Afin de mieux comprendre les phénomènes hypnotiques décrits dans le domaine de la recherche expérimentale, nous avons réalisé un travail de synthèse sur les différents cadres théoriques de l’hypnose. A l’issue de travail de synthèses nous avons pu proposer une redéfinition et une modélisation, le Modèle I3, de ce que l’on appelle « hypnose » en pensant ces situations en termes de mécanismes psychologiques et cognitifs simples. Dans le but de tester notre modélisation, nous avons construit une série d’expérimentations autour de deux phénomènes hypnotiques dits « sensoriels » présents dans les échelles d’hypnotisabilité standards : « le bras lourd » et « l’hallucination du moustique ». Grâce à l’application d’une suggestion « engageant l’intéroception et l’imagination » (EII) issue de notre modélisation, il nous a été possible d’augmenter, largement au-dessus des résultats obtenus dans la littérature, l’hypnotisabilité de sujets non spécifiquement sélectionnés pour leurs habiletés hypnotiques, et cela sans entraînement, ni induction hypnotique préalable. Enfin, dans une dernière expérience, nous avons voulu appliquer notre modélisation à un phénomène hypnotique plus complexe et impliquant un processus automatique non contrôlable : l’annulation de l’effet Stroop. Notre suggestion EII permet de réduire l’effet Stroop sur des sujets non sélectionnés, mais ne semble pas suffisamment efficace pour produire des hallucinations visuelles assez puissantes ou assez prégnantes ayant un effet aussi massif que celui obtenu avec des sujets Hautement Hypnotisables. Les implications de notre travail sont discutées en dernière partie. / In order to better understand the hypnotic phenomena described in the field of experimental research, we produced a synthesis on the different theories of hypnosis. This synthesis work allowed us to propose a redefinition and a modeling, the I3 Model, of what we call "hypnosis" by thinking these situations in terms of simple psychological and cognitive mechanisms.To test our modeling, we have built a series of experiments around two "sensory" hypnotic phenomena present in the standard hypnotizability scales: "arm immobilization" and "mosquito hallucination". Thanks to the application of a suggestion "engaging in interoception and imagination" (EII) resulting from our modeling, it has been possible to increase, largely above the results obtained in the literature, the hypnotisability of subjects not specifically selected for their hypnotic skills, without training or prior hypnotic induction.Finally, in a last experiment, we wanted to apply our modeling to a more complex hypnotic phenomenon involving an uncontrollable automatic process: the Stroop effect cancellation. Our EII suggestion makes it possible to reduce the Stroop effect on unselected subjects, but does not seem efficient enough to produce powerful visual hallucinations having such a massive effect as that obtained with High Hypnotisable subjects.The implications of our work are discussed in conclusion.

The Portuguese conquest and colonization of Brazil was mediated by the Tupi-Guarani societies that inhabited the Atlantic coast in a discontinuous pattern from the estuary of the River Plate to the mouth of the Amazon. In fact, the extension of Portuguese occupation coincides with the limits of expansion of these Tupi-Guarani societies in most regions, suggesting a historical relation with deep potential implications. This work studies the conquest and construction of the Portuguese colonial frontier in the Lower Amazon and its estuary at the beginning of the XVIIth century, aiming to unveil the nature of the relations between Portuguese and Amerindian societies. The starting point is the hypothesis that the presence of Tupinamba societies from the Brazilian northeast, and of many other groups linked with them through language and culture, helped the Portuguese cause in their dispute for the control of the southern Amazon shores with other European competitors trading in the region. However, this very same dependency on the Tupinamba also acted as a brake on the Portuguese conquest as it headed north. This is supposed by the fact that almost no Tupi-Guarani traces have been recorded on the northern shore of the Amazon. After analyzing native American dynamics in Brazil and Guayana, this work presents a detailed study of the battles and skirmishes fought by opposed European interests, and their natives allies, in the Amazon from 1616 to 1632. The last part is devoted to the analysis of the process of cultural construction on the colonial frontier, through conquest mechanisms that were also deployed on other colonial American frontiers. Among these mechanisms I emphasise the implementation of a set of institutions and the construction of a negative and savage native alterity through narratives that have been reproduced by the regional historiography.

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Episodes of aggression and violence continue to beset our public spaces. This thesis explores how well we understand the transition to violence—and how aggression and violence in public spaces can be managed or controlled. We begin by arguing that established social psychological approaches to aggression and violence are inadequate for the task. Existing models explain violence through the failure of individuals to inhibit their own impulses or control their own emotions sufficiently. At best the models allow for the importance of dyadic interactions as individuals provoke each other as part of an escalation cycle. We argue that public space aggression and violence involves multiple parties and more complex sets of social dynamics. We suggest that, at the very least, the roles of third-parties and social categories need to be at the heart of theorising about violence in public spaces. To support our arguments, we examined violence directly through detailed behavioural microanalyses of real-life aggressive incidents captured on CCTV footage. We also built agent-based models (ABM) to explore different theoretical approaches to the impact of groups and third-parties on aggression and violence. The thesis contains seven studies. We begin with a CCTV behavioural microanalysis (Study 1) that showed collective group self-regulation of aggressive and violent behaviour in both within- and between-group conflicts. This study demonstrated an ‘intergroup hostility bias’, showing a greater likelihood of aggressive, escalatory acts towards outgroup members in intergroup conflicts than towards ingroup members in intragroup conflicts. Furthermore, this study demonstrated an ‘intragroup de-escalatory bias’, showing a greater likelihood of peace-making, de-escalatory behaviours towards ingroup members in intragroup conflicts than towards outgroup members in intergroup conflicts. Overall, we found that the majority of coded actions were acts of de-escalation performed by third-parties. With evidence stressing the importance of social dynamics, we compared dyadic models of aggression against an alternative social model (which allowed normative influence of others) in a dynamic agent-based modelling environment. We modelled the dynamics of metacontrast group formation (Studies 2 and 3), and found that group processes can produce both escalation of violence and inhibition of violence (Study 4). We found greater polarisation of violent positions in intergroup interactions than in intragroup interactions (Studies 5a and 5b). However, an emergent intergroup hostility bias did not emerge from this polarisation process. In Study 6, we re-examined the intergroup hostility bias present in our CCTV footage. We found an intergroup hostility bias for non-physical escalatory acts but not for physical escalatory acts. We examined the standardised number of actions contributed by third-parties and assessed the relationship between specific third-party conflict management strategies (policers and pacifiers) and conflict violence severity (Study 7). Overall, our results showed that third-parties and groups are integral features of the dynamics of violence. Third-parties largely attempt to de-escalate conflict, and the conflict management strategy they employ has a direct relationship to the violent outcome. Groups have a tendency to de-escalate their own members, and self-policing and collective inhibition take place. These findings have importance for current models of aggression and violence and also for evidence-based violence reduction initiatives.

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Este trabajo explora las diferencias entre las distribuciones del ingreso de las áreas urbanas de América Latina a través de ejercicios de microsimulaciones. Los principales insumos de estos ejercicios lo constituyen los microdatos de las encuestas de hogares de 16 países de la región. Los resultados indican que las diferencias entre países en los retornos a la educación formal y a factores inobservables en términos de salarios horarios dan cuenta de gran parte de las diferencias en pobreza y desigualdad entre las economías de la región. Las diferencias en términos de estructura sectorial del empleo, horas trabajadas, empleo, fecundidad, estructura de edades, diferencias salariales por género y edad, y aun de estructura educativa parecen tener, en promedio, un papel algo menor.