Cette thèse se divise en trois parties. La première partie concerne nos approches vers la fonctionnalisation régiosélective d’imines, générées in situ dans le milieu réactionnel. En particulier, nous avons développé une méthode de synthèse d’α-amidosulfures qui furent ensuite utilisés comme plateforme pour accéder à des α-aryles amines aliphatiques par réaction de Friedel-Crafts déclenchée par du NIS. La seconde partie de ce travail rapporte la synthèse de spirobiindane rigides optiquement actifs, que nous avons ensuite utilisés comme plateforme pour former des organocatalyseurs de type acides phosphoriques. Ces derniers furent ensuite exploités dans le développement d’une réaction de cycloaddition [3+2] -optionnellement amorcée par du PIDA- donnant accès à des 2,3-dihydrobenzofuranes optiquement actifs. Enfin, dans une dernière partie, deux séquences réactionnelles furent développées, donnant accès à des iodoarènes iodés : les BINIs et SPINIs ortho-diarylés. Ces structures furent engagées en organocatalyse, et ont permis d’apporter une approche rationnelle aux mécanismes d’induction asymétrique impliquant des espèces iodés hypervalentes. / This thesis is divided in three parts. The first part deals with our approaches toward regioselective functionalization of in situ generated imines. In particular, we had developed a synthesis of α-amidosulfides, which were used as substrates to access aliphatics α-aryles amines through a NIS-triggered Friedel-Crafts reaction. Second part of this work describe the synthesis of spirobiindane-based organocatalysts, which were used in a [3+2] cycloaddition - optionally triggered with PIDA - leading to optically actives 2,3-dihydrobenzofurans. Finally, two synthetic pathways were developed to form new class of aryliodides: diaryls BINIs & SPINIs. Those scaffolds were exploited to bring a rational explanation of chirality transfer in reactions using hypervalent iodine species.

Ces travaux concernent le développement de nouveaux iodanes chiraux et leur application à des réactions d’oxygénation asymétriques. Ces réactifs à base d’iode hypervalent constituent une alternative intéressante aux réactifs à base de métaux lourds en termes de réactivité et de toxicité. La première partie de ce travail a été consacrée à la synthèse de nouvelles structures originales C 2 -symétriques énantiopures de type S alen. Un criblage de conditions oxydantes a ensuite montré que seul le 3,3-diméthyldioxirane (DMDO) permet une oxydation propre et sélective de ces iodoarènes en iodanes-λ5 correspondants, composés isolables par simple filtration et dont la nature a pu être déterminée sans ambiguïté par analyse spectroscopique RMN 13C. Dans un second temps, ces nouveaux iodanes-λ5 chiraux ont été appliqués à des réactions d’oxygénation asymétriques, et plus particulièrement à la désaromatisation hydroxylante (réaction HPD) de 2-alkylphénols tels que le carvacrol et le thymol. Les meilleurs excès énantiomériques (ee) sont obtenus lorsque la réaction HPD est réalisée à température ambiante dans un mélange 85:15 de dichlorométhane/ trifluoroéthanol. Le carvacrol est ainsi converti en son cyclodimère [4+2] d’ortho -quinol naturel, le biscarvacrol, avec 55% de ee, et le thymol en bisthymol avec 68% de ee. / This work focuses on the development of new chiral iodanes and their application to asymmetric oxygenation reactions. These hypervalent iodine-based reagents represent an interesting alternative to heavy metal-based reagents in terms of reactivity and toxicity. The first part of this work consisted in the synthesis of new enantiopure C 2 -symmetrical Salen-type structures. A screening of oxidizing conditions then showed that only 3,3-dimethyldioxirane (DMDO) is able to mediate a clean and selective oxidation of these iodoarenes into to the corresponding λ5-iodanes, which were isolated by simple filtration and further characterized by 13C NMR spectroscopic analysis. In a second part, these new chiral λ5-iodanes were applied to asymmetric oxygenation reactions, in particular the Hydroxylative Phenol Dearomatization reaction (HPD reaction) of 2-alkylphenols such as carvacrol and thymol. Best enantiomeric excesses (ee) where obtained when the HPD reaction was performed in a 85:15 mixture of dichloromethane/ trifluoroethanol. Carvacrol was converted into its natural ortho -quinol-based [4+2] cyclodimer biscarvacrol with ee up to 55%, and thymol into bisthymol with ee up to 68%.

La fonctionnalisation directe de liaisons C-H offre une alternative plus économe en atomes et étapes que les traditionnelles méthodes de synthèse basées sur la transformation de molécules pré fonctionnalisées. Ainsi, les réactions d'amination intermoléculaire de liaisons C(sp3)-H avec des nitrènoïdes sont généralement effectuées avec des rendements et des régiosélectivités modérés et utilisent pour cela des catalyseurs coûteux. Dans ce contexte, nous avons créé de nouveaux systèmes bifonctionnels pour la formation de liaisons C-N aliphatiques catalysée par le cuivre et l'argent. Ces systèmes se sont cependant avérés inefficaces dans les conditions réactionnelles utilisées.Les travaux effectués dans le cadre de cette thèse se sont également concentrés sur la fonctionnalisation nucléophile d'anilides par oxydation à l'iode hypervalent. Grâce à cette méthodologie les triflation et triflimidation directes d'acétanilides ont été accomplies dans des conditions oxydantes douces, en présence de triflate et de triflimidate d'argent, respectivement. Ces transformations procèdent avec de bons rendements et présentent une régiosélectivité parfaite pour la position para. / The direct functionalization of C-H bonds offers an attractive, atom- and step-economical alternative to traditional methods based on functional group transformations. Intermolecular C(sp3)-H amination reactions involving nitrene intermediates usually proceed with moderate yields and regioselectivities. In this context, new bifunctional compounds were developed and applied to copper and silver-catalyzed C-N bond-forming reactions. These systems, however, have been found to be ineffective under the reaction conditions.Our research has also focused on the iodine(III)-mediated nucleophilic functionalization of anilides. The direct triflation and triflimidation of acetanilides were accomplished with the use of affordable and easy-to-handle silver(I) triflate or triflimidate respectively, under mild oxidative conditions, exhibiting perfect regioselectivity for the para position. A complete optimization of the reaction conditions and an evaluation of the scope allowed us to prepare a variety of diversely substituted aryltriflates (and nonaflates) in synthetically useful yields.

La synthèse de la 5-azagalanthamine, un analogue azoté de galanthamine, utilisée dans le traitement palliatif de la maladie d’Alzheimer, a été envisagée dans le cadre d’une étude de relations structure-activité. Durant cette thèse nous avons examiné quatre voies de synthèse afin d’accéder à la 5-azagalanthamine. La première voie est basée sur la réaction de Pictet-Spengler afin de fermer le dernier cycle de l’azagalanthamine. De nombreuses tentatives ont été effectuées sur différents types de substrats mais cette stratégie s’est révélée inefficace. La deuxième approche consiste en une oxydation d’anilide ortho-substitué par un groupement méthoxy, avec un réactif à base d'iode hypervalent pour accéder à une spirodiènone, un intermédiaire clé de la synthèse. En effectuant cette réaction nous n’avons pas obtenu le produit attendu, mais une 1,2-dispirodiénone, un motif inhabituel, et très rare. Après avoir optimisé les conditions réactionnelles, nous avons étudié la généralité de la réaction avec d'autres substrats. La modélisation moléculaire ainsi que des études de voltammétrie cyclique ont été réalisées (Chabaud, L.; Hromjakova, T.; Rambla, M.; Retailleau, P.; Guillou, C. Chem. Commun. 2013, 49, 11542-11544. Hromjakova, T.; Retailleau, P.; Grimaud, L.; Gandon, V.; Chabaud, L. et Guillou, C. accepté EurJOC, 2015, DOI 10.1002/ejoc.201501160).Ensuite nous avons examiné l’approche basée sur le couplage intramoléculaire pallado-catalysé. Après les premiers résultats encourageant avec le substrat modèle nous avons réalisé une optimisation des conditions réactionnelles. Une étude de généralité de la réaction avec d'autres substrats a été effectuée. Malheureusement, il s’est avéré que la substitution sur le cycle aromatique n’était pas bien tolérée conduisant à de faibles rendements. Par conséquent cette méthodologie n’a pas pu être appliquée à la synthèse de l’azagalanthamine. Dans la dernière voie de synthèse examinée nous avons repris les travaux antérieurs entrepris dans notre laboratoire concernant la réaction de Heck intramoléculaire. La diminution de la longueur de la chaîne liant les deux cycles a permis d’obtenir des résultats très prometteurs. / The synthesis of 5-azagalanthamine, the analogue of galanthamine that is used in Alzheimer treatment, was investigated for structure - activity relationship studies.During this thesis I explored four synthetic approaches with the aim of preparing the 5-azagalanthamine. The first one is based on a Pictet-Spengler reaction used for ring closure of the last cycle of azagalanthamine. We carried out many tests on various types of substrate but this strategy has proved to be ineffective. The second approach consists of an oxidation of ortho-methoxy substituted anilide by hypervalent iodine reagent to access a spirodienone, a key intermediate of the synthesis. Interestingly this reaction did not result in the expected compound but we observed the formation of an unusual motif, the 1,2-dispirodienone. After conditions optimisation we studied the scope and limitations with others substrates. Molecular modelling and cyclic voltammetry studies were also carried out (Chabaud, L.; Hromjakova, T.; Rambla, M.; Retailleau, P.; Guillou, C. Chem. Commun. 2013, 49, 11542-11544. Hromjakova, T.; Retailleau, P.; Grimaud, L.; Gandon, V.; Chabaud, L. and Guillou, C. accepté EurJOC, 2015, DOI 10.1002/ejoc.201501160).Then we investigated an approach based on palladium-catalysed intramolecular coupling. After the first encouraging results with the model substrate, we did optimization of the reaction conditions and the study of substrate scope. Unfortunately we discovered that the substitution was not well tolerated and decreased the yield. Therefore this methodology could not be applied to the synthesis of the azagalanthamine. In the last approach we used previous work of our laboratory on the intramolecular Heck reaction. The reduction of the length of the linker between both cycles showed to be beneficial. We obtained promising results with this approach.

Le développement de méthodes de synthèse asymétrique est très important pour l’accès à des molécules à visées thérapeutiques. Dans ce contexte, nous nous sommes intéressés à l’utilisation d’organocatalyseurs chiraux pour la synthèse de molécules cycliques énantioenrichies. Dans une première partie sont présentées des réactions de cycloadditions formelles (3+2), (4+2) et (4+3) à partir d’ènecarbamates ou de diènecarbamates catalysées par des acides phosphoriques chiraux. Ces derniers étant bifonctionnel, ils permettent l’activation des deux partenaires de cycloaddition menant à la synthèse d’indolines, de 2,3-dihydrobenzofuranes, de benzoquinones carbonannulées, de cyclohepta[b]indoles et de tétrahydroquinolines de façon hautement stéréosélective. Dans une seconde partie, nous nous sommes intéressés à l’utilisation de composés d’iode hypervalent chiraux comme organocatalyseurs. En effet, ces composés présentent une réactivité intéressante tout en étant stable et faiblement toxique. Ainsi, leur utilisation dans une réaction de lactonisation à partir de substrats flexibles a permis l’obtention de divers hétérocycles avec de bons résultats. / The development of new enantioselective methodologies is essential for the synthesis of bioactive compounds. In this context, we were interested in using organocatalysts for the synthesis of enantioenriched cyclic molecules. In a first part will be describe chiral phosphoric acid catalyzed (3+2), (4+2) and (4+3) formal cycloadditions using enecarbamate or dienecarbamate. These catalysts are bifunctional and can interact with both cycloaddition partners leading to the synthesis of 2,3-dihydrobenzofuranes, carboannulated benzoquinones, cyclohepta[b]indoles and tetrahydroquinolines with high stereocontrol. In a second phase, we were interested in using chiral hypervalent iodine as organocatalyst. Theses compounds present interesting reactivity while being stable and not very toxic. Their use permits us to develop a lactonisation starting from flexible substrate and led to the synthesis of various heterocycles with good results.

Face aux enjeux environnementaux actuels, la catalyse est devenue un outil majeur pour la synthèse de molécules complexes et à visées thérapeutiques. Dans ce contexte, nous nous sommes intéressés au développement de nouvelles méthodes de synthèses innovantes, efficaces, sans métaux ou activées par la lumière visible. Ainsi, mes travaux de thèse ont fait appel à deux thématiques largement étudiées au sein de notre laboratoire que sont la catalyse photorédox et l'organocatalyse. Dans ce manuscrit, la première partie porta sur la conception de réactions multicomposants photocatalysées pour la synthèse de structures trifluorométhylées avec de bons rendements. La partie suivante a été consacrée au développement et à l’évaluation de nouveaux photocatalyseurs supportés, robustes et recyclables. La troisième partie présenta l’élaboration de réactions de cyloadditions formelles (4+3) et (4+2), catalysées aux acides phosphoriques chiraux pour une synthèse efficace, énantiosélective et diastéréosélective de cyclohepta[b]indoles et de spiroindolines. Dans la quatrième partie, une stratégie combinant l’organocatalyse asymétrique et la photocatalyse pour la synthèse de tryptamines α-substituées β-aminées potentiellement biologiquement actives a été décrite. Enfin, l’élaboration de nouveaux composés d’iode hypervalent chiraux et leur évaluation en tant qu’organocatalyseurs fût rapportées dans la dernière partie de ce manuscrit de thèse. / In front of current environmental challenges, catalysis has become a major tool for the synthesis of complex and therapeutic molecules. In this context, we have focused on the development of new synthesis methods that are innovative, efficient, metal-free or activated by visible light. Thus, my thesis work has involved two themes that have been widely studied in our team: photoredox catalysis and organocatalysis. In this manuscript, the first part focused on the conception of photocatalyzed multicomponent reactions for the synthesis of trifluoromethylated structures with good yields. The following section devoted to the design and evaluation of new supported, robust and recyclable photocatalysts. The third part presented the formulation of formal (4+3) and (4+2) cyloaddition reactions, catalyzed with chiral phosphoric acids for an effective, enantio- and diastereo-selective synthesis of cyclohepta[b]indoles and spiroindolines. In the fourth part, a strategy combining asymmetric organocatalysis and photocatalysis for the synthesis of potentially biologically active α-substituted β-amino tryptamines was described. Finally, the elaboration of new chiral hypervalent iodine compounds and their evaluation as organocatalysts was reported in the last part of this thesis manuscript.

This thesis concerns the development of metal-free applications using diaryliodonium salts. The first project describes an arylation protocol of allylic and benzylic alcohols in aqueous media. The method proceeds under mild conditions and the ether products were obtained in moderate to good yields. The methodology was also expanded to include arylation of phenols, giving diaryl ethers in good to excellent yields. In the second project, an arylation method that included a wider range of aliphatic alcohols was developed. The scope of accessible alkyl aryl ethers was studied and included a comparative study of phenylation and nitrophenylation of various alcohols. Finally, a formal metal-free synthesis of butoxycain was performed, illustrating the applicability of the developed method. The third project focused on the limitations and side reactions occurring in Chapter 2 and 3. First, an approach to access symmetric diaryl ethers via arylation of hydroxide was presented. This reaction gave rise to a number of side products, which we hypothesized to originate from aryne-type intermediates. A mechanism for the formation of these side products was suggested, supported by trapping and deuterium labeling experiments. Oxidation of the alcohol to the corresponding ketone was also observed and the mechanism of this interesting side reaction was investigated. The latter was suggested to proceed via an intramolecular oxidation without the involvement of radicals or arynes. The fourth project covers a method to synthesize highly sterically congested alkyl aryl ethers via arylation of tertiary alcohols using diaryliodonium salts. The method displayed a broad scope of tertiary alcohols and was also suitable for fluorinated alcohols. The final project detailed in this thesis deals with C-arylation with diaryliodonium salts, showcasing nitroalkanes as well as a nitro ester as suitable nucleophiles for metal-free arylation. / <p>At the time of the doctoral defense, the following paper was unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 3: Manuscript.</p>

Na primeira parte da tese são apresentados os resultados referentes aos estudos mecanísticos da reação de ciclização de álcoois homoalílicos com o sistema iodo/iodo(III). Os experimentos demonstraram que essa reação ocorre pela intermediação de espécies eletrofílicas hipoiodídicas e que apenas um intermediário acíclico contribui efetivamente para a formação do produto desejado. Na segunda parte da tese são discutidos os resultados obtidos na ciclização com iodo/iodo(III) para uma série de substratos insaturados. Essa metodologia mostrou-se versátil, permitindo que uma grande variedade de derivados tetra-hidrofurânicos metóxi-substituídos pudessem ser obtidos a partir de álcoois primários e secundários. Em todas as reações uma mistura de diastereoisômeros cis/trans foi obtida em rendimentos moderados. Aplicando-se esse método a 4-alquenóis e ácidos carboxílicos insaturados, apenas produtos análogos aos obtidos em protocolos clássicos de ciclização eletrofílica puderam ser acessados. Nesses casos, devido a uma limitação dos substratos, a ciclização ocorre exclusivamente pelo ataque intramolecular da hidroxila/carboxila levando à formação do anel de cinco membros. Submetendo sulfonamidas homoalílicas ao sistema iodo/iodo(III) produtos de coiodação foram isolados. Pirrolidinas metóxi-substituídas foram obtidas empregando-se t-BuOK como base para promover a ciclização. Esse método se mostrou efetivo no caso de substratos suscetíveis à migração, contendo grupos arila na ligação dupla e também foi aplicado com sucesso para os álcoois homoalílicos primários e secundários, o que permitiu obter em alguns casos os tetra-hidrofuranos em rendimentos maiores do que no método convencional. / In the first part of the thesis are presented the results regarding the mechanistic studies of the cyclization reaction of homoalyl alcohols with the iodine/iodine(III) system. The experiments demonstrated that this reaction occurs through the intermediation of hypoiodidic electrophilic species and that only an acyclic intermediate effectively contributes to the formation of the desired product. In the second part of the thesis the results obtained in the cyclization with iodine/iodine(III) for a series of unsaturated substrates are discussed. This methodology proved to be versatile, allowing a large variety of methoxy-substituted tetrahydrofuran derivatives to be obtained from primary and secondary alcohols. In all reactions a mixture of cis/trans diastereoisomers was obtained in moderate yields. Applying this method to 4-alkenols and unsaturated carboxylic acids, only products analogous to those obtained in classical electrophilic cyclization protocols could be accessed. In these cases, due to a limitation of the substrates, the cyclization occurs exclusively by the intramolecular hydroxyl/carboxyl attack leading to the formation of the five-membered ring. Subjecting homoalyl sulfonamides to the iodine/iodine(III) system co-iodination products were isolated. Methoxy-substituted pyrrolidines were obtained using t-BuOK as a base to promote cyclization. This method proved to be effective in the case of substrates susceptible to migration, containing aryl groups in the double bond and was also successfully applied to the primary and secondary homoalyl alcohols, which in some cases allowed the tetrahydrofurans to be obtained in higher yields than in the conventional method.

Na primeira parte desta tese são apresentados os resultados referentes ao desenvolvimento de uma metodologia de &#945;-alquinilação eletrofílica de aldeídos com o reagente de iodo hipervalente TMS-EBX, empregando NaHMDS como base e TBAF. Aldeídos acíclicos foram submetidos a esta transformação e 9 exemplos de álcoois homopropargílicos foram obtidos em rendimentos de 50-81%, após uma etapa de redução com NaBH4. A transformação desenvolvida revelou-se aplicável também com o reagente de iodo hipervalente Ph-EBX e 2 exemplos foram obtidos em 24 e 40% de rendimento. O álcool homopropargílico precursor de um inibidor da bactéria que produz a toxina botulínica foi preparado em uma escala de 5 mmol sem a necessidade de alterar as condições reacionais já otimizadas. Na segunda parte desta tese são apresentados os resultados referentes ao desenvolvimento de uma metodologia para a síntese de cetonas cíclicas e 2-cromanonas &#945;-alquinil-&#946;-substituídas por meio de uma sequência de adição 1,4/alquinilação eletrofílica empregando cumarinas e enonas como material de partida, utilizando o reagente de iodo hipervalente TMS-EBX. Os enolatos foram gerados com sucesso a partir de uma reação de adição 1,4 catalisada por cobre utilizando complexos de alumínio e reagentes de Grignard como fontes nucleofílicas. No total foram obtidos 17 exemplos em 34-89% de rendimento e em alta diastereosseletividade. Realizamos três modificações estruturais visando aumentar a complexidade estrutural dos produtos sintetizados. A reação Click, rea- ção de Sonogashira e redução mediada por NaBH4 foram aplicadas com sucesso. Por fim, na terceira parte desta tese são apresentados os resultados preliminares referentes ao desenvolvimento de uma metodologia de síntese de furanos a partir da acetofenona e do reagente de iodo hipervalente Ph-EBX, empregando NaHMDS comoviii base. A acetofenona foi submetida a esta transformação e uma mistura de furanos di- e trissubstituídos foram obtidos em 49% de rendimento. Um experimento controle demonstrou que a alquinilação do ânion terc-butóxido, em uma reação extremamente rápida, é a principal via de consumo do Ph-EBX e o composto (terc-butoxietinil)benzeno foi obtido em 92% de rendimento. Esta reação lateral é a principal responsável pelo baixo rendimento da reação de síntese dos furanos. / In the first part of this work are presented the results relative to the development of a methodology of &#945;-electrophilic alkynylation of aldehydes with the hypervalent iodine reagent TMS-EBX, employing NaHMDS as base and TBAF. Acyclic aldehydes were submitted to this transformation and 9 examples of homopropargylic alcohols were obtained in 50-81% yield, after a reduction step with NaBH4. The developed transformation proved to be works also with the hypervalent iodine reagent Ph-EBX and 2 examples were obtained in 24 and 40% yield. The homopropargylic alcohol precursor of an inhibitor of bacteria that produces a botulinic toxin was prepared at a 5 mmol scale without change the reaction condition already optimized. In the second part of the thesis are presented the results relative to the development of a methodology for the synthesis of cyclic ketones and 2-chromanones &#945;-alkynyl-&#946;-substituted by the1,4-addition/electrophilic alkynylation sequence using coumarins and enones as a starting material and the hypervalent iodine reagent TMS-EBX. The enolates were generated with success from a Cu-catalyzed 1,4 addition using aluminum complexes and Grignard reagents as nucleophilic source. In total 17 examples were obtained in 34-89% yield and high diastereoselectivity. We carried out three structural modification aiming to increase the complexity of the products synthesized. Click reaction, Sonogashira reaction and reduction promoted by NaBH4 were applied with success. Finally, in the third part of the thesis are presented the preliminary results relative to the development of a methodology for synthesis of furans from acetophenone and the hypervalent iodine reagent Ph-EBX, using NaHMDS as a base. Acetophenone was submitted to this transformation and only one example was obtained in 49% yield in a mixture of di- and trisubstituted furans. A control experimentx showed that the alkynylation of tert-butoxide anion, in an extremely fast reaction, is the main path of consumption of the Ph-EBX reagent and the compound (tert-butoxyethynyl)benzene was obtained in 92% yield. This side reaction is the main responsible for the low yield of the reaction of synthesis of furans.

The first part of this thesis describes the efficient synthesis of several hypervalent iodine(III) compounds. Electron-rich diaryliodonium salts have been synthesized in a one-pot procedure, employing mCPBA as the oxidant. Both symmetric and unsymmetric diaryliodonium tosylates can be isolated in high yields. An in situ anion exchange also enables the synthesis of previously unobtainable diaryliodonium triflates. A large-scale protocol for the synthesis of a derivative of Koser’s reagent, that is an isolable intermediate in the diaryliodonium tosylate synthesis, is furthermore described. The large-scale synthesis is performed in neat TFE, which can be recovered and recycled. This is very desirable from an environmental point of view. One of the few described syntheses of enantiopure diaryliodonium salts is discussed. Three different enantiopure diaryliodonium salts bearing electron-rich substituents are synthesized in moderate to high yields. The synthesis of these three salts shows the challenge in the preparation of electron-rich substituted unsymmetric salts. The second part of the thesis describes the application of both symmetric and unsymmetric diaryliodonium salts in organic synthesis. A metal-free efficient and fast method for the synthesis of diaryl ethers from diaryliodonium salts has been developed. The substrate scope is wide as both the phenol and the diaryliodonium salt can be varied. Products such as halogenated ethers, ortho-substituted ethers and bulky ethers, that are difficult to obtain with metal-catalyzed procedures, are readily prepared. The mild protocol allows arylation of racemization-prone a-amino acid derivatives without loss of enantiomeric excess. A chemoselectivity investigation was conducted, in which unsymmetric diaryliodonium salts were employed in the arylation of three different nucleophiles in order to understand the different factors that influence which aryl moiety that is transferred to the nucleophile. / <p>At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 2: Accepted. Paper 5: Submitted. Paper 6: Manuscript.</p>