Dès les premières pages, le Narrateur de la Recherche évoque la voix de sa mère lisant François le champi, pour le plus grand plaisir de l’enfant qu’il a été. Les traces d’une voix douce et enveloppante déposées par cette lecture liminaire, et maintes fois ravivées par la suite, mènent à s’interroger sur l’effet d’un texte soutenu par une voix et sur les liens possibles qu’elle entretient avec la voix narrative. En outre, les rapports riches et complexes que le héros nostalgique entretient avec les voix des autres personnages entrent dans de nombreux passages du récit, souvent abondamment commentés par le Narrateur. Cette étude porte donc sur l’objet tant thématique que poétique constitué par la voix dans la Recherche. On s’est déjà intéressé aux formes d’insatisfaction que suscitent les voix émanant d’un univers où toute chose échappe à qui veut la saisir. Mais on a aussi considéré les dispositifs permettant au héros d’atteindre à une certaine plénitude dans l’écoute vocale, jusqu’à la synesthésie et l’accueil d’un au-delà de la voix à traduire, source d’inspiration littéraire. On s’est en outre penché sur les modalités de l’expérience qu’a de la voix un héros-Narrateur marqué par l’hyperesthésie auditive : s’il fait résonner en lui les voix aimées qui le ravissent, celles qui l’enjoignent brutalement à se conformer le persécutent, en menaçant son génie personnel. On a ainsi été mené à considérer l’écriture de la Recherche comme un geste qui, rendant compte de l’échange oral, le réduit au silence, la voix n’apparaissant dans le roman qu’à travers la sonorisation du texte. / From its very first pages, the narrator of Remembrance of Things Past evokes the voice of his mother as she reads François le Champi, to the great pleasure of the child still within. The vestiges of the enveloping, soft voice left by this initial reading, which will reappear at many points in the text, lead us to question the effect of a text carried by such a voice as well as its connection with that of the narration. The rich and complex relationship that the nostalgic hero maintains with other characters' voices also comes into play, frequently commented on by the Narrator. This study therefore looks at the voice in Remembrance both from a thematic and poetic standpoint. We have already looked at the various forms of dissatisfaction engendered by a universe that continually flees those seeking to comprehend it. But we have also considered the devices permitting the hero to achieve a sense of fullness through listening, including the synesthesia and reception of an untranslated otherworldly voice, source of literary inspiration. We have alsoexamined the experiential modalities of the voice belonging to a hero-Narrator marked by auditive hyperesthesia : whether he allows to resonate within him the voices he adores, those which persecute him by brutally insisting on his conformity, thereby threatening his genius. This leads as well to a consideration of the writing of Remembrance as an act which, while incorporating the oral exchange, reduces it to silence, the voice appearing in the text solely through the latter's sound amplification.

Ice hockey is a contact sport played in a cold environment which leads to assumptions that players are not exposed to a thermal challenge. The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that the wearing of hockey protective equipment during an exercise protocol designed to simulate a hockey game would induce a thermal challenge and lead to decrements in performance. In order to test this hypothesis and qualify the physiological responses, subjects performed a standardized protocol performed on a stationary cycle ergometer in an environmental chamber set at typical (12ºC) ice hockey ambient conditions. The simulation was performed twice; once while wearing cotton undergarments only (NP), and once while wearing cotton undergarments and the typical protective equipment worn during a hockey game (P). Work intensity during each trial was held constant and was evaluated by examining mean power output, which was similar under both P and NP conditions (348.2 W vs 352.08 W, P > 0.05) P vs NP, respectively. Body (37.18 ºC vs 36.58 ºC) and skin temperatures (34.12 ºC vs 28.85 ºC) were elevated in P vs NP, respectively (P<0.05). Core temperatures (37.50 ºC vs 37.41ºC) displayed a trend towards being higher in P vs NP particularly during the third period of simulation (P = 0.053). Sweat loss as a percent of body mass was greater in P vs NP (2.57% vs 1.18%, respectively P<0.05), which led to an increase in plasma osmolality (287 vs 283 mosmol/kg H2O, respectively P<0.05) working heart rate (83.7% vs 78.8% of maximum heart rate), resting heart rate (63.4% and 55.9% of maximum heart rate), and urine specific gravity (1.026 vs 1.017) for P vs NP respectively (each P<0.05). The drop-off in power from pre to post simulated game was examined in both conditions by the use of five repeated maximal six second sprints interspersed with 24 seconds of recovery. The drop-off in both peak (12.0% vs 0.2%) and mean power (14.5% vs 2.7%) was greater in P versus NP (P<0.05). Plasma lactate concentration was higher following the simulated game in P vs NP (9.64 vs 5.96 mmol/L, P<0.05) as was plasma norepinephrine (2274.0 vs 1366.9 pg/ml, P<0.05). Rating of Perceived Exertion increased by 30-53% in the P condition (P<0.05) even though power outputs were equivalent. The elevated body temperature and increased water loss appeared to increase glycolytic flux, which when coupled with the consequences of thermal stress, reduced power output and led to the perception of elevated work intensities during the simulated game.

Programa LIFE Comisión Europea (LIFE NAT 080064 CUBOMED; Ministerio de Agricultura, Alimentación y Medio Ambiente; Fundación Biodiversidad; Dirección General del Agua, Generalitat Valenciana; Fundació Baleària; El Portet de Denia.