Les systèmes de transport intelligents coopératifs permettent la communication des véhicules entre eux ainsi qu'avec l'infrastructure, afin d'assurer la disponibilité des informations d'une manière plus fiable sur les véhicules, leurs positions et les conditions de la route. Cet échange d'informations pertinentes permet d'améliorer la sécurité routière, réduire les incidents du trafic et d'assurer l'efficacité de la mobilité des véhicules. IEEE 802.11p est standardisé comme la technologie par défaut pour les communications des véhicules. Dans ce contexte, le standard européen ETSI s'attaque en particulier aux applications de la sécurité routière. Pour ce faire, il standardise plusieurs types de messages comme CAM (Cooperative Awareness Message) et DENM (Decentralised Event Notification Message). Les CAMs sont des messages de diffusion à un seul-saut, envoyés par chaque véhicule contenant des informations sur sa position, sa vitesse, sa direction, etc., afin d'assurer une coopération lucide entre les autres usagers de la route (y compris les véhicules). Les DENMs sont envoyés à la détection d'un événement sur la route, comme le cas d'un accident, embouteillages, etc. Si nécessaire, une communication multi-saut, exploitant des algorithmes de routage standardisés, est mise en {oe}uvre pour disséminer ces messages au-delà de la portée du transmetteur. La faiblesse de 802.11p réside dans la congestion du canal radio due à la bande passante limitée (5.9 GHz). Afin de pallier à cela, ETSI a proposé un cadre pour le contrôle de la congestion appelé DCC (Distributed Congestion Control). Celui-ci permet l'échange d'informations, en particulier l'état du canal radio, entre les couches de la pile protocolaire. Ainsi, chaque protocole de communication contrôle ses propres paramètres pour éviter la congestion du canal. Par ailleurs beaucoup d'approches de contrôle de la congestion DCC existent pour les messages CAM tel que le contrôle de la période de génération des CAMs sur la couche Facilities. La puissance de transmission ou le débit sur la couche Accès, etc. En revanche, peu de travaux ont été faits sur DENMs. A cet égard, nous avons proposé une approche DCC sur la couche GeoNetworking qui contrôle les paramètres de routage en se basant sur l'état du canal radio. Une évaluation du dual-DCC, à savoir CAM sur Facilities et DENM sur GeoNet, a démontré l'efficacité de l'approche proposée. En outre, certaines applications tel que la gestion d'une flotte de véhicules, ont besoin d'un centre de contrôle localisé sur Internet qui communique avec la flotte. Pour ce type d'échange, une communication hybride (IP et Géo) est nécessaire. De plus pour assurer la fluidité de la communication, la gestion de la mobilité est primordiale. Tout en restant dans le cadre de l'architecture Mobile IP, nous proposons notre approche d'adressage qui constitue une adresse IP routable avec une adresse GeoNetworking, ce qui permet de traiter le problème d'accessibilité des véhicules en mouvement sur la route à partir d'une entité située sur Internet. Contrairement à Mobile IP, notre approche permet de réduire la surcharge de la signalisation. Et cela grâce au partitionnement de la route en zones de routage (RA) de telle sorte que l'accès à Internet se fait via une passerelle RSU-FA qui contrôle la RA. Chaque RA regroupe un certain nombre de RSUs. / Cooperative intelligent transport systems allow vehicles to communicate with each other as well as with the infrastructure in order to ensure the availability of information more reliably on vehicles, their positions and road conditions. This exchange of relevant information improves road safety, reduces traffic incidents and ensures efficient mobility of vehicles. IEEE 802.11p is standardized as the default technology for vehicle communications. In this context, the European ETSI standard addresses in particular road safety applications. To do this, it standardizes several types of messages such as CAM (Cooperative Awareness Message) and DENM (Decentralized Event Notification Message). CAMs are single-hop broadcast messages, sent by each vehicle containing information on its position, speed, direction, etc., in order to ensure lucid cooperation between other road users (including vehicles). The DENMs are sent when there is a detection of an event on the road, as in the case of an accident, traffic jams, etc. If necessary, multi-hop communication, using standardized routing algorithms, is implemented to disseminate these messages beyond the scope of the transmitter. The weakness of 802.11p lies in congestion of the radio channel due to the limited bandwidth (5.9 GHz). In order to compensate for this, ETSI proposed a framework for congestion control called DCC (Distributed Congestion Control). This allows the exchange of information, in particular the state of the radio channel, between the layers of the protocol stack. Thus, each communication protocol controls its own parameters to avoid congestion of the channel. In addition, many DCC congestion control approaches exist for CAM messages such as the control of the CAM generation period on the Facilities layer. Transmission power or data rate on the Access layer, etc. On the other hand, little works have been done on DENMs. In this regard, we proposed a DCC approach on the GeoNetworking layer which controls the routing parameters based on the state of the radio channel. An evaluation of the dual-DCC, namely CAM on Facilities and DENM on GeoNet, demonstrated the effectiveness of the proposed approach. In addition, some applications such as managing a fleet of vehicles require a localized control center that communicates with the fleet. For this type of exchange, a hybrid communication (IP and Geo) is necessary. Moreover, to ensure the fluidity of communication, the management of mobility is paramount. While remaining within the framework of the Mobile IP architecture, we propose our approach of addressing which constitutes a routable IP address with a geonetworking address, which makes it possible to deal with the problem of accessibility of vehicles moving on the road from of an entity on the Internet. Unlike Mobile IP, our approach reduces the overhead of signaling. This is done by partitioning the road into routing area (RA) in such a way that the access to the Internet is via a RSU-FA gateway that controls the RA. Each RA regroups a number of RSUs.

Les exigences de Qualité de Service (QoS) des applications VANET varient selon la nature et le type de l’application. Par conséquent, un protocole de communication VANET doit pouvoir répondre aux diverses exigences de QoS selon le type du trafic. Dans VANET, le canal de transmission est partagé par tous les véhicules en utilisant une même fréquence radio. Une mauvaise exploitation du canal peut donc conduire à des collisions et peut aussi engendrer un gaspillage de la bande passante. Un protocole MAC doit être alors conçu pour partager le canal entre les différents noeuds d’une manière efficace et équitable.Dans cette thèse nous présentons les contributions suivantes :1- Analyse et amélioration de la diffusion dans la norme IEEE 802.11.2- Optimisation de la technique CSMA pour des réseaux 1D et 2D.3- Développement d’un algorithme CSMA de transmission adaptatif qui met à jour le taux de détection de la porteuse en fonction d’une valeur de référence.4- Étude du gain obtenu par l’utilisation d’antennes directionnelles pour Aloha, Aloha non-slotté, et CSMA. / Quality of Service (QoS) requirements for VANET applications vary depending on the nature and type of the application. Therefore, a communication protocol in VANETs must be able to meet various QoS requirements according to the type of traffic. In VANET, the transmission channel is shared by all the vehicles using the same radio frequency. A poor exploitation of the channel can therefore lead to collisions and wasted bandwidth. A MAC protocol must therefore be designed to share the channel between the different nodes in an efficient and fair way.In this thesis we present the following contributions:1- Analysis and improvement of diffusion in the IEEE 802.11 standard.2- Optimization of the CSMA technique for 1D and 2D networks.3- Design of an adaptive transmission algorithm that updates the Carrier Sense threshold to reach a target value.4- Study the gain obtained by the use of directional antennas for Aloha, non-slotted Aloha, and CSMA.

Les réseaux ad hoc de véhicules accueillent une multitude d'applications intéressantes. Parmi celles-ci, les applications d'info divertissement visent à améliorer l'expérience des passagers. Ces applications ont des exigences rigides en termes de délai de livraison et de débit. De nombreuses approches ont été proposées pour assurer la qualité du service des dites applications. Elles sont réparties en deux couches: réseau et contrôle d'accès. Toutefois, ces méthodes présentent plusieurs lacunes.Cette thèse a trois volets. Le premier aborde la question du routage dans le milieu urbain. A cet égard, un nouveau protocole, appelé SCRP, a été proposé. Il exploite l'information sur la circulation des véhicules en temps réel pour créer des épines dorsales sur les routes et les connectées aux intersections à l'aide de nœuds de pont. Ces derniers collectent des informations concernant la connectivité et le délai, utilisées pour choisir les chemins de routage ayant un délai de bout-en-bout faible. Le deuxième s'attaque au problème d'affectation des canaux de services afin d'augmenter le débit. A cet effet, un nouveau mécanisme, appelé ASSCH, a été conçu. ASSCH collecte des informations sur les canaux en temps réel et les donne à un modèle stochastique afin de prédire leur état dans l'avenir. Les canaux les moins encombrés sont sélectionnés pour être utilisés. Le dernier volet vise à proposer un modèle analytique pour examiner la performance du mécanisme EDCA de la norme IEEE 802.11p. Ce modèle tient en compte plusieurs facteurs, tels que l'opportunité de transmission, non exploitée dans IEEE 802.11p / The fact that vehicular ad hoc network accommodates two types of communications, Vehicle-to-Vehicle and Vehicle-to-Infrastructure, has opened the door for a plethora of interesting applications to thrive. Some of these applications, known as infotainment applications, focus on enhancing the passengers' experience. They have rigid requirements in terms of delivery delay and throughput. Numerous schemes have been proposed, at medium access control and routing layers, to enhance the quality of service of infotainment applications. However, existing schemes have several shortcomings. Subsequently, the design of new and efficient approaches is vital for the proper functioning of such applications.This work proposes three schemes. The first is a novel routing protocol, labeled SCRP. It leverages real-time vehicular traffic information to create backbones over road segments and connect them at intersections using bridge nodes. These nodes are responsible for collecting connectivity and delay information, which are used to select routing paths with low end-to-end delay. The second is an altruistic service channel selection scheme, labeled ASSCH. It first collects real-time service channels information and feeds it to a stochastic model that predicts the state of these channels in the near future. The least congested channels are then selected to be used. The third is an analytical model for the performance of the IEEE 802.11p Enhanced Distributed Channel Access mechanism that considers various factors, including the transmission opportunity (TXOP), unexploited by IEEE 802.11p

Det här arbetet har undersökt hur mycket end-to-end delay, packet reception ratio och throughput påverkas av antal bilar, bilars hastighet samt avståndet mellan bilar i en simulerad miljö när standarden IEEE 802.11p och LTE-V2X används för kommunikation. Båda teknologierna använder det licensierade Intelligent Transport System-bandet på 5,9 GHz. För att simulera IEEE 802.11p användes ramverket Veins som kombinerar nätverkssimulatorn OMNeT++ med trafiksimulatorn SUMO, och för LTE-V2X användes SimuLTE. Alla bilar skickade säkerhetsmeddelanden på 320 byte var 100 millisekund. I stadsområdet, korsningen och den raka vägen som studerades presterade IEEE 802.11p bättre än LTE-V2X. Kommunikation med LTE-V2X visade sig vara mycket känsligare för förändringar än när IEEE 802.11p används. När antalet bilar blev fler ändrades delayen betydligt mer för LTE-V2X än IEEE 802.11p. Delayen var nära 0,12 millisekunder i alla tester när IEEE 802.11p användes, medan LTE-V2X varierade från 14 millisekunder till 10 sekunder. Antalet mottagna paket var också mycket högre för IEEE 802.11p än LTE-V2X. Medan packet reception ratio var nära 100% i alla test då IEEE 802.11p användes var LTE-V2X under 50% i de flesta fall. / This study has evaluated the impact on the end-to-end delay, packet reception ratio and throughput of vehicle density, vehicles speed and the distance between vehicles in a simulated environment, where the vehicles were communicating with the standards IEEE 802.11p and LTEV2X. Both technologies operate in the licensed Intelligent Transport System band of 5.9 GHz. The network simulator OMNeT++ was combined with the traffic simulator SUMO to build the V2X simulator. The framework Veins was used to simulate IEEE 802.11p and SimuLTE was used to simulate LTE-V2X. All vehicles sent out safety messages of 320 byte at a rate of 10 Hz, i.e., every 100 milliseconds. In the urban area, intersection and straight road that were studied, IEEE 802.11p performed better than LTE-V2X. It was shown that LTE-V2X is far more sensitive to changes than IEEE 802.11p. When the density got higher the end-to-end delay was changed significantly more for LTE-V2X than IEEE 802.11p. End-to-end delay was near 0.12 milliseconds in all tests when IEEE 802.11p was used, while LTE-V2X ranged from 14 milliseconds to 10 seconds. Packet reception ratio was much higher for IEEE 802.11p than LTE-V2X. While it was near 100% when IEEE 802.11p was used in all tests, LTE-V2X showed a packet reception ratio less than 50% in most cases.

Tese de Mestrado Integrado. Engenharia Electrotécnica e de Computadores. Faculdade de Engenharia. Universidade do Porto. 2012

<p>This thesis describes the simulation of the proposed IEEE 802.11p Physical layer (PHY). A MATLAB simulation is carried out in order to analyze baseband processing of the transceiver. Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) is applied in this project according to the IEEE 802.11p standard, which allows transmission data rates from 3 up to 27Mbps. Distinct modulation schemes, Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK), Quadrate Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) and Quadrature Amplitude modulation (QAM), are used according to differing data rates. These schemes are combined with time interleaving and a convolutional error correcting code. A guard interval is inserted at the beginning of the transmitted symbol in order to reduce the effect of Intersymbol Interference (ISI). The Viterbi decoder is used for decoding the received signal. Simulation results illustrate the Bit Error Rate (BER), Packet Error Rate (PER) for different channels. Different channel implementations are used for the simulations. In addition a ray-tracing based software tool for modelling time variant vehicular channels is integrated into SIMULINK. BER versus Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) statistics are as the basic reference for the physical layer of the IEEE 802.11p standard for all vehicular wireless network simulations.</p>

This thesis describes the simulation of the proposed IEEE 802.11p Physical layer (PHY). A MATLAB simulation is carried out in order to analyze baseband processing of the transceiver. Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) is applied in this project according to the IEEE 802.11p standard, which allows transmission data rates from 3 up to 27Mbps. Distinct modulation schemes, Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK), Quadrate Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) and Quadrature Amplitude modulation (QAM), are used according to differing data rates. These schemes are combined with time interleaving and a convolutional error correcting code. A guard interval is inserted at the beginning of the transmitted symbol in order to reduce the effect of Intersymbol Interference (ISI). The Viterbi decoder is used for decoding the received signal. Simulation results illustrate the Bit Error Rate (BER), Packet Error Rate (PER) for different channels. Different channel implementations are used for the simulations. In addition a ray-tracing based software tool for modelling time variant vehicular channels is integrated into SIMULINK. BER versus Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) statistics are as the basic reference for the physical layer of the IEEE 802.11p standard for all vehicular wireless network simulations.

IEEE 802.11p, the known standard for Vehicular Adhoc NETworks (VANETs), suffers from scalability issues and unbounded delay. In addition, the desire to use networks already in existence has created motivation for using cellular networks for vehicular applications. LTE-Advanced is one of the most promising access technologies in the wireless field, providing high data rate, low latency, and a large coverage area. Thus, LTE/LTE-A can be potential access technologies for supporting vehicular applications. Vehicular safety applications are based on broadcasting messages to neighboring vehicles. The vehicle location precision is crucial for safety applications. Thus, the freshness of the information (i.e. vehicle location) at the neighboring vehicles is very important. As LTE is an infrastructure-based network, all transmissions should pass through it. When the load of the network is high compared to the available resources, large delays may occur. The focus of this thesis is to propose solutions to make LTE suitable for vehicular safety applications. The first solution is to adapt the vehicular safety application to be suitable in LTE network. For this purpose, we propose an adaptation of the safety message generation rate. This adaptation uses a queueing model to compute the freshness of the information of vehicles at the destination, based on their message generation rates. It then adjusts the generation periods to provide a similar accuracy for all vehicles. The second approach is to modify the LTE and make it suitable for these kinds of applications. Thus, we proposed a scheduler for LTE which is suitable for vehicular safety applications. It considers the speed and location of the vehicles to allocate the resources to them for the transmission of safety messages. We also studied the message dissemination in the downlink, and proposed an efficient way to deliver the safety messages to the neighboring vehicles. Finally, we propose a scheme that uses both LTE-D2D and LTE-cellular communication for the transmission of safety messages. The centralized location information is used for Device-to-Device (D2D) pair discovery and resource allocation. The proposed scheme provides resource efficiency by enabling the reuse of the resources by vehicles. We also study the effect of the awareness range and period of updating location information at the server on resource usage and accuracy of D2D pair detection.

Personal Rapid Transit systems have high demands on its reliability and security. Many of the fundamental functions needed by a PRT system can be provided by a wireless radio communication link. The goal of this thesis is to determine if the emerging radio standard for intelligent transportation systems is suitable for providing some of the needed functions. The emphasis of this work is to understand the features of the standard that are important for a PRT system and to verify them with simulation.

Les accidents de la circulation sont un des plus grands problèmes de sureté publique. Par conséquent la sécurité routière a toujours été la principale préoccupation des acteurs de la sécurité des transports. Durant les dernières décennies, les pouvoirs publics et les entreprises du secteur automobile ont été impliqués dans l'amélioration de nos systèmes de transport de la sécurité en réduisant les conséquences des accidents imminents et en diminuant le nombre d'accidents de la route. Néanmoins, la plupart de ces mesures préventives ne peut assurer la sécurité passive , car ils se concentrent sur la phase de collision. En fait, les matériaux comme les airbags réduisent l'impact d'un accident, mais ne l'empêchent pas. Cette reconnaissance de l'insuffisance de ces mesures passives a orienté à des perspectives industrielles nouvelles et innovantes qui cherchent à éviter les accidents et de détecter les dangers à l'avance au lieu de minimiser les dommages. En fait, selon des études pertinentes, 60 pers des accidents peuvent être évités si le conducteur avait été alerté d'une demi-seconde avant la collision. Des mesures drastiques sont déjà prises par les constructeurs automobiles afin d'offrir aux conducteurs une télématique plus large et donc d'améliorer leur gamme de sensibilisation. Si une collision est inévitable, la technologie de sécurité active peut préparer de manière proactive le véhicule pour l'impact à réduire les dommages. Par exemple, les capteurs de véhicules sont utilisés pour mesurer et évaluer l'état et de l'environnement d'un véhicule, permettant l'émission d'alertes précoces aux conducteurs. [...] / Road traffic crashes are one of the world's largest public health and injury problems. Therefore road security has always been the main concern of transportation security stakeholders. During the last decades, public authorities and automotive companies have been involved in the safety improvement of our transportation systems by reducing the consequences of imminent accidents and decreasing the number of road injuries. Nevertheless, most of these preventive measures can only provide passive safety since they focus on the post collision phase. In fact, materials of energy absorption like airbags reduce the impact of an accident but do not prevent it. This recognition of the inadequacy of these passive measures has oriented industrials to new and innovative perspectives that seek to avoid accidents and detect dangers in advance rather than minimize the damage. In fact, according to relevant studies, 60pers of accidents can be avoided if the driver had been alerted half a second before the collision. Drastic steps are already taken by automobile manufacturers to offer to drivers a larger telematics horizon and therefore enhance their range of awareness. If a collision is inevitable, active safety technology can proactively prepare the vehicle for the impact to reduce injuries. For example, vehicles' sensors are employed to measure and assess a vehicle' s condition and environment, enabling the issuance of early warnings to drivers. On the other hand, a remarkable and similar step in that direction is achieved by networking research community using vehicular networks within Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS)