Orientador: Paulo Cesar Rocha / Resumo: O regime hidrológico do rio Madeira é caracterizado pela sazonalidade dos volumes de água na bacia hidrográfica. As variações do clima e as ações antrópicas são os principais responsáveis pelas alterações nestes volumes. Para avaliar tais mudanças alguns indicadores podem ser analisados levando em consideração períodos com regime de fluxo natural e alterado. Os Indicadores de Alteração Hidrológica (IAH) são ideais para comparar regimes hidrológicos afetados por usinas hidrelétricas, que criam barreiras no fluxo natural e modificam o regime de vazões. Calculados com métodos paramétricos e não paramétricos, o IAH leva em consideração as análises das estatísticas de médias, desvio padrão e percentuais dos hidrogramas fluviais. No rio Madeira, as hidrelétricas de Jirau (3.750 MW) e Santo Antônio (3.568 MW) entraram em operação a fio d’água no ano de 2012. Como resultado este trabalho apresentou anos úmidos após o término destas obras hidráulicas gerando vazões mais altas que as médias do período anterior as usinas. O ano de 2014 (grande cheia) pode ser considerado um ano atípico e pode ter camuflado os resultados, elevando as médias de vazões e outros indicadores observados no IAH, denominado período pós impactos. Além das variações de vazões bem definidas nos períodos úmido e seco, a bacia hidrográfica do Madeira é uma grande produtora e transportadora de sedimentos. Foram encontrados valores médios de retenção de sedimentos pelos barramentos na ordem de 17%, o que pode indicar ... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The hydrological regime of the Madeira River is characterized by the seasonality of water volumes in the river basin. The changes in climate and anthropic actions are mainly responsible for the changes in these volumes. In order to evaluate such changes some indicators can be analyzed taking into account periods with natural and modified flow regime. The Indicators of Hydrological Alteration (IHA) are ideal for comparing hydrological regimes affected by hydroelectric plants, which create barriers in the natural flow and modify the flow regime. Calculated using parametric and nonparametric methods, the IHA takes into account the statistical analysis of means, standard deviation and percentages of fluvial hydrograms. In the Madeira River, Jirau hydroelectric plants (3,750 MW) and Santo Antônio (3,568 MW) entered operation in 2012 and result this paper presented wet years after the completion of these hydraulic works. The year 2014 (large flood) can be considered an atypical year and may have camouflaged the results, raising the averages of flows and other indicators observed in the IHA, called post-impact period. In addition to well-defined variations and flows in the wet and dry periods, the Madeira basin is a major producer and sediment conveyor. Averages values of sediment retention were found in the order of 17% of suspened sediment. / Mestre

AbstractThe purpose of this essay is to extend our knowledge about Educational Science and internationalization in higher education. At the beginning of our studies we were informed that the International Student Council offered the possibility to write an essay about Internationalization on home ground at Malmö University. We found the subject very interesting and started to discuss how we could plan the essay. The point with our work was to investigate and clarify how Internationalization at Home (IaH) is implemented at some of the programmes at Malmö University. We have collected information about how selected groups of students at Malmö University understand internationalization in their education. We have selected student groups from professional programmes primarily aiming for the Swedish job market. We have made the following conclusions from our survey:Most of the students:- are informed about internationalization at Malmö University- think international competence is important for the career-don’t choose to study abroad even if they take it into consideration- don’t know the concept of IaH- wish the information about internationalization should be easier to obtainWe looked after and selected literature about IaH and some theoretical literature about social processes. We wanted to provide a better knowledge for the work of the International Office at Malmö University. Finally, we presented the results in an international conference. The results of the essay were that most of students at Malmö University agreed that internationalization of higher education is very important and wanted by students. The students understand that IaH is a great concept in the reforming process of education.

The proposed thesis will examine three areas of research: (1) the effects of hypoglycaemia on cognitive function in adults with and without T1DM, (2) the symptoms and awareness of hypoglycaemia in children and adolescents with T1DM and (3) hypoglycaemia and driving in people with insulin-treated diabetes: self-treatment and adherence to recommendations for avoidance. (1) Executive cognitive function governs organisation of thoughts, prioritisation of tasks, and time management. This study examined the effect of acute hypoglycaemia on executive function in adults with and without diabetes. Thirty-two adults with and without type 1 diabetes were studied. Two hyperinsulinaemic glucose clamps were performed at least 2 weeks apart in a single-blind, counterbalanced order. Executive functions were assessed with a validated test suite (Delis-Kaplan Executive Function). A general linear model (repeated-measures ANOVA) was used. Compared with euglycaemia, executive functions (with one exception) were significantly impaired during hypoglycaemia; lower test scores were recorded with more time required for completion. Large Cohen d values (>0.8) suggest that hypoglycaemia induces decrements in aspects of executive function with large effect sizes. In some tests, the performance of participants with diabetes was more impaired than those without diabetes. Executive cognitive function, which is necessary to carry out many everyday activities, is impaired during hypoglycaemia in adults with and without type 1 diabetes. (2) In children with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) the prevalence of impaired awareness of hypoglycaemia (IAH) is uncertain. Questionnaires were completed by 98 children with T1DM (mean age 10.6 years) and their parent(s); hospital admission data for the previous year were collected. Awareness of hypoglycaemia was assessed using two questionnaire-based methods that have been validated in adults. For 4 weeks, participants performed routine blood glucose measurements and completed questionnaires after each episode of hypoglycaemia. The ‘Gold’ questionnaire classified a greater proportion of the participants as having IAH than the ‘Clarke’ questionnaire (68.4 vs. 22.4%). Using the ‘Clarke’ method, but not the ‘Gold’ method, children with IAH were younger and more likely to require external assistance or hospital admission. In contrast to adults, behavioural symptoms were the best predictors of awareness status. IAH affects a substantial minority of children and impending hypoglycaemia may be heralded by behavioural symptoms. The ‘Clarke’ method was more effective at identifying those at increased risk. (3) A clinical survey of an outpatient clinic population to ascertain current knowledge and practice among drivers with insulin-treated diabetes. A representative sample of 202 current drivers with insulin-treated diabetes completed a structured questionnaire. A minimum blood glucose level of 4.0 mmol/L or higher was considered necessary for driving by 74.8%, and 87.1% reported always keeping carbohydrate in their vehicle. However, 38.1% reported never carrying a glucose meter when driving, and 59.9% that they never test blood glucose before driving, or test only if symptomatic of hypoglycaemia. Most participants 89% would stop driving to treat hypoglycaemia although only 13.9% would wait longer than 30 min. Compliance with statutory requirements to inform the licensing authority and motor insurer is good.

This thesis presents the German magazine Arbeiter Illustrierte Zeitung (AIZ), one of the greatest illustrated papers at the time of Weimar Republic. The weekly was founded in the beginning of 1920s as a propaganda organ of the Workers' International Relief (Internationale Arbeiterhilfe, IAH), a mass organization formed to support workers in case of strikes or natural catastrophes. The founding of the magazine was entrusted to a communist activist and publisher Willi Münzenberg. Under his leadership the AIZ became the most popular left-wing illustrated magazine. It enforced socialism and fought to build a united anti-fascist front. AIZ collaborated with many prominent artists and writers, and its readers were attracted especially by the satirical photomontages of John Heartfield. After Nazi's took over Germany in 1933, AIZ exiled in Prague, where it continued its untiring fight against fascism and advocated the rights of the working class. In 1936, the magazine changed its name to Volks-Illustrierte in order to reinforce the united front movement. This thesis focuses on the history of the AIZ magazine, it describes the character and exile period of the weekly, which includes a brief introduction to selected members of Prague's editorial team. It also explores the lives and cultural work of German...

Les troubles respiratoires du sommeil ont une prévalence élevée dans la population générale, l’apnée obstructive du sommeil étant le plus important de ces troubles. Malgré tout, une grande proportion des patients avec apnée ne sont pas diagnostiqués. La méthode la plus complète pour diagnostiquer l’apnée est l’enregistrement d’une nuit de sommeil par polysomnographie, aussi appelée enregistrement de type 1, qui est un processus long et coûteux. Pour surmonter ces difficultés, des appareils d’enregistrements portables (ou de type 3) ont été développés. Toutefois, ces enregistrements de type 3 ne capturent pas l’activité cérébrale, mesurée avec l’électroencéphalographie (EEG). Le présent mémoire décrit une étude comparative entre les enregistrements de type 1 et de type 3. Tous les événements respiratoires d’apnée, d’hypopnée et d’éveils liés à un effort respiratoire (RERA, en anglais) seront analysés ainsi que les éveils cérébraux (ou éveils EEG) et les éveils autonomiques. Ces éveils autonomiques se définissent par une hausse de la fréquence cardiaque suite à un événement respiratoire. Pour enrichir les analyses, les variables respiratoires suivantes ont été étudiées : une chute de la saturation en oxygène de 4 % (ODI), l’index d’apnée-hypopnée (IAH), l’indice de perturbations respiratoires avec apnées + hypopnées + RERAs et les éveils EEG (RDIe, en anglais) et le RDI incluant les éveils autonomiques définis par une augmentation de la fréquence cardiaque de 5 bpm (RDIa5). L’objectif de la présente étude est d’évaluer la proportion d’événements respiratoires avec éveils autonomiques ainsi que leur impact sur le RDI des enregistrements de type 1 et 3. L’hypothèse suggère que les événements avec éveils autonomiques auraient un plus grand impact sur le RDI des enregistrements de type 3 contrairement au type 1. Cette étude inclut 72 sujets ayant suivi un enregistrement de polysomnographie complète de type 1 ainsi que 79 sujets différents ayant suivi un enregistrement ambulatoire de type 3. Les analyses suivantes ont été effectuées : 1) les pourcentages d’événements associés avec seulement des éveils autonomiques dans les enregistrements de type 1 et de type 3 ; 2) les fréquences de migration entre les catégories basses et élevées de sévérité de l’AHI en prenant en compte les événements associés avec seulement des éveils autonomiques ; 3) les Bland-Altman (B-A) pour mesurer l’accord entre l’AHI, le RDIe et le RDIa5 (type 1), et entre l’AHI et le RDIa5 (type 3) et ; 4) les corrélations de Pearson et les coefficients de corrélation intraclasse (ICC) pour mesurer l’accord entre l’AHI, le RDIe et le RDIa5 (type 1), et entre l’AHI et le RDIa5 (type 3). L’utilisation du critère de RDIa5 permet d’ajouter 49 % d’événements comptés avec l’AHI pour les enregistrements de type 1, et 51 % d’événements pour ceux de type 3. La présente étude montre que les éveils autonomiques ont un impact similaire autant pour le RDI des enregistrements de type 3 que de type 1. En conclusion, on peut affirmer que le RDIa5 est acceptable et fiable pour les enregistrements de type 3. / The general adult population has a high prevalence of sleep breathing disorders, of which obstructive sleep apnea is the most common, yet many cases remain undiagnosed. Although overnight laboratory polysomnography, called type 1 recording, is the most effective diagnostic tool, it is expensive and time-consuming. To overcome these disadvantages, several portable home (type 3) recording devices have been developed. However, they do not measure brain activity (with EEG). This study presents a comparison between type 1 and type 3 recordings. All apnea, hypopnea, and RERA respiratory events were analyzed, as well as cerebral arousals (EEG arousals) and autonomic arousals. Autonomic arousals are defined by increased heart rate following a respiratory event. To enrich the analysis, the following respiratory outcome measures were included: 4% oxygen saturation index (ODI), apnea-hypopnea index (AHI), respiratory disturbance index with apneas + hypopneas + RERAs including EEG arousals (RDIe), and RDI including autonomic arousals scored as an increase of 5 bpm (RDIa5). The objective of this study was to determine the proportion of respiratory events associated with autonomic arousals and the impact on RDI detected with type 1 compared to type 3 recordings. The hypothesis is that respiratory events with autonomic arousals will have a greater impact on RDI using type 3 compared to type 1 recordings. This study included 72 subjects who underwent type 1 full polysomnography recording and 79 different subjects underwent type 3 ambulatory recording. The following analyses were performed: 1) percentage of events associated with only autonomic arousals in type 1 and type 3 studies; 2) frequency of migration from lower to higher AHI severity category when accounting events associated with only autonomic arousals; 3) Bland-Altman (B-A) for agreement between AHI, RDIe, and RDIa5 (type 1) and AHI and RDIa5 (type 3) and; 4) Pearson correlations and intraclass coefficient correlation (ICC) for agreement between AHI, RDIe and RDIa5 (type 1) and between AHI and RDIa5 (type 3). The use of the RDIa5 criterion increased the number of AHI scoring events by 49% for type 1 recordings and by 51% for type 3 recordings. These results show that autonomic arousals have a similar impact on RDI data using both type 3 and type 1 recordings. We conclude that RDIa5 is a suitable and reliable criterion for type 3 recordings.

O cobre (Cu) é um íon essencial para as plantas, animais e para a saúde humana. Em elevadas concentrações, este elemento pode ser extremamente tóxico para os organismos. A determinação das variáveis físico químicas da água, índice do estado trófico, alterações histológicas, o índice hepatosomático, bioacumulação do Cu nos tecidos branquial e hepático e marcadores de estresse oxidativo como superóxido dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutationa peroxidase (GPx) nos fígados foram realizados. Os resultados mostraram que as maiores concentrações estavam na fração Cu dissolvido, no período chuvoso. A exposição a maiores concentrações de Cu provocou alterações como, descolamento do epitélio basal das lamelas, aneurismas, fusão lamelar entre outros nas brânquias, vacuolização e necroses no fígado. Os fígados mostraram-se grandes acumuladores do metal, por outro lado, o índice hepatosomático apresentou uma diminuição em relação ao aumento do Cu. As atividades enzimáticas não apresentaram diferenças significativas, com exceção da CAT. De forma geral, as atividades das enzimas antioxidantes CAT, SOD e GPX, apresentaram alterações após 120 horas de exposição ao Cu, proveniente dos 4 pontos de coleta da Represa Guarapiranga. / Copper is an essential ion for plants, animals and for human health. Although the crucial role of Cu in several enzymatic processes, this heavy metal can exert adverse toxicological effects, when present in high concentrations in water. The determination of waters physic chemistry parameters, trophic index, histological alterations, hepatosomatic index, Cu bioaccumulation in livers and gills and oxidative stress enzymes like, CAT, SOD and GPX were done. Our results show that the higher values of Cu concentration were in the dissolved Cu and in the rainy season. The exposition o the fishes to a higher Cu concentrations altered the gills; aneurism, lamellar fusion, basal epithelium lifting. In the liver the alterations were, vacuolization and necrosis among others. The livers were the greatest bioaccumulation organs, and the other hand the hepatosomatic index decreased with higher Cu concentrations. There was no significant difference in the enzyme activities with the exception of CAT that increased with Cu increase, nevertheless in general, the enzyme activities of SOD, CAT and GPx were altered some how after 120 hours of Cu treatment, with water sample from 4 points located at Guarapiranga Reservoir.

O cobre (Cu) é um íon essencial para as plantas, animais e para a saúde humana. Em elevadas concentrações, este elemento pode ser extremamente tóxico para os organismos. A determinação das variáveis físico químicas da água, índice do estado trófico, alterações histológicas, o índice hepatosomático, bioacumulação do Cu nos tecidos branquial e hepático e marcadores de estresse oxidativo como superóxido dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutationa peroxidase (GPx) nos fígados foram realizados. Os resultados mostraram que as maiores concentrações estavam na fração Cu dissolvido, no período chuvoso. A exposição a maiores concentrações de Cu provocou alterações como, descolamento do epitélio basal das lamelas, aneurismas, fusão lamelar entre outros nas brânquias, vacuolização e necroses no fígado. Os fígados mostraram-se grandes acumuladores do metal, por outro lado, o índice hepatosomático apresentou uma diminuição em relação ao aumento do Cu. As atividades enzimáticas não apresentaram diferenças significativas, com exceção da CAT. De forma geral, as atividades das enzimas antioxidantes CAT, SOD e GPX, apresentaram alterações após 120 horas de exposição ao Cu, proveniente dos 4 pontos de coleta da Represa Guarapiranga. / Copper is an essential ion for plants, animals and for human health. Although the crucial role of Cu in several enzymatic processes, this heavy metal can exert adverse toxicological effects, when present in high concentrations in water. The determination of waters physic chemistry parameters, trophic index, histological alterations, hepatosomatic index, Cu bioaccumulation in livers and gills and oxidative stress enzymes like, CAT, SOD and GPX were done. Our results show that the higher values of Cu concentration were in the dissolved Cu and in the rainy season. The exposition o the fishes to a higher Cu concentrations altered the gills; aneurism, lamellar fusion, basal epithelium lifting. In the liver the alterations were, vacuolization and necrosis among others. The livers were the greatest bioaccumulation organs, and the other hand the hepatosomatic index decreased with higher Cu concentrations. There was no significant difference in the enzyme activities with the exception of CAT that increased with Cu increase, nevertheless in general, the enzyme activities of SOD, CAT and GPx were altered some how after 120 hours of Cu treatment, with water sample from 4 points located at Guarapiranga Reservoir.