Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 2002. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 109-126).

Qiao, Mu. / "June 2003." / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2003. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 190-209). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Mode of access: World Wide Web.

Most naturally occurring folate derivatives in foods are highly sensitive to temperature, oxygen, light, and their stability is affected by food processing conditions. Edible polysaccharides (hydrocolloids) were evaluated for folic acid encapsulation, both as single and mixed polymers as a way of increasing folic acid stability. Results obtained from the study demonstrate for the first time dietary incorporation of encapsulated folic acid using Cheddar cheese as the delivery vehicle mitigates against hyperhomocysteinemia and monocyte/macrophage adhesion in mice. / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

Hyperhomocysteinemia, a condition of elevated blood homocysteine level, is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. Folic acid can effectively reduce blood homocysteine levels. Recent studies have shown that hyperhomocysteinemia is also associated with liver disorders. However, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. The general objective of my study was to investigate the biochemical and molecular mechanisms of homocysteine-induced liver injury and abnormal lipid metabolism. Hyperhomocysteinemia was induced in Sprague-Dawley rats by feeding a high-methionine diet for 4 weeks. An elevation of serum aminotransferases activities (indicator for liver injury) and an increase in hepatic lipid peroxidation were observed in hyperhomocysteinemic rats. Hyperhomocysteinemia-induced superoxide anion production led to oxidative stress in the liver. Reduction of oxidative stress by inhibiting superoxide anion production ameliorated hyperhomocysteinemia-induced liver injury. A significant elevation of hepatic and serum cholesterol concentrations in hyperhomocysteinemic rats was observed, exclusively due to increased expression of HMG-CoA reductase in hepatocytes. The molecular mechanisms of homocysteine-induced adverse effects were further investigated in isolated rat hepatocytes and in human hepatoma cells (HepG2). Hcy stimulated HMG-CoA reductase expression in hepatocytes via activation of transcription factors, namely, sterol regulatory element-binding protein-2 (SREBP-2), cAMP response element binding protein (CREB) and nuclear factor Y (NF-Y). Activation of these 3 transcription factors was detected in hyperhomocysteinemic rat liver and in homocysteine-treated hepatocytes. Pretreatment of hepatocytes with inhibitors for individual transcription factors effectively attenuated Hcy-induced HMG-CoA reductase mRNA expression. Supplementation of folic acid in diet significantly reduced serum homocysteine level and effectively inhibited hyperhomocysteinemia-induced superoxide anion production, resulting in amelioration of oxidative stress-mediated liver injury in hyperhomocysteinemic rats. These results reflected a protective role of folic acid in hyperhomocysteinemia-induced liver injury. In conclusion, the present study demonstrates that (1) hyperhomocysteinemia can cause oxidative stress and liver injury; (2) homocysteine stimulates cholesterol biosynthesis in hepatocytes via transcriptional regulation of HMG-CoA reductase expression; (3) supplementation of folic acid offers a hepatoprotective effect during hyperhomocysteinemia. Oxidative stress and accumulation of cholesterol in the liver contribute to liver injury associated with hyperhomocysteinemia. The role of folic acid in maintaining good health may extend beyond the cardiovascular system to encompass hyperhomocysteinemia-associated liver disorders. / October 2007

Hyperhomocysteinemia, a condition of elevated blood homocysteine level, is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. Folic acid can effectively reduce blood homocysteine levels. Recent studies have shown that hyperhomocysteinemia is also associated with liver disorders. However, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. The general objective of my study was to investigate the biochemical and molecular mechanisms of homocysteine-induced liver injury and abnormal lipid metabolism. Hyperhomocysteinemia was induced in Sprague-Dawley rats by feeding a high-methionine diet for 4 weeks. An elevation of serum aminotransferases activities (indicator for liver injury) and an increase in hepatic lipid peroxidation were observed in hyperhomocysteinemic rats. Hyperhomocysteinemia-induced superoxide anion production led to oxidative stress in the liver. Reduction of oxidative stress by inhibiting superoxide anion production ameliorated hyperhomocysteinemia-induced liver injury. A significant elevation of hepatic and serum cholesterol concentrations in hyperhomocysteinemic rats was observed, exclusively due to increased expression of HMG-CoA reductase in hepatocytes. The molecular mechanisms of homocysteine-induced adverse effects were further investigated in isolated rat hepatocytes and in human hepatoma cells (HepG2). Hcy stimulated HMG-CoA reductase expression in hepatocytes via activation of transcription factors, namely, sterol regulatory element-binding protein-2 (SREBP-2), cAMP response element binding protein (CREB) and nuclear factor Y (NF-Y). Activation of these 3 transcription factors was detected in hyperhomocysteinemic rat liver and in homocysteine-treated hepatocytes. Pretreatment of hepatocytes with inhibitors for individual transcription factors effectively attenuated Hcy-induced HMG-CoA reductase mRNA expression. Supplementation of folic acid in diet significantly reduced serum homocysteine level and effectively inhibited hyperhomocysteinemia-induced superoxide anion production, resulting in amelioration of oxidative stress-mediated liver injury in hyperhomocysteinemic rats. These results reflected a protective role of folic acid in hyperhomocysteinemia-induced liver injury. In conclusion, the present study demonstrates that (1) hyperhomocysteinemia can cause oxidative stress and liver injury; (2) homocysteine stimulates cholesterol biosynthesis in hepatocytes via transcriptional regulation of HMG-CoA reductase expression; (3) supplementation of folic acid offers a hepatoprotective effect during hyperhomocysteinemia. Oxidative stress and accumulation of cholesterol in the liver contribute to liver injury associated with hyperhomocysteinemia. The role of folic acid in maintaining good health may extend beyond the cardiovascular system to encompass hyperhomocysteinemia-associated liver disorders.

Hyperhomocysteinemia, an elevation of blood homocysteine levels, is a metabolic disorder associated with dysfunction of multiple organs. Previous studies have shown that hyperhomocysteinemia is related to fatty liver. However, the underlying mechanism remains speculative. The objective of the present study is to investigate the regulatory mechanism of hepatic inflammatory response and cholesterol metabolism during metabolic disorders. In the present study, hyperhomocysteinemia was induced in Sprague-Dawley rats by feeding a high-methionine diet. The mRNA and protein expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), a pro-inflammatory factor, were significantly elevated in the liver of hyperhomocysteinemic rats. An activation of NF-B and a stimulation of oxidative stress were observed in the same liver tissue in which COX-2 was induced. Inhibition of NF-B or oxidative stress effectively abolished hepatic COX-2 expression, inhibited the formation of inflammatory foci, and improved liver function. Activity of HMG-CoA reductase, the rate-limiting enzyme of cholesterol biosynthesis, was markedly elevated in the liver of hyperhomocysteinemic rats, which may contribute to the hepatic lipid accumulation induced by hyperhomocysteinemia. Administration of Berberine (5mg/ kg body weight/ day for 5 days) inhibited HMG-CoA reductase activity via upregulating AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)-mediated phosphorylation of HMG-CoA reductase. Berberine treatment reduced hepatic cholesterol content and ameliorated liver function. In addition, the regulatory mechanism of HMG-CoA reductase activation was investigated in C57BL/6 mice fed a high-fat diet. There was a significant increase in hepatic HMG-CoA reductase mRNA and protein expression as well as enzyme activity. The DNA binding activity of sterol regulatory element binding protein (SREBP)-2 (a transcription factor of HMG-CoA reductase) and Sp1 (a transcription factor of SREBP-2) were both increased in the liver of mice fed a high-fat diet. The in vitro study in palmitic acid-treated HepG2 cells further confirmed that inhibition of Sp1 by siRNA transfection abolished palmitic acid-induced SREBP-2 and HMG-CoA reductase mRNA expression. In conclusion, the present study have demonstrated that (1) Hepatic COX-2 expression is induced via oxidative stress mediated NF-B activation during hyperhomocysteinemia; (2) Dietary berberine reduces cholesterol biosynthesis by elevating AMPK-mediated HMG-CoA reductase phosphorylation; (3) HMG-CoA reductase is upregulated by Sp1-mediated SREBP-2 activation in the liver during high-fat diet feeding.

Hyperhomocysteinemia, a condition of elevated blood homocysteine level, is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. Folic acid can effectively reduce blood homocysteine levels. Recent studies have shown that hyperhomocysteinemia is also associated with liver disorders. However, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. The general objective of my study was to investigate the biochemical and molecular mechanisms of homocysteine-induced liver injury and abnormal lipid metabolism. Hyperhomocysteinemia was induced in Sprague-Dawley rats by feeding a high-methionine diet for 4 weeks. An elevation of serum aminotransferases activities (indicator for liver injury) and an increase in hepatic lipid peroxidation were observed in hyperhomocysteinemic rats. Hyperhomocysteinemia-induced superoxide anion production led to oxidative stress in the liver. Reduction of oxidative stress by inhibiting superoxide anion production ameliorated hyperhomocysteinemia-induced liver injury. A significant elevation of hepatic and serum cholesterol concentrations in hyperhomocysteinemic rats was observed, exclusively due to increased expression of HMG-CoA reductase in hepatocytes. The molecular mechanisms of homocysteine-induced adverse effects were further investigated in isolated rat hepatocytes and in human hepatoma cells (HepG2). Hcy stimulated HMG-CoA reductase expression in hepatocytes via activation of transcription factors, namely, sterol regulatory element-binding protein-2 (SREBP-2), cAMP response element binding protein (CREB) and nuclear factor Y (NF-Y). Activation of these 3 transcription factors was detected in hyperhomocysteinemic rat liver and in homocysteine-treated hepatocytes. Pretreatment of hepatocytes with inhibitors for individual transcription factors effectively attenuated Hcy-induced HMG-CoA reductase mRNA expression. Supplementation of folic acid in diet significantly reduced serum homocysteine level and effectively inhibited hyperhomocysteinemia-induced superoxide anion production, resulting in amelioration of oxidative stress-mediated liver injury in hyperhomocysteinemic rats. These results reflected a protective role of folic acid in hyperhomocysteinemia-induced liver injury. In conclusion, the present study demonstrates that (1) hyperhomocysteinemia can cause oxidative stress and liver injury; (2) homocysteine stimulates cholesterol biosynthesis in hepatocytes via transcriptional regulation of HMG-CoA reductase expression; (3) supplementation of folic acid offers a hepatoprotective effect during hyperhomocysteinemia. Oxidative stress and accumulation of cholesterol in the liver contribute to liver injury associated with hyperhomocysteinemia. The role of folic acid in maintaining good health may extend beyond the cardiovascular system to encompass hyperhomocysteinemia-associated liver disorders.

Background: Hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy) is an established risk factor for thrombotic diseases yet the underlying mechanism remain unclear. In this study we investigated the effect of HHcy on endothelial cell-platelet interaction and its role in thrombosis. Methods and Results: We used a novel mouse model of HHcy (plasma homocysteine, Hcy 80 micromolar) in which a Zn2+ inducible human cystathionine beta-synthase (CBS) transgene was introduced to circumvent the neonatal lethality of the Cbs gene deficiency (Tg-hCBS Cbs-/- mice). Hcy-lowering therapy was performed by giving ZnSO4 water to induce human CBS transgene expression in adult mice. Thrombus formation was examined by photo dye-induced cremaster microvasculature thrombosis using intravital microscopy, in which endothelium was preserved, and by FeCl3-induced carotid artery thrombosis, which denudated the endothelium. HHcy accelerated cremaster arteriolar thrombosis and decreased blood flow cessation time from 41.8 min in control mice to 30.5 min in TghCBS Cbs-/- mice. Venular blood flow cessation time was slightly decreased from 5.6 to 5.0 min. Hcy-lowering therapy reduced Hcy level from 80 micromolar to 6.8 micromolar after 2 weeks of ZnSO4 water and prolonged arteriolar blood cessation time from 30.5 to 37.8 min. Interestingly, FeCl3-induced carotid artery thrombosis did not change the occlusion time. Hcy did not potentiate the aggregation and secretion function in washed human platelets from healthy donor treated with Hcy (50, 100 micromolar) or from Tg-hCBS Cbs-/- mice. However, inter-cellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) levels, but not vascular adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1), were increased in cremaster tissues from Tg-hCBS Cbs-/- mice by western blot. In cultured human umbilical vein ECs (HUVEC), Hcy (100 micromolar, 24h) promoted human platelet adhesion by 200% in static adhesion assay. Using western blot, FACS and RT-PCR, we found that Hcy increased protein and mRNA levels of ICAM-1, but not that of VCAM-1, in HUVEC. ICAM-1 blocking antibody partially reversed Hcy increased platelets adhesion to HUVEC. Hcy induced ICAM-1 expression and reduced DNA methylation on ICAM-1 promoter, which were mimicked by DNA methyltransferase inhibitor azacytidine, and histone deacetylase inhibitors sodium butyrate and trichostatin A. Hcy treatment also increased intracellular Hcy, Sadenosylhomocysteine (SAH) accumulation and decreased SAM/SAH ratio in HUVECs. Hcy decreased methyl CpG binding protein 2 (MeCP2) binding and increased acetylated histone H3 (AcH3) binding to ICAM-1 core promoter region using chromatin immunoprecipitation. Pyrosequencing of ICAM-1 core promoter and adjacent region shows a decreased DNA methylation by Hcy treatment. In high methionine diet-induce HHcy in WT and Icam-/- mice, Icam-/- mice fed with HM diet only show moderately accelerated venular and barely accelerated arteriolar occlusion time compared with WT mice with CT diet using photo dye-induced thrombosis model. Conclusion: HHcy accelerates arteriolar thrombosis and increases EC-platelet interaction via ICAM-1 induction partially through DNA hypomethylation. / Pharmacology

A hiperhomocisteinemia (HHcy) tem sido associada à disfunção endotelial, em decorrência do aumento de ânion superóxido (O2-) e redução da biodisponibilidade de óxido nítrico (NO), fatos estes que poderiam acarretar disfunção erétil. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar as consequências da HHcy sobre as respostas à endotelina-1 (ET-1) e fenilefrina (PhE) em corpos cavernosos de ratos, bem como os mecanismos envolvidos. Os animais foram divididos em dois grupos, os quais receberam água (controle) ou DL-homocisteina tiolactona (DL-HcyT, grupo HHcy), na dose de 1 g/Kg/dia, via oral por 15 dias. Análises morfológicas, de colágeno e expressão de -actina não revelaram macroalterações na estrutura de corpos cavernosos de ratos HHcy, sugerindo que alterações na funcionalidade destes tecidos não decorrem de modificações estruturais. A HHcy acarretou aumento dos níveis de O2- em corpos cavernosos de ratos, avaliados por microscopia confocal. A reatividade vascular foi avaliada para KCl, nitroprussiato de sódio (NPS), acetilcolina (ACh), ET-1, IRL-1620 e PhE. Não foram observadas alterações na reatividade vascular para KCl ou NPS. O relaxamento induzido por ACh foi reduzido em corpos cavernosos de ratos HHcy. A contração induzida por ET-1, via receptores ETA, mostrou-se aumentada em corpos cavernosos de ratos HHcy, sugerindo possível envolvimento de O2- basais em vias intracelulares, decorrentes da ativação de receptores ETA. Observou-se prejuízo do relaxamento induzido por ET-1 e IRL-1620 em corpos cavernosos de ratos HHcy, por ativação de receptores ETB. O prejuízo do relaxamento induzido por IRL-1620 foi decorrente da produção e/ou biodisponibilidade reduzida de NO. A expressão de RNAm para pré-pró-ET-1, enzima conversora de ET-1 e receptores ETA e ETB não foram alteradas em decorrência da HHcy. O Emax da PhE foi aumentado em corpos cavernosos de ratos HHcy, em decorrência de aumento nos níveis basais de O2- e redução de fatores moduladores negativos da contração, tal como peróxido de hidrogênio (H2O2), sugerindo possível prejuízo da enzima superóxido dismutase. A participação de metabólitos derivados da isoformas da enzima óxido nítrico sintase (NOS), eNOS, nNOS e iNOS que modulam negativamente a contração da PhE, mostraram-se importantes nesta resposta. Na HHcy, os metabólitos derivados principalmente da iNOS estão prejudicados, possivelmente por redução da atividade da NOS, processo de desacoplamento e/ou redução da biodisponibilidade de NO por interação com espécies reativas de oxigênio (ERO), formando peróxinitrito. A expressão de nitrotirosina, indicador da presença de peroxinitrito, não foi alterada em corpos cavernosos de ratos HHcy. As dosagens plasmáticas de nitrato mostraram redução dos níveis de NO em ratos HHcy, sendo sugestivo de redução de sua biodisponibilidade. A HHcy não alterou a expressão de RNAm para eNOS, nNOS e iNOS em corpos cavernosos de ratos. Os metabólitos da enzima cicloxigenase-1 (COX-1) e COX-2 participam modulando negativamente a contração da PhE e a HHcy não alterou esta modulação. Concluindo, a HHcy intermediária, por sua capacidade de aumentar os níveis basais de O2-, pode afetar a função vasoativa, contração e relaxamento, do peptídeo ET-1, bem como aumentar a resposta de contração à PhE em decorrência de prejuízo de H2O2 e redução de metabólitos derivados da iNOS em corpos cavernosos de ratos. / Hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy) has been associated with endothelial dysfunction, due to the increase in superoxide anion (O2-) and reduced bioavailability of nitric oxide (NO), these facts could result in erectile dysfunction. The objective of this work was to study the consequences of HHcy on the responses to endothelin-1 (ET-1) and phenylephrine (PhE) in rat corpus cavernosum, as well as the mechanisms involved. The animals were divided into two groups, which received water (control) or DL-homocysteine thiolactone (DL-HcyT; HHcy group) at a dose of 1 g/kg/day for 15 days orally. Morphological analysis and collagen and expression of -actin revealed no considerable alterations in the structure of the corpus cavernosum of HHcy rats, suggesting that alterations in the functionality of these tissues are not based on structural modifications. The HHcy resulted in increased levels of O2- in corpus cavernosum of rats, assessed by confocal microscopy. Vascular reactivity was assessed for substances KCl, sodium nitroprusside (SNP), acetylcholine (ACh), ET-1, IRL-1620 and PhE. There were no changes in vascular reactivity to KCl or NPS. The relaxation induced by ACh was reduced in HHcy rat corpus cavernosum. The contraction induced by ET-1, by ETA receptors, was increased in corpus cavernosum of HHcy rats, suggesting possible involvement of basal O2- in intracellular pathways by activation of ETA receptors. There was prejudice to the relaxation to ET-1 and IRL-1620 in HHcy rat corpus cavernosum by activation of ETB receptors. The decreased IRL-1620-induced relaxation was due to the reduced production and/or bioavailability of NO.The expression of mRNA for pre-pro-ET-1, endothelin converting enzyme and ETA and ETB receptors were not altered in HHcy. The Emax of PhE was increased in HHcy rat corpus cavernosum, due to increase in basal levels of O2- and reducing negative modulators factors of the contraction, such as hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), suggesting possible loss of the enzyme superoxide dismutase (SOD). The participation of metabolites derived from eNOS, nNOS and iNOS, that modulate negatively PhE-induced contraction appear to be important in this response. In HHcy, these metabolites, derived primary from iNOS, are damaged, possibly by reducing the activity of NOS, the process of decoupling and/or reduced bioavailability of NO by interaction with reactive oxidative species (ROS) to form peroxynitrite. The expression of nitrotyrosine, inidicador the presence of peroxynitrite, was not altered in HHcy rat corpus cavernosum. Plasma levels of nitrate showed reduced levels of NO in HHcy rats, being suggestive of reduced bioavailability. The HHcy did not alter the expression of mRNA for eNOS, iNOS and nNOS in rat corpus cavernosum. The metabolites of the enzyme cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) and COX-2 participate negatively modulating the contraction of PhE and HHcy does not seem to change this modulation. In conclusion, intermediate HHcy, by its ability to increase basal levels of O2-, may affect the vasoactive function, contraction and relaxation of ET-1 peptide, as well as increase the contraction induced by PhE due to decrease of H2O2 and reduced of the metabolites derived from iNOS in rat corpus cavernosum.

A hiperhomocisteinemia (HHcy) tem sido associada à disfunção endotelial, em decorrência do aumento de ânion superóxido (O2-) e redução da biodisponibilidade de óxido nítrico (NO), fatos estes que poderiam acarretar disfunção erétil. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar as consequências da HHcy sobre as respostas à endotelina-1 (ET-1) e fenilefrina (PhE) em corpos cavernosos de ratos, bem como os mecanismos envolvidos. Os animais foram divididos em dois grupos, os quais receberam água (controle) ou DL-homocisteina tiolactona (DL-HcyT, grupo HHcy), na dose de 1 g/Kg/dia, via oral por 15 dias. Análises morfológicas, de colágeno e expressão de -actina não revelaram macroalterações na estrutura de corpos cavernosos de ratos HHcy, sugerindo que alterações na funcionalidade destes tecidos não decorrem de modificações estruturais. A HHcy acarretou aumento dos níveis de O2- em corpos cavernosos de ratos, avaliados por microscopia confocal. A reatividade vascular foi avaliada para KCl, nitroprussiato de sódio (NPS), acetilcolina (ACh), ET-1, IRL-1620 e PhE. Não foram observadas alterações na reatividade vascular para KCl ou NPS. O relaxamento induzido por ACh foi reduzido em corpos cavernosos de ratos HHcy. A contração induzida por ET-1, via receptores ETA, mostrou-se aumentada em corpos cavernosos de ratos HHcy, sugerindo possível envolvimento de O2- basais em vias intracelulares, decorrentes da ativação de receptores ETA. Observou-se prejuízo do relaxamento induzido por ET-1 e IRL-1620 em corpos cavernosos de ratos HHcy, por ativação de receptores ETB. O prejuízo do relaxamento induzido por IRL-1620 foi decorrente da produção e/ou biodisponibilidade reduzida de NO. A expressão de RNAm para pré-pró-ET-1, enzima conversora de ET-1 e receptores ETA e ETB não foram alteradas em decorrência da HHcy. O Emax da PhE foi aumentado em corpos cavernosos de ratos HHcy, em decorrência de aumento nos níveis basais de O2- e redução de fatores moduladores negativos da contração, tal como peróxido de hidrogênio (H2O2), sugerindo possível prejuízo da enzima superóxido dismutase. A participação de metabólitos derivados da isoformas da enzima óxido nítrico sintase (NOS), eNOS, nNOS e iNOS que modulam negativamente a contração da PhE, mostraram-se importantes nesta resposta. Na HHcy, os metabólitos derivados principalmente da iNOS estão prejudicados, possivelmente por redução da atividade da NOS, processo de desacoplamento e/ou redução da biodisponibilidade de NO por interação com espécies reativas de oxigênio (ERO), formando peróxinitrito. A expressão de nitrotirosina, indicador da presença de peroxinitrito, não foi alterada em corpos cavernosos de ratos HHcy. As dosagens plasmáticas de nitrato mostraram redução dos níveis de NO em ratos HHcy, sendo sugestivo de redução de sua biodisponibilidade. A HHcy não alterou a expressão de RNAm para eNOS, nNOS e iNOS em corpos cavernosos de ratos. Os metabólitos da enzima cicloxigenase-1 (COX-1) e COX-2 participam modulando negativamente a contração da PhE e a HHcy não alterou esta modulação. Concluindo, a HHcy intermediária, por sua capacidade de aumentar os níveis basais de O2-, pode afetar a função vasoativa, contração e relaxamento, do peptídeo ET-1, bem como aumentar a resposta de contração à PhE em decorrência de prejuízo de H2O2 e redução de metabólitos derivados da iNOS em corpos cavernosos de ratos. / Hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy) has been associated with endothelial dysfunction, due to the increase in superoxide anion (O2-) and reduced bioavailability of nitric oxide (NO), these facts could result in erectile dysfunction. The objective of this work was to study the consequences of HHcy on the responses to endothelin-1 (ET-1) and phenylephrine (PhE) in rat corpus cavernosum, as well as the mechanisms involved. The animals were divided into two groups, which received water (control) or DL-homocysteine thiolactone (DL-HcyT; HHcy group) at a dose of 1 g/kg/day for 15 days orally. Morphological analysis and collagen and expression of -actin revealed no considerable alterations in the structure of the corpus cavernosum of HHcy rats, suggesting that alterations in the functionality of these tissues are not based on structural modifications. The HHcy resulted in increased levels of O2- in corpus cavernosum of rats, assessed by confocal microscopy. Vascular reactivity was assessed for substances KCl, sodium nitroprusside (SNP), acetylcholine (ACh), ET-1, IRL-1620 and PhE. There were no changes in vascular reactivity to KCl or NPS. The relaxation induced by ACh was reduced in HHcy rat corpus cavernosum. The contraction induced by ET-1, by ETA receptors, was increased in corpus cavernosum of HHcy rats, suggesting possible involvement of basal O2- in intracellular pathways by activation of ETA receptors. There was prejudice to the relaxation to ET-1 and IRL-1620 in HHcy rat corpus cavernosum by activation of ETB receptors. The decreased IRL-1620-induced relaxation was due to the reduced production and/or bioavailability of NO.The expression of mRNA for pre-pro-ET-1, endothelin converting enzyme and ETA and ETB receptors were not altered in HHcy. The Emax of PhE was increased in HHcy rat corpus cavernosum, due to increase in basal levels of O2- and reducing negative modulators factors of the contraction, such as hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), suggesting possible loss of the enzyme superoxide dismutase (SOD). The participation of metabolites derived from eNOS, nNOS and iNOS, that modulate negatively PhE-induced contraction appear to be important in this response. In HHcy, these metabolites, derived primary from iNOS, are damaged, possibly by reducing the activity of NOS, the process of decoupling and/or reduced bioavailability of NO by interaction with reactive oxidative species (ROS) to form peroxynitrite. The expression of nitrotyrosine, inidicador the presence of peroxynitrite, was not altered in HHcy rat corpus cavernosum. Plasma levels of nitrate showed reduced levels of NO in HHcy rats, being suggestive of reduced bioavailability. The HHcy did not alter the expression of mRNA for eNOS, iNOS and nNOS in rat corpus cavernosum. The metabolites of the enzyme cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) and COX-2 participate negatively modulating the contraction of PhE and HHcy does not seem to change this modulation. In conclusion, intermediate HHcy, by its ability to increase basal levels of O2-, may affect the vasoactive function, contraction and relaxation of ET-1 peptide, as well as increase the contraction induced by PhE due to decrease of H2O2 and reduced of the metabolites derived from iNOS in rat corpus cavernosum.