El objetivo del estudio fue determinar la transmisión de anticuerpos maternos de cerdas inmunizadas con el antígeno Tsol18 expresado en la pichia pastoris (vacuna Tsol18 IIL) hacia sus lechones y la persistencia de estos anticuerpos contra la oncósfera de la Taenia solium. Para este trabajo se usaron 50 lechones que fueron divididos en 4 grupos. Los grupos 1, 2 y 3 con 11, 12 y 11 lechones que procedían de cerdas inmunizadas con dos dosis de la vacuna Tsol18 IIL a las 6 y 2 semanas antes del parto. El grupo 4 con 16 lechones que procedían de cerdas no inmunizadas. La inmunización de las crías fue con la misma vacuna que recibió la madre. El grupo 1 fue vacunado da los 8 y 12 semanas, el grupo 2 fue vacunado a los 12 y 16 semanas, el grupo 3 y grupo 4 fueron los controles. Las muestras de sangre fueron tomadas a las 2, 8, 12, 16 y 20 semanas de edad de la cual se obtuvieron los sueros que fueron evaluados con la prueba de ELISA indirecta estandarizada con el antígeno Tsol18. El valor de la densidad óptica (DO) representan los niveles de anti-Tsol18 en el suero de los cerdos, que posteriormente este valor fue expresado en función al porcentaje de positividad para evaluar los niveles de anticuerpos. Al inicio del estudio, Los lechones procedentes de cerdas inmunizadas poseen niveles altos de anticuerpos maternos IgG, cuando pasaron las semanas, estos anticuerpos descendieron debido a los procesos metabólicos normales del animal, se comparó la diferencia en el incremento en los niveles de anticuerpos entre el grupo 1 y 2, obteniendo como resultado que entre la semana 8 y 12 permanecen los anticuerpos maternos, pero en niveles bajos con la capacidad de interferir en el efecto de la vacuna con el antígeno Tsol18. Palabras claves: Taenia solium, Cysticercus cellulosae, Tsol 18 IIL, inmunidad materna, Anticuerpos Maternos, ELISA. / --- The aim of this study was to determine maternal antibodies transmission from Tsol18 immunized with antigen expressed in Pichia pastoris (vaccine Tsol18 IIL) sows to piglets and the persistence of these antibodies in piglets against oncosphere of Taenia solium. To do this study it was necessary to use fifty piglets with two doses of the vaccine Tsol18 IIL at 6 and 2 weeks before birth, which were divided into 4 groups. Group 1, 2 and 3 containing 11, 12 and 11 piglets respectively came from vaccinated sows. Group 4 containing 16 piglets came from unvaccinated sows. The first group was vaccinated at 8 and 12 weeks old, the group 2 at 12 and 16 weeks and group 3 and 4 were control groups. Blood samples were taken at 2, 8, 12, 16 and 20 weeks old. Were obtained serums that were assessed with standardized indirect ELISA with antigen Tsol18The results were expressed according to the percentage of positive individuals, The value of antibody titers were expressed according to the percentage of positive which was obtained from the optical density (OD) of each serum sample between the OD of a standard positive control. At the beginning of the study, piglets from immunized sows had high levels of maternal antibodies Ig G. As the weeks passed, these antibodies were decreasing due to normal metabolic process. comparing the difference in the increase in antibody levels between groups 1 and 2, the result being that between week 8 and 12 remain maternal antibodies, but at low levels, with the ability to interfere with the effect of vaccination with antigen Tsol18. Keywords: Taenia solium, Cysticercus cellulosae, Tsol 18 IIL, maternal immunity, maternal antibodies, ELISA. / Tesis

Este estudio presenta los resultados de una investigación que examina el tipo de influencia interlingüística (IIL) presente en la producción oral de la L3 español de estudiantes universitarios brasileños que tienen la L2 inglés. El estudio se basa en dos preguntas de investigación: la primera pregunta (PI 1) trata el tema de la activación de las lenguas previas (L1 vs. L2). La segunda pregunta (PI 2) aborda el efecto de los factores externos al aprendiz (proficiencia en la lengua meta, proficiencia percibida, experiencia con el aprendizaje de lenguas extranjeras y estancia en un país hispanohablante) en la cantidad y el tipo de IIL. Las muestras de producción oral se han elicitado a través de una narrativa. Los datos obtenidos se analizaron tanto cualitativa como cuantitativamente. Los resultados sugieren que la lengua fuente de IIL fue la lengua tipológicamente más cercana, la L1 portugués. Asimismo, la cantidad de IIL disminuye a medida que aumenta el nivel de proficiencia. De la misma forma, los participantes con experiencia previa con el aprendizaje de lenguas extranjeras y con estancia(s) en un país hispanohablante, muestran menos IIL que participantes sin estas experiencias. Con respecto al tipo de IIL, se observó la tendencia general de una disminución en la cantidad de IIL de la forma mientras que la IIL del significado se manifiesta en mayor medida conforme aumenta la proficiencia en la L3 español. / This paper reports the findings of a study that examined the type of cross-linguistic influence (CLI) present in the oral speech production of Brazilian university students of L3 Spanish with L2 English. The study was guided by two research questions: the first asked which background language (L1 vs. L2) would be activated as source of CLI. The second addressed the effect of the proficiency factor and self-perceived proficiency as well as learner external factors such as prior foreign language learning experience and stays abroad in a Spanish speaking country on the amount and type of CLI. The speech production samples were elicited by means of a picture story telling task. The data obtained were analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively. The results suggest that the amount of CLI decreases with increasing proficiency. At the same time, learners with prior foreign language experience and / or with stays in Spanish.speaking countries tend to transfer less than learners without these experiences. With respect to the type of CLI, the overall trend shows a decrease of form-based CLI as the proficiency level in the target language increases. Regarding the meaning-based CLI, the results suggest an increase in occurrence as proficiency increases.

We begin with a short analysis of the history of Investor-State Dispute Settlement (ISDS). We then discuss the merits and demerits of the regime, such as the arguments between finality, speediness, and correctness. Following from this, historical reforms are discussed, and whether those issues have gotten worse or better since these discussions. The modern problems are discussed, leading to the explanation of the “legitimacy crisis”. As Appellate Mechanisms (AM) and Investment Court Systems (ICS) both propose multi layered systems, we argue whether ISDS must be a “one bite at the apple” system. We expand on the issues of regulatory chill, before showing the contradictions in the granting of awards. From this, a discussion is raised on the advantages of a tenured system of adjudicators, particularly in reference to their apparent bias. We delve deeper into the direct consequences of the perceived issues of ISDS, in the context of human rights, the environment, and other issues of sovereignty.As more reforms are suggested, the question of “what makes arbitration, arbitration?” is raised. From here, we may begin to suggest reforms based on which key factors are to be preserved. Firstly, we discuss current reform options, such as the Mauritius Convention. We take inspiration from existing AM, and prior discussions on the implementation of such a system across the International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID) and United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) frameworks. We analyse whether these discussions have led to change by comparing trends in drafting.Thereon, we offer suggestions of reform. ICS and how this would be implemented, what it would look like structurally, and its positive and negative effects. Using the Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (CETA) and other contemporary ICS reform suggestions, we gain some knowledge of what an ICS regime could and should look like, the implementation of AM previously discussed in this regime, and other. Finally, we offer a different solution to the problems, yet less pragmatic, the termination of arbitration.