This research examined human-machine performance in a General Aviation (GA) environment under dynamic conditions using a combination of field study and laboratory experimentation. Using this combination of methods, the functional system of pilots performing a landing approach (both instrument and visual) with a Cessna 172 to the Roanoke Regional Airport (ROA) was described and analyzed. In the field study, data collection was guided by an integrative method based on macroergonomics (ME) and distributed cognition (DC), allowing the cognitive aspects of a sociotechnical system to be treated as equally important as the organizational components. Also of interest was how pilot performance was affected by the introduction of nighttime and deteriorating weather conditions to this GA environment. Few statistically significant differences were found between pilots who flew by visual flight rules (VFR) and those who flew by instrument flight rules (IFR) or within each of these pilot groups in terms of objective flight performance. However, there were several significant differences between VFR and IFR pilots and within each pilot group in terms of workload and especially situation awareness across conditions; situation awareness for VFR pilots was found to be significantly reduced compared to situation awareness for IFR pilots in nighttime and deteriorating weather conditions (p < 0.05). In addition to these statistical findings and the methodological contribution of a joint systems/cognitive method, contributions of this dissertation include a greater understanding of the GA pilot/cockpit system and a systems-oriented cognitive model of this aviation environment as described by the ME/DC method for both VFR and IFR pilots. Further, procedural comparisons were performed between the flight simulator and the actual Cessna 172 used in the field study to increase our understanding of how to improve the validity associated with using simulators in research. Findings from both the laboratory and field studies in this research support new designs and technologies envisioned for future aviation systems that would assist the pilot during a landing approach such as weather information systems, head-up displays, synthetic vision, three-dimensional auditory displays, increased automation, and communications filters. Potential future applications of this research are also explored. / Ph. D.

The objective of this thesis is development study of airport Hradec Králové for IFR traffic on the basis of RNAV, with instrument approach, and it’s evaluation. Thesis contains author’s methodology for problem solving, description of the airport, determination of the lifting factors and study, including inputs analysis, description of the work and evaluation.

This Masters Thesis is divided into two parts. A theoretical and a practical part. In the theoretical part a history of aviation in the Czech Republic and its development is described as well as the division of the aviation and the airspace of the Czech Republic, the demarcation of airports and global events which have an influence on aviation in the Czech Republic. A practical part is focused on the analysis of time series of the capacity utilization of selected Czech airports and the airspace of the Czech Republic from the point of view of the number of the aircraft movements. In this part a proportion of the individual airports in full use of the airspace of the Czech Republic is expressed and the elementary characteristics and descriptive statistics are calculated. Further on an influence of the mentioned global events on the development of on selected airports and in the airspace of the Czech Republic is examined. Last but not least the development of the capacity utilization of the selected time series for 2015 is forecast followed by assessment of the airports´ capacities with an evaluation whether the capacity of the selected airports is sufficient or not.

This master‘s thesis is focused on the evaluation of conditions for IFR operations in the Czech Republic and their neighbours. The thesis is also focused on evaluation of posibilities of IFR navigation for small airports. In this context part of thesis is dedicated to a modern way of navigation using GNSS.

The inflammatory and anti-inflammatory macrophages have been implicated in many diseases including rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease and chronic rhinosinusitis. Recent studies suggest targeting macrophage function and activation may represent a potential target to treat these diseases. Herein, I investigated the effect of second mitochondria-derived activator of caspases (SMAC) mimetics (SMs), the inhibitors of apoptosis (IAPs) proteins, on the killing of normal human pro- and anti-inflammatory macrophage subsets. It has been shown that human monocytes are highly susceptible to the cytotoxic effects of SMs, however, differentiated macrophages (M0) develop resistance to the cytocidal abilities of SMs. Whether human macrophage subsets are also resistant to the cytotoxic effects of SM remains unknown. My results show that differentiation of M0 macrophages towards M1 state rendered them highly susceptible to SM-induced cell death, whereas M2a, M2b and M2c differentiated subsets were resistant, with M2c being the most resistant. SM-induced cell death in M1 macrophages was mediated by apoptosis as well as necroptosis and activated both extrinsic and intrinsic pathways of apoptosis. The susceptibility of M1 macrophages to SM-induced cell death was attributed to the IFN-𝛾-mediated polarization as JAK inhibitor reversed their susceptibility. In contrast, M2c and M0 macrophages experienced cell death through necroptosis pathway following simultaneous blockage of the IAPs pathways by SM-LCL161 and the caspase pathways by the pan-caspase inhibitors (zVAD.fmk). I investigated the molecular mechanism governing SM-induced cell death in M1 macrophages. My results show that in contrast to the cancer cell lines, SM-induced cell death in M1 macrophages is independent of endogenously produced TNF-⍺, the canonical and non- canonical NF-𝜅B pathways. The susceptibility of M1 macrophages to SM-induced cell death was found to be dependent on IFN-𝛾-mediated differentiation through the JAK-STAT pathway and subsequent activation of IRF-1. In addition, the selective cell death in SM-treated M1 macrophages is mediated by simultaneous degradation of cellular IAP-2 (cIAP-2) and RIPK-1/3 through the activation of mTORC signaling pathway. Overall, the results suggest that survival of human macrophages is critically linked to the activation of the IAPs pathways. Moreover, agents blocking cIAP-1/2, mTORC and IRF-1 can be exploited therapeutically to address inflammation-related diseases. These observations hold a promising therapeutic strategy to limit the activation of proinflammatory M1 macrophages and eventually controlling the M1-associated diseases.

在產品開發階段中, 決策者經常面臨的問題: 如何在幾個設計母群體中, 選擇最佳之 設計, 而評估設計之優劣常用“可靠度”( 或平均壽命 )作為衡量標準。 本文考慮k(k≧ 2)個Increasing Failure Rate(IFR)的母群體, 其分配為F(x;θ ), 其中θ 是尺度參數(Scale Parameter)。 我們常見之IFR 分配有Gamma、Exponenti -al、Weibull等等。而對上述K 個母群體, 我們感興趣的是挑選具有最大尺度參數母 群體。假設θ '……'θ 為(θ '……'θ )經過排序后之有序參數, 我們定 義最佳母群體為具有θ 之母群體。 由於完整資料不易取得( 成本高且實驗時間頗長),因此, 我們經常采用二種截略資料 來縮短時間, 分別是型Ⅰ截略抽樣計劃(type-Ⅰcensoring plan) 及型Ⅱ截略抽樣計 劃(type-Ⅱ censoring plan)。而上述兩種抽樣方法中, 對決策者而言, 究竟以那一 種方法較適合采用? 也就是說, 在決策者給定的要求水準, 那一種方法比較節省時間 ? 一般而言, 正確選擇之機率(Probability of correct selection)是評估挑選法則效 率之常用方法, 本論文在決策者事先給定正確機率P 及錯誤機率α 下, 分別探討Ty -peⅠ,TypeⅡ所需之截略時間、樣本數、截略數, 并比較TypeⅠ,TypeⅡ 所需之截略 時間、樣本數、截略數, 并比較TypeⅠ之截略時間與TypeⅡ之期望截略時間。以期能 提供決策者在實驗當中, 選擇一個較適當的實驗方法。

A life distribution and its survival function F = 1 - F with finitemean y = /q F(x)dx are said to be HNBUE (HNWUE) if F(x)dx &lt; (&gt;)U exp(-t/y) for t &gt; 0. The major part of this thesis deals with the classof HNBUE (HNWUE) life distributions. We give different characterizationsof the HNBUE (HNWUE) property and present bounds on the moments and on thesurvival function F when this is HNBUE (HNWUE). We examine whether theHNBUE (HNWUE) property is preserved under some reliability operations andstudy some test statistics for testing exponentiality against the HNBUE(HNWUE) property.The HNBUE (HNWUE) property is studied in connection with shock models.Suppose that a device is subjected to shocks governed by a counting processN = {N(t): t &gt; 0}. The probability that the device survives beyond t isthen00H(t) = S P(N(t)=k)P, ,k=0where P^ is the probability of surviving k shocks. We prove that His HNBUE (HNWUE) under different conditions on N and * ^orinstance we study the situation when the interarrivai times between shocksare independent and HNBUE (HNWUE).We also study the Pure Birth Shock Model, introduced by A-Hameed andProschan (1975), and prove that H is IFRA and DMRL under conditions whichdiffer from those used by A-Hameed and Proschan.Further we discuss relationships between the total time on test transformHp^(t) = /q ^F(s)ds , where F \t) = inf { x: F(x) &gt; t}, and differentclasses of life distributions based on notions of aging. Guided by propertiesof we suggest test statistics for testing exponentiality agains t IFR,IFRA, NBUE, DMRL and heavy-tailedness. Different properties of these statisticsare studied.Finally, we discuss some bivariate extensions of the univariate properties NBU, NBUE, DMRL and HNBUE and study some of these in connection with bivariate shock models. / <p>There are some occurring misspellings in the formulas in the abstract on this webpage. Read the abstract in the full-text document for correct spelling in formulas, see the downloadable file.</p> / digitalisering@umu

<p>Emergency services (ES) pilots operate in a dynamic, high-risk team environment, as a subset of general aviation (GA) operations. The time constraints associated with ES operations means that ES pilots must make flight decisions quickly and often with limited or incomplete information (Worm, 1999). Due to the nature of ES operations, the consequences of an incorrect flight decision can be severe, including loss of life. ES operations are often initiated by extreme weather events, and ES pilots are frequently required to fly on the boundary between marginal visual flight rules (MVFR) weather conditions and instrument meteorological conditions (IMC). Unfortunately, an unintended transition into IMC is the leading cause of fatal accidents in GA operations (Ayiei et al., 2020). Mission objectives dictate that most ES pilots fly below 1,500’ above ground level (AGL) for extended periods of time, and low-altitude flight in hazardous weather can reduce a pilot’s outside visual reference, thus leading to spatial disorientation, loss of control, or controlled flight into terrain. To mitigate this problem, ES pilots must be able to accurately assess weather conditions before and during flight. However, the current method of presenting meteorological aerodrome reports (METARs) on weather displays can be misleading to pilots. Weather conditions in the areas between weather observation stations can be different than what is reported by the METAR observations at those stations. This can cause current or forecasted weather conditions <em>between</em> weather stations to be incompletely represented. However, pilots are given no obvious indication of how incompletely represented weather conditions can affect weather-related risk. This research demonstrates that a <em>Kth</em> Nearest Neighbor (KNN) analysis can be used to identify areas where the variability of conditions between weather stations (and thus weather-related risk) is incompletely represented by METAR observations. In addition, it is shown that areas where there is an increased risk of an unintended transition from MVFR to IMC can be identified among areas with incompletely represented conditions and depicted to pilots on aviation weather displays. Machine learning tactics are proposed as a way to consider additional inputs in future KNN analyses, and several emerging technologies are proposed as mediums to collect additional weather observations. The ability for an ES pilot to more accurately assess weather-related risk in MVFR conditions using the proposed technologies is evaluated, the benefits to ES pilots and the GA community are discussed, and the requirements and limitations of the study are examined.</p>

No description available.

Norme-pratique écart ou rapport dialectique ? C'est ce que ce travail a tenté de montrer à travers un choix de fatāwā, concernant le commerce, émises par les fuqahā´ de l'Ifrīqiyya hafside. L'intérêt de cette recherche, dans laquelle on s'est posé la question de l'interaction norme-pratique, est que la hiérarchie des normes, principe universel chez Kelsen, et principe applicable à l'Islam selon les juristes musulmans, trouve une exception avec la question du`urf. Les fatāwā, qui sont des questions-réponses, indiquent que le fiqh n'a pas tout réglé et que la société musulmane est en perpétuelle évolution. Nouvelles pratiques, nouvelles normes. Dans ce travail qui concerne l'interaction entre norme juridique et pratique sociale dans le domaine des transactions commerciales en Ifrīqiyya médiévale. La première partie est consacrée à la réflexion sur le concept de norme. La deuxième partie, s'intéresse à appliquer ce concept de la norme aux corpus classiques des sources normatives arabes (Coran, Sunna, iǧmā`, qiyās), pour en dégager le référent normatif sur lequel s'appuient les fuqahā' de l'Ifrīqiyya hafside. Et la dernière partie s'est consacrée, à l'exposition, à la traduction et l'analyse d'une sélection de fatāwā afin d'illustrer l'interaction de la norme et de la pratique. / Norm-practice gap or dialectical relationship? That's what this work attempted to show through a selection of fatāwā issued by the fuqahā´ of hafsid Ifrīqiyya. The interest of this research, in which we posed the question of the interaction between norm and practice, is that the hierarchy of norms, Kelsen universal principle, and principal applicable to Islamic is an except with the question of `urf. The fatāwā which are questions and answers, indicate that the fiqh has not quiet settled and the Muslim society is constantly changing/ new practices, new norms. In this work regarding the interaction between legal norms a social practice in the field of commercial transactions in medieval Ifrīqiyya. The first part is devoted to reflection on the concept of norm. The second part, is interested in applying this concept of norm to the classical Arabic normative sources (Coran, Sunna, iǧmā`, qiyās), to identify the referent normative. And the last part is devoted to exposition, translation an analysis of selected fatāwā to illustrate the interaction between norm and practice.