroxieicosatetraenoicos (HETEs), na saúde e na doença, o objetivo deste trabalho foi padronizar um método analítico para determinar do perfil de eicosanoides em plasma humano após estimulação do sangue total, e assim observar diferenças entre indivíduos saudáveis e doentes. Dessa forma, um método por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência acoplada à espectrometria de massas sequencial (HPLC-MS/MS) foi validado para quantificação de 22 eicosanoides em plasma de indivíduos saudáveis. A análise por HPLCMS/ MS foi realizada em modo negativo pelo modo de varredura por monitoramento de reações múltiplas (MRM). A linearidade do método apresentou coeficiente de correlação (r) maior que 0,98 para todos os eicosanoides analisados. A precisão e exatidão intra e inter-ensaios tiveram desvio padrão e erro relativo menores que 15%, exceto para o limite inferior de quantificação cujos valores foram menores que 20%. Para estimulação das células do sangue total, quatro estímulos (fMLP, ionomicina, A23187 e tapsigargina) foram utilizados. A análise estatística mostrou que o A23187 e a tapsigargina foram os estímulos mais potentes na indução da produção de eicosanoides. Em seguida, comparamos o perfil de eicosanoides em amostras de plasma de indivíduos saudáveis com pacientes com anemia falciforme (AF), em tratamento com hidroxiureia (HU) ou transfusão sanguínea crônica. Os resultados demonstraram que o método é preciso para determinação de diferenças entre os pacientes e indivíduos saudáveis quanto à produção dos mediadores lipídicos 5-HETE, 12-HETE, LTB4, LTE4, TXB2 e PGE2. Portanto, nosso método analítico é sensível, específico e reprodutível para identificar e quantificar diferenças no perfil de eicosanoides em amostras de sangue estimuladas in vitro, e poderá contribuir para o estabelecimento do perfil de mediadores lipídicos em diferentes doenças inflamatórias e infecciosas. / Eicosanoids, products from arachidonic acid metabolism, play an important role in the homeostasis and in the pathogenesis of various human diseases. Pharmacological agents such as Ca2+ ionophores and Ca2+-ATPase inhibitors, as well as natural agonists such as fMet-leu-Phe (fMLP) can stimulate eicosanoid biosynthesis. Considering the interests in evaluate and compare the profile of lipid mediators, as leukotriens (LTs), prostaglandins (PGs), epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs), dihydroxytetraenoic acids (DiHETEs) and hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids (HETEs), in healthy and disease, the aim of this work was to standardize a method to determine the eicosanoid profile of human plasma samples after whole blood stimulation, and to assess differences between healthy and sick individuals. For this purpose, a liquid chromatographytandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method was validated for the quantification of 22 eicosanoids using human plasma from healthy volunteers. In addition, we optimized a method for the stimulation of eicosanoids in human whole blood. LC-MS/MS analyses were performed by negative electrospray ionization and multiple reaction monitoring. An assumption of linearity resulted in a regression coefficient > 0.98 for all eicosanoids tested. The mean intra-assay and inter-assay accuracy and precision values had relative standard deviations and relative errors of < 15%, except for the lower limit of quantification, where these values were < 20%. For whole blood stimulation, four stimuli (fMLP, ionomycin, A23187, and thapsigargin) were used. Results of the statistical analysis showed that A23187 and thapsigargin were potent stimuli to induce the production of eicosanoids. We next compared the eicosanoid profiles of healthy volunteers to those of patients with sickle cell anemia (SCA) under treatment with hydroxyurea (HU) or after chronic red blood cell (RBC) transfusion. The results indicate that the method was sufficient to find a difference between lipid mediators released in whole blood of SCA patients compared to healthy subjects for 5-HETE, 12-HETE, LTB4, LTE4, TXB2, and PGE2. In conclusion, our analytical method is sensitive, specific and reproducible for indentify and quantify changes in eicosanoid profiles in whole blood stimulated in vitro, which can contribute to establishing the eicosanoid profiles associated with different inflammatory and infectious diseases.

Os eicosanoides, produtos do metabolismo do ácido araquidônico, apresentam papel importante na homeostasia e na patogênese de diversas doenças humanas. A biossíntese desses compostos pode ser estimulada por agentes farmacológicos como ionóforos e inibidores da Ca2+-ATPase, e também por agonistas naturais como o formil-metionil-leucil-fenialanina (fMLP). Considerando os interesses em avaliar e comparar o perfil de mediadores lipídicos, como os leucotrienos (LTs), as prostaglandinas (PGs), os ácidos epoxieicosatrienoicos (EETs), os ácidos dihidroxitetraenoicos (DiHETEs) e os ácidos hidroxieicosatetraenoicos (HETEs), na saúde e na doença, o objetivo deste trabalho foi padronizar um método analítico para determinar do perfil de eicosanoides em plasma humano após estimulação do sangue total, e assim observar diferenças entre indivíduos saudáveis e doentes. Dessa forma, um método por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência acoplada à espectrometria de massas sequencial (HPLC-MS/MS) foi validado para quantificação de 22 eicosanoides em plasma de indivíduos saudáveis. A análise por HPLCMS/ MS foi realizada em modo negativo pelo modo de varredura por monitoramento de reações múltiplas (MRM). A linearidade do método apresentou coeficiente de correlação (r) maior que 0,98 para todos os eicosanoides analisados. A precisão e exatidão intra e inter-ensaios tiveram desvio padrão e erro relativo menores que 15%, exceto para o limite inferior de quantificação cujos valores foram menores que 20%. Para estimulação das células do sangue total, quatro estímulos (fMLP, ionomicina, A23187 e tapsigargina) foram utilizados. A análise estatística mostrou que o A23187 e a tapsigargina foram os estímulos mais potentes na indução da produção de eicosanoides. Em seguida, comparamos o perfil de eicosanoides em amostras de plasma de indivíduos saudáveis com pacientes com anemia falciforme (AF), em tratamento com hidroxiureia (HU) ou transfusão sanguínea crônica. Os resultados demonstraram que o método é preciso para determinação de diferenças entre os pacientes e indivíduos saudáveis quanto à produção dos mediadores lipídicos 5-HETE, 12-HETE, LTB4, LTE4, TXB2 e PGE2. Portanto, nosso método analítico é sensível, específico e reprodutível para identificar e quantificar diferenças no perfil de eicosanoides em amostras de sangue estimuladas in vitro, e poderá contribuir para o estabelecimento do perfil de mediadores lipídicos em diferentes doenças inflamatórias e infecciosas. / Eicosanoids, products from arachidonic acid metabolism, play an important role in the homeostasis and in the pathogenesis of various human diseases. Pharmacological agents such as Ca2+ ionophores and Ca2+-ATPase inhibitors, as well as natural agonists such as fMet-leu-Phe (fMLP) can stimulate eicosanoid biosynthesis. Considering the interests in evaluate and compare the profile of lipid mediators, as leukotriens (LTs), prostaglandins (PGs), epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs), dihydroxytetraenoic acids (DiHETEs) and hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids (HETEs), in healthy and disease, the aim of this work was to standardize a method to determine the eicosanoid profile of human plasma samples after whole blood stimulation, and to assess differences between healthy and sick individuals. For this purpose, a liquid chromatographytandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method was validated for the quantification of 22 eicosanoids using human plasma from healthy volunteers. In addition, we optimized a method for the stimulation of eicosanoids in human whole blood. LC-MS/MS analyses were performed by negative electrospray ionization and multiple reaction monitoring. An assumption of linearity resulted in a regression coefficient > 0.98 for all eicosanoids tested. The mean intra-assay and inter-assay accuracy and precision values had relative standard deviations and relative errors of < 15%, except for the lower limit of quantification, where these values were < 20%. For whole blood stimulation, four stimuli (fMLP, ionomycin, A23187, and thapsigargin) were used. Results of the statistical analysis showed that A23187 and thapsigargin were potent stimuli to induce the production of eicosanoids. We next compared the eicosanoid profiles of healthy volunteers to those of patients with sickle cell anemia (SCA) under treatment with hydroxyurea (HU) or after chronic red blood cell (RBC) transfusion. The results indicate that the method was sufficient to find a difference between lipid mediators released in whole blood of SCA patients compared to healthy subjects for 5-HETE, 12-HETE, LTB4, LTE4, TXB2, and PGE2. In conclusion, our analytical method is sensitive, specific and reproducible for indentify and quantify changes in eicosanoid profiles in whole blood stimulated in vitro, which can contribute to establishing the eicosanoid profiles associated with different inflammatory and infectious diseases.