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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

DNA microarray analysis of pancreatic malignancies

Brandt, Regine, Grützmann, Robert, Bauer, Andrea, Jesenofsky, Ralf, Ringel, Jörg, Löhr, Matthias, Pilarsky, Christian, Hoheisel, Jörg D. 05 March 2014 (has links) (PDF)
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) has an extremely poor prognosis. To improve the prognosis, novel molecular markers and targets for earlier diagnosis and adjuvant and/or neoadjuvant treatment are needed. Recent advances in human genome research and high-throughput molecular technologies make it possible to cope with the molecular complexity of malignant tumors. With DNA array technology, mRNA expression levels of thousand of genes can be measured simultaneously in a single assay. As several studies using microarrays in PDAC have already been published, this review attempts to compare the published data and therefore to validate the results. In addition, the applied techniques are discussed in the context of pancreatic malignancies. / Dieser Beitrag ist mit Zustimmung des Rechteinhabers aufgrund einer (DFG-geförderten) Allianz- bzw. Nationallizenz frei zugänglich.
2

DNA microarray analysis of pancreatic malignancies

Brandt, Regine, Grützmann, Robert, Bauer, Andrea, Jesenofsky, Ralf, Ringel, Jörg, Löhr, Matthias, Pilarsky, Christian, Hoheisel, Jörg D. January 2004 (has links)
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) has an extremely poor prognosis. To improve the prognosis, novel molecular markers and targets for earlier diagnosis and adjuvant and/or neoadjuvant treatment are needed. Recent advances in human genome research and high-throughput molecular technologies make it possible to cope with the molecular complexity of malignant tumors. With DNA array technology, mRNA expression levels of thousand of genes can be measured simultaneously in a single assay. As several studies using microarrays in PDAC have already been published, this review attempts to compare the published data and therefore to validate the results. In addition, the applied techniques are discussed in the context of pancreatic malignancies. / Dieser Beitrag ist mit Zustimmung des Rechteinhabers aufgrund einer (DFG-geförderten) Allianz- bzw. Nationallizenz frei zugänglich.
3

GLI-IKBKE Requirement In KRAS-Induced Pancreatic Tumorigenesis: A Dissertation

Rajurkar, Mihir S. 30 November 2014 (has links)
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), one of the most aggressive human malignancies, is thought to be initiated by KRAS activation. Here, we find that transcriptional activation mediated by the GLI family of transcription factors, although dispensable for pancreatic development, is required for KRAS induced pancreatic transformation. Inhibition of GLI using a dominant-negative repressor (Gli3T) inhibits formation of precursor Pancreatic Intraepithelial Neoplasia (PanIN) lesions in mice, and significantly extends survival in a mouse model of PDAC. Further, ectopic activation of the GLI1/2 transcription factors in mouse pancreas accelerates KRAS driven tumor formation and reduces survival, underscoring the importance of GLI transcription factors in pancreatic tumorigenesis. Interestingly, we find that although canonical GLI activity is regulated by the Hedgehog ligands, in the context of PDAC, GLI transcription factors initiate a unique ligand-independent transcriptional program downstream of KRAS, that involves regulation of the RAS, PI3K/AKT, and NF-кB pathways. We identify I-kappa-B kinase epsilon (IKBKE) as a PDAC specific target of GLI, that can also regulate GLI transcriptional activity via positive feedback mechanism involving regulation of GLI subcellular localization. Using human PDAC cells, and an in vivo model of pancreatic neoplasia, we establish IKBKE as a novel regulator pf pancreatic tumorigenesis that acts as an effector of KRAS/GLI, and mediates pancreatic transformation. We show that genetic knockout of Ikbke leads to a dramatic inhibition of initiation and progression of pancreatic intraepithelial viii neoplasia (PanIN) lesions in mice carrying pancreas specific activation of oncogenic Kras. Furthermore, we find that although IKBKE is a known NF-кB activator, it only modestly regulates NF-кB activity in PDAC. Instead, we find that IKBKE strongly promotes AKT phosphorylation in PDAC in vitro and in vivo, and that IKBKE mediates reactivation of AKT post-inhibition of mTOR. We also show that while mTOR inhibition alone does not significantly affect pancreatic tumorigenesis, combined inhibition of IKBKE and mTOR has a synergistic effect leading to significant decrease tumorigenicity of PDAC cells. Together, our findings identify GLI/IKBKE signaling as an important oncogenic effector pathway of KRAS in PDAC that regulates tumorigenicity, cell proliferation, and apoptosis via regulation of AKT and NF-кB signaling. We provide proof of concept for therapeutic targeting of GLI/IKBKE in PDAC, and support the evaluation of IKBKE as a therapeutic target in treatment of pancreatic cancer, and IKBKE inhibition as a strategy to improve efficacy of mTOR inhibitors in the clinic.
4

The Impact of mTORC2 Signaling on the Initiation and Progression of KRAS-Driven Pancreatic Neoplasias: A Dissertation

Driscoll, David R. 28 March 2016 (has links)
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), the most common form of pancreatic cancer, develops through progression of premalignant pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasias (PanINs). In mouse-models, KRAS-activation in acinar cells induced an acinar-to-ductal metaplasia (ADM), and mutation of the Kras oncogene is believed to initiate PanIN formation. ADM is also promoted by pancreatic injury, which cooperates with activated KRAS to stimulate PanIN and PDAC formation from metaplastic ducts. Our lab, and others, have shown that the downstream PI3K/AKT pathway is important for KRAS-mediated proliferation and survival in vitro and in vivo. Prior studies have demonstrated that full activation of AKT requires both PDK1- mediated phosphorylation of AKTT308 and mTOR complex 2 (mTORC2)-mediated phosphorylation of AKTS473. Given the importance of the PI3K/AKT signaling axis, I hypothesized that mTORC2 is required for KRAS-driven pancreatic tumorigenesis and investigated this relationship in mice by combining pancreasspecific expression of an activated KRASG12D molecule with deletion of the essential mTORC2 subunit RICTOR. In the context of activated KRAS, Rictor-null pancreata developed fewer PanIN lesions; these lesions lacked mTORC2 signaling and their proliferation and progression were impaired. Higher levels of nuclear cyclin dependent kinase inhibitors (CDKIs) were maintained in Rictor-null lesions, and nuclear BMI1, a known regulator of the CDKI Cdkn2a, inversely correlated with their expression.Rictor was not required for KRAS-driven ADM following acute pancreatitis, however the inverse correlation between CDKIs and BMI1 was maintained in this system. Treatment of PDX-Cre;KRASG12D/+;Trp53R172H/+ mice with an mTORC1/2 inhibitor delayed tumor formation, and prolonged the survival of mice with late stage PDAC. Knockdown of Rictor in established PDAC cell lines impaired proliferation and anchorage independent growth supporting a role for mTORC2 in fully transformed cells. These data suggest that mTORC2 cooperates with activated KRAS in the initiation and progression of PanIN lesions and is required for the transformation and maintenance of PDAC. My work illustrates phenotypic differences between pancreatic loss of Rictor and PDK1 in the context of KRAS, broadens our understanding of this signaling node and suggests that mTORC2 may potentially be a viable target for PDAC therapies.
5

Frequency, phenotype and clinical relevance of dendritic cells and T cells in colorectal cancer and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma and their therapeutic modulation

Pleșca, Ioana-Mădălina 13 November 2023 (has links)
In den letzten Jahren ergaben sich zunehmend deutliche Hinweise, dass das Immunsystem eine wesentliche Rolle bei der Entstehung und dem Fortschreiten von Tumoren sowie beim Ansprechen auf verschiedene Therapieverfahren spielt. Fridman und Kollegen haben den Weg für die Untersuchung der Bedeutung von Immunzellen im klinischen Kontext geebnet, indem sie zeigten, dass eine erhöhte Infiltration von CD3+ und CD8+ T-Lymphozyten im invasiven Randbereich und im Tumorzentrum mit einer verlängerten Überlebenszeit von Patienten mit kolorektalem Karzinom (CRC) verbunden ist. Folglich wurde eine höhere Frequenz intratumoraler CD8+ T-Zellen, die für ihr zytotoxisches Potenzial und ihre Fähigkeit zur direkten Eliminierung von Tumorzellen bekannt sind, bei vielen Tumorarten mit einer besseren Prognose in Verbindung gebracht. Im Gegensatz dazu wurde eine erhöhte intratumorale Dichte von M2-polarisierten Makrophagen, die typischerweise durch einen tumorfördernden Phänotyp gekennzeichnet sind, mit einem schlechteren klinischen Verlauf in Verbindung gebracht. Des Weiteren korrelierte der Grad der Infiltration von tumorassoziierten Immunzellen auch mit dem Ansprechen auf verschiedene Tumortherapien, einschließlich Immun-Checkpoint-Inhibitoren (CPI). So war zum Beispiel eine höhere Frequenz Melanom-infiltrierenden CD8+ T-Zellen vor Therapiebeginn prädiktiv für Patienten, die auf eine CPI-Therapie ansprachen. Darüber hinaus konnte gezeigt werden, dass die CPI-Behandlung zu einer Erhöhung der intratumoralen Dichte von T-Zellen führt, was positiv mit der Regression des Tumors korreliert. Andere Immunzellen, darunter M1-Makrophagen, B-Zellen und aktivierte CD4+ T-Gedächtniszellen, wurden ebenfalls mit dem Ansprechen auf die Therapie und dem verlängerten Überleben von Melanom- und Urothelkrebspatienten in Verbindung gebracht. Somit sind die Frequenz, der Subtyp und die funktionelle Ausrichtung von Immunzellen eng mit der Tumorentstehung, dem Fortschreiten des Tumors und dem Ansprechen auf die Therapie assoziiert. Dendritische Zellen (DCs), die eine zentrale Rolle bei der Induktion und Regulation der angeborenen und adaptiven Immunität spielen, können die Intensität und Qualität der gegen den Tumor gerichteten T-Zell-Antworten erheblich beeinflussen. Darüber hinaus kann ihr Zusammenspiel mit Natürlichen Killerzellen und B-Zellen die Antitumorimmunität weiter modulieren. Unreife oder ungenügend aktivierte DCs wirken immunsuppressiv und fördern das Tumorwachstum. Trotz ihrer wesentlichen Rolle bei der Initiierung und Gestaltung der tumorgerichteten Immunität sowie ihrer aus therapeutischer Sicht attraktiven funktionellen Plastizität sind verschiedene humane DC-Subpopulationen in humanen Tumorgeweben wenig untersucht worden. Darüber hinaus wurde ihre Modulation durch Tumortherapien, wie beispielsweise die neoadjuvante Radiochemotherapie (nRCT), bisher kaum erforscht. Das Hauptziel dieser Arbeit war es, neue Erkenntnisse über die Tumorimmunarchitektur vom duktalen Adenokarzinom des Pankreas (PDAC) und CRC zu gewinnen, wobei der Schwerpunkt auf T-Zellen und DCs lag. Zunächst wurde der Kenntnisstand über PDAC-infiltrierende CD3+ T-Zellen erweitert, indem verschiedene Oberflächenmoleküle, wie der “inducible T cell costimulator” (ICOS), das “programmed cell death protein 1” (PD-1) und das “lymphocyteactivation gene 3” (LAG-3) evaluiert wurden, die sich als wichtige therapeutische Ziele für diese Tumorentität erweisen könnten. Des Weiteren wurden PDAC-assoziierte T-Zellen im Rahmen einer neoadjuvanten Chemotherapie phänotypisch charakterisiert und das Vorhandensein, die Lokalisierung und die klinischen Assoziationen verschiedener DC-Untergruppen in der Mikroumgebung des PDAC-Tumors untersucht. Ein weiteres Ziel bestand darin, die Häufigkeit, Verteilung und klinische Relevanz plasmazytoider DCs (pDCs) in CRCs sowie deren Modulation durch eine neoadjuvante nRCT zu analysieren. Zur Untersuchung dieser Fragestellungen wurden sowohl klassische immunhistochemische und Immunfluoreszenz-Färbungen als auch Multiplex-Immunfluoreszenz-Färbungen von Formalin-fixierten und Paraffin-eingebetteten Tumorgewebeproben durchgeführt. Dabei zeigte sich, dass ein erhöhter Anteil an LAG-3+ T-Zellen ein unabhängiger prognostischer Marker für ein kürzeres krankheitsfreies Überleben bei PDAC darstellt, was LAG-3-basierte Therapiestrategien zu attraktiven Optionen für diesen Tumortyp macht. Darüber hinaus wurde nachgewiesen, dass eine neoadjuvante Chemotherapie PDAC-assoziierte T-Zellen in Richtung eines proinflammatorischen Profils verschiebt, das durch mehr Effektor CD4+ T-Helferzellen (ThZellen), weniger regulatorische T-Zellen (Tregs), eine erhöhte Sekretion von Tumornekrosefaktor-alpha und Interleukin (IL)-2 sowie eine verminderte Produktion von IL-4 und IL-10 gekennzeichnet ist. Diese Erkenntnis könnte die Entwicklung kombinatorischer Strategien unterstützen, einschließlich neoadjuvanter Chemotherapie und Immuntherapie, um bei PDACPatienten eine verstärkte Antitumorimmunität zu induzieren. Neben der verbesserten Charakterisierung von PDAC-infiltrierenden T-Zellen ergab sich, dass konventionelle DCs vom Typ 1 und Typ 2 (cDC1s und cDC2s) sowie pDCs wichtige Bestandteile der PDAC-Immunarchitektur sind und dass die räumliche Verteilung dieser DCSubtypen in Bezug auf Tumorgröße und klinisches Überleben von Bedeutung ist. Während eine höhere Häufigkeit von in den Tumorzellverband eindringenden (IET)-cDC1s und -cDC2s mit dem pT1-Stadium im Vergleich zum pT2-Stadium und dem UICC-I-Stadium im Vergleich zum UICC-IIStadium assoziiert war, konnte für die im Tumorstroma (TS) lokalisierten cDC kein solcher Zusammenhang festgestellt werden. Darüber hinaus korrelierte eine höhere Dichte von TScDC1s und -pDCs sowie von IET-cDC2s positiv mit einem besseren krankheitsfreien Überleben. Hervorzuheben ist, dass sich eine höhere Frequenz der TS-infiltrierenden cDC1s und pDCs als unabhängige prognostische Marker für ein besseres klinisches Überleben erwiesen. In weiteren Untersuchungen konnten pDCs auch in allen analysierten Gewebeproben von Kolonkarzinom-Patienten nachgewiesen werden. Dabei waren höhere pDC-Dichten signifikant mit weniger fortgeschrittenen Tumorstadien und einem verbesserten progressionsfreien und Gesamtüberleben assoziiert. Darüber hinaus ergab sich, dass eine erhöhte pDC-Infiltration ein unabhängiger Prädiktor für ein besseres progressionsfreies Überleben bei Kolonkarzinom-Patienten ist. Diese Ergebnisse deuten darauf hin, dass Kolonkarzinom-infiltrierende pDCs eine antitumorale Wirkung vermitteln. Um diesen Aspekt weiter zu untersuchen, wurden räumliche Analysen durchgeführt und gezeigt, dass Kolonkarzinom-infiltrierende pDCs bevorzugt in der Nähe von CD8+ T-Zellen im Vergleich zu Tregs im TS lokalisiert sind. Weiterhin konnten pDCs erstmals in der T-Zell-Zone von Kolonkarzinom-assoziierten tertiären lymphatischen Strukturen (TLS) nachgewiesen werden, denen eine große Bedeutung bei der Initiierung und Regulierung der adaptiven Antitumorimmunität zugesprochen wird. Interessanterweise wies ein relevanter Anteil der pDCs in unmittelbarer Nähe von Granzym B (GrzB)-exprimierenden CD8+ T-Zellen im TS sowie CD4+ Th-Zellen im TLS einen aktivierten Phänotyp auf, was durch die nukleäre Lokalisation des Interferon-Regulationsfaktors 7 nachgewiesen wurde. Dies ist eine weitere mögliche Erklärung für den positiven Zusammenhang zwischen einer höheren pDC-Dichte und einem besseren klinischen Verlauf. Bei der Untersuchung des Einflusses einer nRCT auf Rektumkarzinom-infiltrierende pDCs zeigte sich, dass diese Therapie einen Einfluss auf deren Häufigkeit und deren Phänotyp hat. So wurde eine signifikant höhere Frequenz von pDCs in nRCT-behandelten gegenüber unbehandelten Tumoren sowie ein erhöhter Anteil an reifen und aktivierten pDCs nach nRCT beobachtet, was den klinischen Nutzen dieser Therapieoption für Rektumkarzinompatienten teilweise erklären könnte. Insgesamt liefert diese Arbeit neue Informationen über die Immunarchitektur sowohl vom PDAC als auch vom CRC. Insbesondere die PDAC-assoziierten LAG-3+ T-Zellen, cDC1s und pDCs erwiesen sich als potenzielle prognostische Marker für das Überleben und sind vielversprechende therapeutische Ziele für diese Tumorentitäten. Darüber hinaus wurde gezeigt, dass eine höhere Frequenz von Kolonkarzinom-infiltrierenden pDCs positiv und signifikant mit einem verbesserten klinischen Verlauf assoziiert ist und die potentiellen antitumoralen Effekte der pDCs auf ihrer Interaktion mit zytotoxischen GrzB+CD8+ T-Zellen im TS und Effektor CD4+ Th-Zellen im TLS beruhen. Des Weiteren ergaben sich Hinweise, dass eine neoadjuvante Therapie die Häufigkeit und/oder den Phänotyp von PDAC-assoziierten T-Zellen und von Rektumkarzinom-infiltrierenden pDCs erheblich modulieren kann. Insgesamt können diese Erkenntnisse einen wesentlichen Beitrag zur Identifizierung neuer prognostischer Marker und Konzeption optimierter Therapiestrategien für Tumorpatienten leisten.
6

Identificação de fatores diabetogênicos associados ao adenocarcinoma de pâncreas / Identification of diabetogenic factors associated to pancreatic adenocarcinoma

Souza, Jean Jorge Silva de 05 September 2006 (has links)
Diabetes melito ou intolerância à glicose estão presentes em até 80% dos pacientes com adenocarcinoma de pâncreas. Portadores desta neoplasia têm resistência à insulina e alteração na secreção de insulina em resposta à glicose, o que pode levar ao aparecimento ou piora de diabetes. Para identificar genes diferencialmente expressos, que podem representar fatores diabetogênicos produzidos pelo adenocarcinoma de pâncreas, utilizou-se a comparação de microarranjos de oligonucleotídeos hibridizados com RNA complementar (cRNA) de tumores pancreáticos de pacientes com e sem diabetes melito no pré-operatório. Uma lâmina foi hibridizada com cRNA de dois pacientes portadores de diabetes melito, e outra com cRNA de dois pacientes com tolerância normal à glicose pelo teste oral. Considerando a expressão ajustada para os controles internos dos microarranjos, 293 genes estavam duas ou mais vezes mais expressos na lâmina dos portadores de diabetes melito; destes, 25 genes estavam pelo menos cinco vezes mais expressos. Duzentos e noventa e sete genes estavam pelo menos duas vezes mais expressos na lâmina dos pacientes com tolerância normal à glicose, dos quais 54 genes estavam cinco ou mais vezes mais expressos nestes indivíduos. Dos genes mais expressos nos tumores dos indivíduos portadores de diabetes melito, três deles, FAM3D, do inglês Family with Sequence Similarity number 3 member D, neuropeptídeo Y (NPY), e proteína de ligação do cálcio S100A8, foram estudados por reação em cadeia da polimerase em tempo real. A expressão do FAM3D foi 4070 (1000-37588) nas amostras de tumores de pacientes com diabetes melito, contra 109 (10-1112) nas de pacientes não-diabéticos (com intolerância à glicose ou com tolerância normal à glicose) (p<0,05). A expressão do NPY foi 0,46 (0,19-0,91) nos tumores dos portadores de diabetes, contra 0,32 (0,21- 0,58) nos tumores dos não-diabéticos (p = NS). Quanto à expressão de S100A8, foi 0,52 (0,27-0,60) nos tumores dos diabéticos, e 0,34 (0,16-1,44) nos não-diabéticos. Estudo imunohistoquímico mostrou que o FAM3D está expresso no núcleo e no citoplasma de células de tumores pancreáticos, tanto de indivíduos com diabetes melito quanto de não-diabéticos, assim como no citoplasma de células de ilhotas pancreáticas e de células ductais normais do pâncreas. Concluímos que o FAM3D é uma proteína expressa em tecido pancreático normal e tumoral, e que existe maior conteúdo do mRNA do FAM3D nos adenocarcinomas de pâncreas de portadores de diabetes melito do que nos de não-diabéticos. / Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma is closely related to diabetes mellitus; up to 80% of pancreas adenocarcinoma patients have diabetes or impaired glucose tolerance. Pancreas adenocarcinoma patients have both insulin resistance and altered insulin secretion in response to glucose, and impaired glucose metabolism has been reported in muscle of tumor patients, involving glycogen metabolism and post-receptor insulin signaling. But despite progress in research about this issue, precise mechanisms responsible for the interaction of pancreatic adenocarcinoma and diabetes mellitus remain unknown. The aim of this study was to identify differentially expressed genes between pancreas adenocarcinoma of patients who had and who did not have diabetes mellitus before surgery. Clinical and laboratorial data of 33 patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma were evaluated, and tumor gene expression was analyzed by microarray method between two patients who had diabetes mellitus and two who did not have glycemic homeostasis impairment, and later used quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) in twelve tumor fragments mRNA to confirm obtained data. Pancreatic adenocarcinoma patients who had diabetes mellitus had higher HOMA-IR (p < 0.05) and a trend to lower HOMA-beta indexes than non-diabetic patients. icroarray revealed 293 genes twice more expressed in the pool of diabetic patients as compared to the pool of normal glucose tolerance patients. Of these, 25 were five times more expressed in diabetic patients? pancreatic adenocarcinomas. Three genes were chosen for RT-qPCR: Family with Sequence Similarity number 3 member D (FAM3D), neuropeptide Y (NPY), and calcium-binding protein S100A8. FAM3D expression was 4070 (1000-37588) in diabetic patients tumors versus 109 (10-1112) in non-diabetic (impaired glucose and normal glucose tolerance) patients? tumors (p<0.05). NPY expression was 0.46 (0.19- 0.91) in diabetic patients and 0.32 (0.21-0.58) in non-diabetic patients? tumors (p=NS). Calcium-binding protein S100A8 expression was 0.52 (0.27-0.60) in diabetic and 0.34 (0.16-1.44) in non-diabetic patients (p=NS). Immunohistochemistry revealed that FAM3D protein was expressed in pancreatic adenocarcinoma cells in a diffuse nuclear and cytoplasmic pattern. It was also expressed in the cytoplasm of islets of Langerhans and normal pancreatic ducts cells. The present study indicates that cytokine-like FAM3D protein is expressed in normal and tumoral pancreatic tissue, and that FAM3D mRNA content is higher in pancreatic adenocarcinoma in diabetic than in non-diabetic patients.
7

Identificação de fatores diabetogênicos associados ao adenocarcinoma de pâncreas / Identification of diabetogenic factors associated to pancreatic adenocarcinoma

Jean Jorge Silva de Souza 05 September 2006 (has links)
Diabetes melito ou intolerância à glicose estão presentes em até 80% dos pacientes com adenocarcinoma de pâncreas. Portadores desta neoplasia têm resistência à insulina e alteração na secreção de insulina em resposta à glicose, o que pode levar ao aparecimento ou piora de diabetes. Para identificar genes diferencialmente expressos, que podem representar fatores diabetogênicos produzidos pelo adenocarcinoma de pâncreas, utilizou-se a comparação de microarranjos de oligonucleotídeos hibridizados com RNA complementar (cRNA) de tumores pancreáticos de pacientes com e sem diabetes melito no pré-operatório. Uma lâmina foi hibridizada com cRNA de dois pacientes portadores de diabetes melito, e outra com cRNA de dois pacientes com tolerância normal à glicose pelo teste oral. Considerando a expressão ajustada para os controles internos dos microarranjos, 293 genes estavam duas ou mais vezes mais expressos na lâmina dos portadores de diabetes melito; destes, 25 genes estavam pelo menos cinco vezes mais expressos. Duzentos e noventa e sete genes estavam pelo menos duas vezes mais expressos na lâmina dos pacientes com tolerância normal à glicose, dos quais 54 genes estavam cinco ou mais vezes mais expressos nestes indivíduos. Dos genes mais expressos nos tumores dos indivíduos portadores de diabetes melito, três deles, FAM3D, do inglês Family with Sequence Similarity number 3 member D, neuropeptídeo Y (NPY), e proteína de ligação do cálcio S100A8, foram estudados por reação em cadeia da polimerase em tempo real. A expressão do FAM3D foi 4070 (1000-37588) nas amostras de tumores de pacientes com diabetes melito, contra 109 (10-1112) nas de pacientes não-diabéticos (com intolerância à glicose ou com tolerância normal à glicose) (p<0,05). A expressão do NPY foi 0,46 (0,19-0,91) nos tumores dos portadores de diabetes, contra 0,32 (0,21- 0,58) nos tumores dos não-diabéticos (p = NS). Quanto à expressão de S100A8, foi 0,52 (0,27-0,60) nos tumores dos diabéticos, e 0,34 (0,16-1,44) nos não-diabéticos. Estudo imunohistoquímico mostrou que o FAM3D está expresso no núcleo e no citoplasma de células de tumores pancreáticos, tanto de indivíduos com diabetes melito quanto de não-diabéticos, assim como no citoplasma de células de ilhotas pancreáticas e de células ductais normais do pâncreas. Concluímos que o FAM3D é uma proteína expressa em tecido pancreático normal e tumoral, e que existe maior conteúdo do mRNA do FAM3D nos adenocarcinomas de pâncreas de portadores de diabetes melito do que nos de não-diabéticos. / Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma is closely related to diabetes mellitus; up to 80% of pancreas adenocarcinoma patients have diabetes or impaired glucose tolerance. Pancreas adenocarcinoma patients have both insulin resistance and altered insulin secretion in response to glucose, and impaired glucose metabolism has been reported in muscle of tumor patients, involving glycogen metabolism and post-receptor insulin signaling. But despite progress in research about this issue, precise mechanisms responsible for the interaction of pancreatic adenocarcinoma and diabetes mellitus remain unknown. The aim of this study was to identify differentially expressed genes between pancreas adenocarcinoma of patients who had and who did not have diabetes mellitus before surgery. Clinical and laboratorial data of 33 patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma were evaluated, and tumor gene expression was analyzed by microarray method between two patients who had diabetes mellitus and two who did not have glycemic homeostasis impairment, and later used quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) in twelve tumor fragments mRNA to confirm obtained data. Pancreatic adenocarcinoma patients who had diabetes mellitus had higher HOMA-IR (p < 0.05) and a trend to lower HOMA-beta indexes than non-diabetic patients. icroarray revealed 293 genes twice more expressed in the pool of diabetic patients as compared to the pool of normal glucose tolerance patients. Of these, 25 were five times more expressed in diabetic patients? pancreatic adenocarcinomas. Three genes were chosen for RT-qPCR: Family with Sequence Similarity number 3 member D (FAM3D), neuropeptide Y (NPY), and calcium-binding protein S100A8. FAM3D expression was 4070 (1000-37588) in diabetic patients tumors versus 109 (10-1112) in non-diabetic (impaired glucose and normal glucose tolerance) patients? tumors (p<0.05). NPY expression was 0.46 (0.19- 0.91) in diabetic patients and 0.32 (0.21-0.58) in non-diabetic patients? tumors (p=NS). Calcium-binding protein S100A8 expression was 0.52 (0.27-0.60) in diabetic and 0.34 (0.16-1.44) in non-diabetic patients (p=NS). Immunohistochemistry revealed that FAM3D protein was expressed in pancreatic adenocarcinoma cells in a diffuse nuclear and cytoplasmic pattern. It was also expressed in the cytoplasm of islets of Langerhans and normal pancreatic ducts cells. The present study indicates that cytokine-like FAM3D protein is expressed in normal and tumoral pancreatic tissue, and that FAM3D mRNA content is higher in pancreatic adenocarcinoma in diabetic than in non-diabetic patients.
8

Subtle Controllers: MicroRNAs Drive Pancreatic Tumorigenesis and Progression: A Dissertation

Quattrochi, Brian J. 13 April 2015 (has links)
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is among the most lethal malignancies in the United States, with an average five-year survival rate of just 6.7%. One unifying aspect of PDAC is mutational activation of the KRAS oncogene, which occurs in over 90% of PDAC. Therefore, inhibiting KRAS function is likely an effective therapeutic strategy for this disease, and current research in our lab and others is focused on identifying downstream effectors of KRAS signaling that may be therapeutic targets. miRNAs are powerful regulators of gene expression that can behave as oncogenes or tumor suppressors. Dysregulation of miRNA expression is commonly observed in human tumors, including PDAC. The mir-17~92 cluster of miRNAs is an established oncogene in a variety of tumor contexts, and members of the mir-17~92 cluster are upregulated in PDAC, but their role has not been explored in vivo. This dissertation encompasses two studies exploring the role of miRNAs in pancreatic tumorigenesis. In Chapter II, I demonstrate that deletion of the mir-17~92 cluster impairs PDAC precursor lesion formation and maintenance, and correlates with reduced ERK signaling in these lesions. mir-17~92 deficient tumors and cell lines are also less invasive, which I attribute to the loss of the miR-19 family of miRNAs. In Chapter III, I find that Dicer heterozygosity inhibits PDAC metastasis, and that this phenotype is attributable to an increased sensitivity to anoikis. Ongoing experiments will determine whether shifts in particular miRNA signatures between cell lines can be attributed to this phenotype. Together these findings illustrate the importance of miRNA biogenesis, and the mir-17~92 cluster in particular, in supporting PDAC development and progression.

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