Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, 2001. / Vita. Bibliography: 146-193.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Virginia, 2007. / Title from title page. Includes bibliographical references. Also available online through Digital Dissertations.

Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, 2005. / Embargoed. Vita. Bibliography: 99-113.

En premier lieu, en utilisant des inhibiteurs pharmacologiques du NF-[kappa]B, nous avons constaté que l'inhibition du facteur de transcription NF-[kappa]B chez ces cellules diminue de beaucoup l'expression génique et la sécrétion de diverses cytokines et chimiokines (TNF-[alpha], IL-8 ou CXCL8, Mip-1[alpha]/[bêta] induites par des stimuli tels que TNF-[alpha] ou LPS. Nous montrons ensuite que le complexe IKK (IKK[alpha], IKK[bêta], et IKK[gamma]) est aussi partiellement localisé dans le noyau, alors que les kinases reliées à IKK (IKK[epsilon] et TBK-1) sont cytoplasmiques; la kinase NIK, quant à elle, est strictement nucléaire. Suite à une activation des neutrophiles, IKK[bêta] et IKK[gamma] deviennent transitoirement phosphorylées dans le cytoplasme et le noyau, alors qu'IKK[alpha] disparaît temporairement de ces deux compartiments cellulaires d'une manière qui semble dépendante de IKK[bêta]. Ces réponses s'accompagnent, dans les deux compartiments, de la dégradation d'I[kappa]B[alpha] et de la phosphorylation du RelA sur la sérine 536. Bien que les deux protéines puissent être des substrats de IKK, l'inhibition de ce dernier empêche la dégradation d'I[kappa]B[alpha], tandis que le niveau de phosphorylation du RelA est essentiellement inchangé. Nous apportons enfin une preuve que des isoformes de IKK nucléaires s'associent à la chromatine suivant l'activation des neutrophiles, ce qui suggère un rôle potentiel dans la régulation de gènes. Deuxièmement, nous rapportons que les neutrophiles expriment la MAP3K, TAK1, ainsi que ses partenaires associés, TAB1/2, dans le cytoplasme et le noyau. La kinase TAK1 est associée de façon constitutive aux protéines TAB1 et TAB2, ainsi qu'au complexe IKK[alpha]/[bêta] dans les neutrophiles au repos. Le niveau d'interaction de ces complexes demeure inchangé suite au traitement des neutrophiles avec le TNF-[alpha] ou le LPS. La kinase TAK1 devient rapidement et transitoirement activée suite à une stimulation des cellules avec le TNF-[alpha] ou le LPS. L'inhibition de l'activité kinase de TAK1 avec un inhibiteur hautement sélectif (5z-7-oxozeaenol) a empêché la phosphorylation d'IKK[alpha]/[bêta], de RelA, et la dégradation de I[kappa]B[alpha] dans les fractions cytoplasmiques et nucléaires, ainsi que la liaison à l'ADN du NF-[kappa]B dans des neutrophiles activés.En conséquence, l'expression et la sécrétion de cytokines inflammatoires induites par le TNF-[alpha] ou le LPS ont été profondément altérées suivant une inhibition de TAK1.En revanche, la phosphorylation de IKK[gamma] induite par le LPS n'a pas été affectée par l'inhibition de TAK1. Finalement, nos résultats indiquent que l'activation du NF-[kappa]B et les réponses cellulaires dépendantes du NF-[kappa]B sont indépendantes des ROS endogènes dans les neutrophiles humains primaires ou dans la lignée promyélocytaire PLB-985, qui peut être différenciée en granulocytes et se comporte comme les neutrophiles. Parallèlement, nous avons optimisé les conditions de transfection des PLB-985 différenciées, ce qui nous a permis de montrer pour la première fois l'activation de promoteurs [kappa]B-dépendants chez des granulocytes humains. Ces travaux rendent par ailleurs possibles les études portant sur l'activation des promoteurs chez les granulocytes. Dans leur ensemble, ces observations démontrent l'importance du NF-[kappa]B dans la génération inductible de cytokines et chimiokines par les neutrophiles. Il s'agit de la première étude qui montre la présence et l'activation (phosphorylation) du complexe IKK et la phosphorylation des protéines NF-[kappa]B/Rel dans les neutrophiles humains. Plus important encore, nos résultats dévoilent un mode d'activation de la cascade de signalisation IKK/I[kappa]B/NF-[kappa]B dans le noyau de cellules primaires. Nos données établissent également le rôle central de TAK1 dans le contrôle de la cascade de signalisation IKK/I[kappa]B/NF-[kappa]B cytoplasmique et nucléaire dans les neutrophiles primaires humains, ce qui pourrait représenter une cible prometteuse pour une intervention thérapeutique considérant le rôle critique des neutrophiles dans plusieurs conditions inflammatoires.

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), one of the most aggressive human malignancies, is thought to be initiated by KRAS activation. Here, we find that transcriptional activation mediated by the GLI family of transcription factors, although dispensable for pancreatic development, is required for KRAS induced pancreatic transformation. Inhibition of GLI using a dominant-negative repressor (Gli3T) inhibits formation of precursor Pancreatic Intraepithelial Neoplasia (PanIN) lesions in mice, and significantly extends survival in a mouse model of PDAC. Further, ectopic activation of the GLI1/2 transcription factors in mouse pancreas accelerates KRAS driven tumor formation and reduces survival, underscoring the importance of GLI transcription factors in pancreatic tumorigenesis. Interestingly, we find that although canonical GLI activity is regulated by the Hedgehog ligands, in the context of PDAC, GLI transcription factors initiate a unique ligand-independent transcriptional program downstream of KRAS, that involves regulation of the RAS, PI3K/AKT, and NF-кB pathways. We identify I-kappa-B kinase epsilon (IKBKE) as a PDAC specific target of GLI, that can also regulate GLI transcriptional activity via positive feedback mechanism involving regulation of GLI subcellular localization. Using human PDAC cells, and an in vivo model of pancreatic neoplasia, we establish IKBKE as a novel regulator pf pancreatic tumorigenesis that acts as an effector of KRAS/GLI, and mediates pancreatic transformation. We show that genetic knockout of Ikbke leads to a dramatic inhibition of initiation and progression of pancreatic intraepithelial viii neoplasia (PanIN) lesions in mice carrying pancreas specific activation of oncogenic Kras. Furthermore, we find that although IKBKE is a known NF-кB activator, it only modestly regulates NF-кB activity in PDAC. Instead, we find that IKBKE strongly promotes AKT phosphorylation in PDAC in vitro and in vivo, and that IKBKE mediates reactivation of AKT post-inhibition of mTOR. We also show that while mTOR inhibition alone does not significantly affect pancreatic tumorigenesis, combined inhibition of IKBKE and mTOR has a synergistic effect leading to significant decrease tumorigenicity of PDAC cells. Together, our findings identify GLI/IKBKE signaling as an important oncogenic effector pathway of KRAS in PDAC that regulates tumorigenicity, cell proliferation, and apoptosis via regulation of AKT and NF-кB signaling. We provide proof of concept for therapeutic targeting of GLI/IKBKE in PDAC, and support the evaluation of IKBKE as a therapeutic target in treatment of pancreatic cancer, and IKBKE inhibition as a strategy to improve efficacy of mTOR inhibitors in the clinic.

Innate immunity is the first line of defense against invading pathogens. Vertebrate innate immunity provides both initial protection, and activates adaptive immune responses, including memory. As a result, the study of innate immune signaling is crucial for understanding the interactions between host and pathogen. Unlike mammals, the insect Drosophila melanogasterlack classical adaptive immunity, relying on innate immune signaling via the Toll and IMD pathways to detect and respond to invading pathogens. Once activated these pathways lead to the rapid and robust production of a variety of antimicrobial peptides. These peptides are secreted directly into the hemolymph and assist in clearance of the infection. The genetic and molecular tools available in the Drosophila system make it an excellent model system for studying immunity. Furthermore, the innate immune signaling pathways used by Drosophilashow strong homology to those of vertebrates making them ideal for the study of activation, regulation and mechanism. Currently a number of questions remain regarding the activation and regulation of both vertebrate and insect innate immune signaling. Over the past years many proteins have been implicated in mammalian and insect innate immune signaling pathways, however the mechanisms by which these proteins function remain largely undetermined. My work has focused on understanding the molecular mechanisms of innate immune activation in Drosophila. In these studies I have identified a number of novel protein/protein interactions which are vital for the activation and regulation of innate immune induction. This work shows that upon stimulation the Drosophila protein IMD is cleaved by the caspase-8 homologue DREDD. Cleaved IMD then binds the E3 ligase DIAP2 and promotes the K63-polyubiquitination of IMD and activation of downstream signaling. Furthermore the Yersinia pestis effector protein YopJ is able to inhibit the critical IMD pathway MAP3 kinase TAK1 by serine/threonine-acetylation of its activation loop. Lastly TAK1 signaling to the downstream Relish/NF-κB and JNK signaling pathways can be regulated by two isoforms of the TAB2 protein. This work elucidates the molecular mechanism of the IMD signaling pathway and suggests possible mechanisms of homologous mammalian systems, of which the molecular details remain unclear.

Thesis (Ph.D. in Pharmacology) -- University of Colorado Denver, 2008. / Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 117-147). Free to UCD Anschutz Medical Campus. Online version available via ProQuest Digital Dissertations;

The innate immune system is the first line of defense against infectious agents. It is essential for protection against pathogens and stimulation of long-term adaptive immune responses. Therefore, deciphering the mechanisms of the innate immune system is crucial for understanding the integrated systems of host defense against microbial infections, which is conserved from insects to humans. Despite lacking a conventional adaptive immune system, insects can mount a robust immune response against a wide array of microbial pathogens. These innate immune mechanisms have been widely studied in Drosophila melanogaster, because of the model system’s powerful genetic, genomic and molecular tools. The Drosophila immunity relies on cellular and humoral innate immune responses to fight pathogens. The hallmark of the Drosophilahumoral immune response is the rapid induction of antimicrobial peptide genes in the fat body, the homolog of the mammalian liver. Expression of these antimicrobial peptide genes is controlled by two distinct immune signaling pathways, the Toll pathway and the IMD (immune deficiency) pathway. The Toll pathway is activated by fungal and Gram-positive bacterial infections, whereas the IMD pathway responds to Gram-negative bacteria. Both pathways culminate in activation of the Rel/NF-кB transcription factors DIF (Dorsal-related immunity factor), Dorsal and Relish, which in turn translocate to the nucleus to induce the antimicrobial peptide genes. DIF and Dorsal are activated by the Toll pathway and control induction of antimicrobial peptide genes such as Drosomycin. The NF-кB precursor Relish, which is composed of an N-terminal Rel homology domain and a C-terminal IкB-like domain, is activated by the IMD pathway and initiates transcription of antimicrobial peptide genes such as Diptericin. Although many components of the Drosophila immune signaling pathways have been identified, the detailed mechanisms of signal trans