A dor neuropática (DN) é causada por uma lesão primária ou por uma disfunção no sistema nervoso periférico (SNP) ou central (SNC), sendo que os principais sintomas são a alodinia mecânica e a hiperalgesia a estímulos térmicos e mecânicos. A DN apresenta resposta analgésica insuficiente com terapeuticas farmacológicas clássicas, sendo um desafio para o tratamento clínico. Técnicas de neuromodulação central, como a estimulação transcraniana por corrente contínua (ETCC), representam um recurso promissor no manejo da dor, uma vez que promovem neuroplasticidade em vias envolvidas com o processo doloroso, sendo um método não-invasivo que pode ser combinado com outras terapias. Sendo assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi investigar os efeitos do tratamento repetido com ETCC na resposta hiperalgésica térmica e mecânica em modelo experimental de DN. Adicionalmente, foram avaliados os níveis de IL-1β, IL-10, TNF-α e NGF em estruturas do SNC destes animais. Todos os procedimentos foram aprovado pela Comissão de Ética no Uso de Animais (CEUA/HCPA:120512). Oitenta e quatro ratos machos Wistar foram divididos em 7 grupos: controle, dor neuropática, dor neuropática+ETCC, dor neuropática+sham ETCC, sham dor neuropática, sham dor neuropática+ETCC e sham dor neuropática+sham ETCC. O modelo de DN foi induzido por meio de ligura parcial do nervo isquiático na pata esquerda. O sham do modelo de DN seguiu o mesmo protocolo, com simulação da ligadura parcial do nervo isquiático e o grupo controle não sofreu nenhuma manipulação. O tratamento com ETCC consistiu em 20minutos/dia/8 dias, com intensidade de 0,5mA. Para o sham do tratamento, os eletrodos foram apenas fixados à cabeça do animal durante 20 minutos/dia/8 dias, sem nenhuma estimulação. A hiperalgesia térmica e mecânica foi avaliada por meio dos testes da Placa Quente e de Von Frey, respectivamente, no tempo basal, 7 e 14 dias após a cirurgia e imediatamente, 24 horas e 7 dias após o final do tratamento. Os níveis de IL-1β, IL-10, TNF-α e NGF no cortex cerebral, medula espinhal e tronco cerebral foram determinados por ELISA 48 horas e 7 dias após o final do tratamento. A análise estatística para os testes nociceptivos foi realizada através da Generalized Estimation Equation (GEE)/Bonferroni e para as análises bioquímicas por ANOVA de uma via (IL-1β, IL-10, TNF-α ) e ANOVA de três vias (NGF). Os dados estão expressos como media+erro padrão da média, sendo considerado significativo p<0.05. Nossos resultados demonstraram que a DN altera os níveis de IL-1β, IL-10, TNF-α e NGF no SNC em curto e longo prazo. Além disso, a ETCC reduz a resposta nociceptiva a curto e longo prazo e na modulação dos níveis de citocinas no sistema nervoso central neste modelo. Evidencia-se a importância do papel do sistema imune central nos processos de continuidade da dor neuropática, que pode estar envolvido com as alterações neuroplásticas maladaptativas características dessa patologia. / Neuropathic pain (NP) is caused by a primary insult or dysfunction in the central or peripheral nervous system and its prevalence depends on the type of trauma and related dysfunction. The main symptoms are mechanical allodynia and hyperalgesia to both mechanical and thermal stimuli. NP often shows insufficient response to classic analgesics and remains a challenge to medical treatment and scientific research; and the search for new therapies for this pathology is of fundamental important. Central neuromodulation techniques, such as transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), represent a promising resource to pain management since they promote neuroplasticity in the central system of pain. Moreover, tDCS has the advantages of being a noninvasive technique and can be combined with other interventions. The aim of this study was investigated the effects of tDCS in the thermal and mechanical hyperalgesia induced by chronic constriction injury (CCI) of sciatic nerve and measured its effect on the neurochemical markers (IL-1β, IL-10, TNF-α, and NGF levels) on central nervous system structures. All experiments and procedures were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (GPPG-HCPA No.120512) and performed in accordance with the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals 8th ed. The CCI of sciatic nerve was used for the induction of NP. For sham surgery, the sciatic nerve was exposed similarly, but it was not ligated. The control group did not undergo surgical procedure. After the establishment of NP, the rats of treated groups were subjected to a 20 minutes session of anodal tDCS, every afternoon for eight days, under a direct constant current of 0.5 mA intensity. The thermal and mechanical hyperalgesia was assessed by Hot plate and Von Frey test, respectively, and evaluated on baseline, 7 and 14 days after surgery; immediately, 24 hours and 7 days after treatment. The IL-1β, IL-10, TNF-α and NGF levels on cortex, spinal cord and brainstem were determined by sandwich-ELISA at 48 hours and 7 days after the end of treatment. Data were expressed as the mean±standard error of the mean (S.E.M). Generalized Estimating Equation (GEE) followed by Bonferroni was performed to compare all groups in different times of nociceptive tests and to biochemical data the one-way ANOVA was used to compare the IL-1β, IL-10, TNF-α and three-way ANOVA was used to compare the NGF levels. P-values less than 0.05 were considered significant. SPSS 19.0 for Windows was used for statistical analysis. In summary, we showed that anodal tDCS is effective to relieve NP and modulate cytokine in CCI rat model, and its effect is observed at long-term. In addition, the CCI model induced increased NGF levels in cerebral cortex and spinal cord at long-lasting time, evidencing the important feature of this neurotrophin in neuropathic pain condition. Additionally, we observed an important role of the central immune system in the neuropathic process, which can be involved with the maladaptative neuroplastic changes.

A dor neuropática (DN) é causada por uma lesão primária ou por uma disfunção no sistema nervoso periférico (SNP) ou central (SNC), sendo que os principais sintomas são a alodinia mecânica e a hiperalgesia a estímulos térmicos e mecânicos. A DN apresenta resposta analgésica insuficiente com terapeuticas farmacológicas clássicas, sendo um desafio para o tratamento clínico. Técnicas de neuromodulação central, como a estimulação transcraniana por corrente contínua (ETCC), representam um recurso promissor no manejo da dor, uma vez que promovem neuroplasticidade em vias envolvidas com o processo doloroso, sendo um método não-invasivo que pode ser combinado com outras terapias. Sendo assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi investigar os efeitos do tratamento repetido com ETCC na resposta hiperalgésica térmica e mecânica em modelo experimental de DN. Adicionalmente, foram avaliados os níveis de IL-1β, IL-10, TNF-α e NGF em estruturas do SNC destes animais. Todos os procedimentos foram aprovado pela Comissão de Ética no Uso de Animais (CEUA/HCPA:120512). Oitenta e quatro ratos machos Wistar foram divididos em 7 grupos: controle, dor neuropática, dor neuropática+ETCC, dor neuropática+sham ETCC, sham dor neuropática, sham dor neuropática+ETCC e sham dor neuropática+sham ETCC. O modelo de DN foi induzido por meio de ligura parcial do nervo isquiático na pata esquerda. O sham do modelo de DN seguiu o mesmo protocolo, com simulação da ligadura parcial do nervo isquiático e o grupo controle não sofreu nenhuma manipulação. O tratamento com ETCC consistiu em 20minutos/dia/8 dias, com intensidade de 0,5mA. Para o sham do tratamento, os eletrodos foram apenas fixados à cabeça do animal durante 20 minutos/dia/8 dias, sem nenhuma estimulação. A hiperalgesia térmica e mecânica foi avaliada por meio dos testes da Placa Quente e de Von Frey, respectivamente, no tempo basal, 7 e 14 dias após a cirurgia e imediatamente, 24 horas e 7 dias após o final do tratamento. Os níveis de IL-1β, IL-10, TNF-α e NGF no cortex cerebral, medula espinhal e tronco cerebral foram determinados por ELISA 48 horas e 7 dias após o final do tratamento. A análise estatística para os testes nociceptivos foi realizada através da Generalized Estimation Equation (GEE)/Bonferroni e para as análises bioquímicas por ANOVA de uma via (IL-1β, IL-10, TNF-α ) e ANOVA de três vias (NGF). Os dados estão expressos como media+erro padrão da média, sendo considerado significativo p<0.05. Nossos resultados demonstraram que a DN altera os níveis de IL-1β, IL-10, TNF-α e NGF no SNC em curto e longo prazo. Além disso, a ETCC reduz a resposta nociceptiva a curto e longo prazo e na modulação dos níveis de citocinas no sistema nervoso central neste modelo. Evidencia-se a importância do papel do sistema imune central nos processos de continuidade da dor neuropática, que pode estar envolvido com as alterações neuroplásticas maladaptativas características dessa patologia. / Neuropathic pain (NP) is caused by a primary insult or dysfunction in the central or peripheral nervous system and its prevalence depends on the type of trauma and related dysfunction. The main symptoms are mechanical allodynia and hyperalgesia to both mechanical and thermal stimuli. NP often shows insufficient response to classic analgesics and remains a challenge to medical treatment and scientific research; and the search for new therapies for this pathology is of fundamental important. Central neuromodulation techniques, such as transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), represent a promising resource to pain management since they promote neuroplasticity in the central system of pain. Moreover, tDCS has the advantages of being a noninvasive technique and can be combined with other interventions. The aim of this study was investigated the effects of tDCS in the thermal and mechanical hyperalgesia induced by chronic constriction injury (CCI) of sciatic nerve and measured its effect on the neurochemical markers (IL-1β, IL-10, TNF-α, and NGF levels) on central nervous system structures. All experiments and procedures were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (GPPG-HCPA No.120512) and performed in accordance with the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals 8th ed. The CCI of sciatic nerve was used for the induction of NP. For sham surgery, the sciatic nerve was exposed similarly, but it was not ligated. The control group did not undergo surgical procedure. After the establishment of NP, the rats of treated groups were subjected to a 20 minutes session of anodal tDCS, every afternoon for eight days, under a direct constant current of 0.5 mA intensity. The thermal and mechanical hyperalgesia was assessed by Hot plate and Von Frey test, respectively, and evaluated on baseline, 7 and 14 days after surgery; immediately, 24 hours and 7 days after treatment. The IL-1β, IL-10, TNF-α and NGF levels on cortex, spinal cord and brainstem were determined by sandwich-ELISA at 48 hours and 7 days after the end of treatment. Data were expressed as the mean±standard error of the mean (S.E.M). Generalized Estimating Equation (GEE) followed by Bonferroni was performed to compare all groups in different times of nociceptive tests and to biochemical data the one-way ANOVA was used to compare the IL-1β, IL-10, TNF-α and three-way ANOVA was used to compare the NGF levels. P-values less than 0.05 were considered significant. SPSS 19.0 for Windows was used for statistical analysis. In summary, we showed that anodal tDCS is effective to relieve NP and modulate cytokine in CCI rat model, and its effect is observed at long-term. In addition, the CCI model induced increased NGF levels in cerebral cortex and spinal cord at long-lasting time, evidencing the important feature of this neurotrophin in neuropathic pain condition. Additionally, we observed an important role of the central immune system in the neuropathic process, which can be involved with the maladaptative neuroplastic changes.

A dor neuropática (DN) é causada por uma lesão primária ou por uma disfunção no sistema nervoso periférico (SNP) ou central (SNC), sendo que os principais sintomas são a alodinia mecânica e a hiperalgesia a estímulos térmicos e mecânicos. A DN apresenta resposta analgésica insuficiente com terapeuticas farmacológicas clássicas, sendo um desafio para o tratamento clínico. Técnicas de neuromodulação central, como a estimulação transcraniana por corrente contínua (ETCC), representam um recurso promissor no manejo da dor, uma vez que promovem neuroplasticidade em vias envolvidas com o processo doloroso, sendo um método não-invasivo que pode ser combinado com outras terapias. Sendo assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi investigar os efeitos do tratamento repetido com ETCC na resposta hiperalgésica térmica e mecânica em modelo experimental de DN. Adicionalmente, foram avaliados os níveis de IL-1β, IL-10, TNF-α e NGF em estruturas do SNC destes animais. Todos os procedimentos foram aprovado pela Comissão de Ética no Uso de Animais (CEUA/HCPA:120512). Oitenta e quatro ratos machos Wistar foram divididos em 7 grupos: controle, dor neuropática, dor neuropática+ETCC, dor neuropática+sham ETCC, sham dor neuropática, sham dor neuropática+ETCC e sham dor neuropática+sham ETCC. O modelo de DN foi induzido por meio de ligura parcial do nervo isquiático na pata esquerda. O sham do modelo de DN seguiu o mesmo protocolo, com simulação da ligadura parcial do nervo isquiático e o grupo controle não sofreu nenhuma manipulação. O tratamento com ETCC consistiu em 20minutos/dia/8 dias, com intensidade de 0,5mA. Para o sham do tratamento, os eletrodos foram apenas fixados à cabeça do animal durante 20 minutos/dia/8 dias, sem nenhuma estimulação. A hiperalgesia térmica e mecânica foi avaliada por meio dos testes da Placa Quente e de Von Frey, respectivamente, no tempo basal, 7 e 14 dias após a cirurgia e imediatamente, 24 horas e 7 dias após o final do tratamento. Os níveis de IL-1β, IL-10, TNF-α e NGF no cortex cerebral, medula espinhal e tronco cerebral foram determinados por ELISA 48 horas e 7 dias após o final do tratamento. A análise estatística para os testes nociceptivos foi realizada através da Generalized Estimation Equation (GEE)/Bonferroni e para as análises bioquímicas por ANOVA de uma via (IL-1β, IL-10, TNF-α ) e ANOVA de três vias (NGF). Os dados estão expressos como media+erro padrão da média, sendo considerado significativo p<0.05. Nossos resultados demonstraram que a DN altera os níveis de IL-1β, IL-10, TNF-α e NGF no SNC em curto e longo prazo. Além disso, a ETCC reduz a resposta nociceptiva a curto e longo prazo e na modulação dos níveis de citocinas no sistema nervoso central neste modelo. Evidencia-se a importância do papel do sistema imune central nos processos de continuidade da dor neuropática, que pode estar envolvido com as alterações neuroplásticas maladaptativas características dessa patologia. / Neuropathic pain (NP) is caused by a primary insult or dysfunction in the central or peripheral nervous system and its prevalence depends on the type of trauma and related dysfunction. The main symptoms are mechanical allodynia and hyperalgesia to both mechanical and thermal stimuli. NP often shows insufficient response to classic analgesics and remains a challenge to medical treatment and scientific research; and the search for new therapies for this pathology is of fundamental important. Central neuromodulation techniques, such as transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), represent a promising resource to pain management since they promote neuroplasticity in the central system of pain. Moreover, tDCS has the advantages of being a noninvasive technique and can be combined with other interventions. The aim of this study was investigated the effects of tDCS in the thermal and mechanical hyperalgesia induced by chronic constriction injury (CCI) of sciatic nerve and measured its effect on the neurochemical markers (IL-1β, IL-10, TNF-α, and NGF levels) on central nervous system structures. All experiments and procedures were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (GPPG-HCPA No.120512) and performed in accordance with the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals 8th ed. The CCI of sciatic nerve was used for the induction of NP. For sham surgery, the sciatic nerve was exposed similarly, but it was not ligated. The control group did not undergo surgical procedure. After the establishment of NP, the rats of treated groups were subjected to a 20 minutes session of anodal tDCS, every afternoon for eight days, under a direct constant current of 0.5 mA intensity. The thermal and mechanical hyperalgesia was assessed by Hot plate and Von Frey test, respectively, and evaluated on baseline, 7 and 14 days after surgery; immediately, 24 hours and 7 days after treatment. The IL-1β, IL-10, TNF-α and NGF levels on cortex, spinal cord and brainstem were determined by sandwich-ELISA at 48 hours and 7 days after the end of treatment. Data were expressed as the mean±standard error of the mean (S.E.M). Generalized Estimating Equation (GEE) followed by Bonferroni was performed to compare all groups in different times of nociceptive tests and to biochemical data the one-way ANOVA was used to compare the IL-1β, IL-10, TNF-α and three-way ANOVA was used to compare the NGF levels. P-values less than 0.05 were considered significant. SPSS 19.0 for Windows was used for statistical analysis. In summary, we showed that anodal tDCS is effective to relieve NP and modulate cytokine in CCI rat model, and its effect is observed at long-term. In addition, the CCI model induced increased NGF levels in cerebral cortex and spinal cord at long-lasting time, evidencing the important feature of this neurotrophin in neuropathic pain condition. Additionally, we observed an important role of the central immune system in the neuropathic process, which can be involved with the maladaptative neuroplastic changes.

La maladie d’Alzheimer (AD), pathologie neurodégénérative progressive, est caractérisée par des dépôts β-amyloïdes extracellulaires, des enchevêtrements neurofibrillaires intracellulaires de Tau et une dégénérescence neuronale. A travers les nombreux modèles transgéniques AD disponibles, les connaissances sur les peptides amyloïdes et la protéine Tau ne cessent de progresser. Mais contrairement aux cas génétiques, l’étiologie des cas sporadiques d’AD reste à ce jour idiopathique, rendant difficile d’établir une stratégie thérapeutique efficace. Au cours d’une étude sur l’implication des protéines kinases dans la pathogénèse d’AD, des collaborateurs ont fait une observation totalement inattendue, mais très intéressante: une molécule de faible poids moléculaire, serait capable d’induire une production spécifique d’Aβ1-42 sans altérer les niveaux d’Aβ1-40 dans un modèle de lignée cellulaire. Dans ce contexte, le projet de thèse portait sur l’utilisation de dérivé purique (PD1) pour développer des modèles AD induits chimiquement sur différents supports (culture primaire de neurones, culture organotypique d’hippocampe et souris) et en investiguer les mécanismes sous-jacents à l’augmentation des peptides A1-42 (issus du métabolisme de l’APP (Amyloid precursor protein)).La première partie du projet de thèse a permis de mettre en évidence dans un contexte in vitro (culture primaire de neurones et culture organotypique d’hippocampe) que PD1 à forte dose induisait une augmentation du ratio Aβ42/40 et de manière répétable. Fort de ces résultats, nous avons voulu étudier les mécanismes d’action de PD1 autour de deux hypothèses : interaction dans le métabolisme de l’APP et implication des cellules gliales. Contrairement à nos premières hypothèses, nous avons montré que PD1 aurait de potentiels effets anti-inflammatoires (i.e. IL-1β) in vitro et in vivo. La voie de signalisation de l’IL-1β étant de plus en plus incriminée dans la pathogenèse d’Alzheimer; nous nous sommes interrogés sur l’effet dual de PD1 : outil pharmacologique alzheimerigène ou candidat médicament pour le traitement d’AD? / Alzheimer’s disease (AD), a progressive neurodegenerative disorder, appears to be associated with an increase in a particular form of β-amyloid deposits, intracellular Tau tangles and neuronal degeneration. Through many available transgenic AD models, knowledge about amyloid peptides and Tau protein continues to increase. However, in contrast to the genetic cases of AD, the etiology of sporadic AD cases remains unknown, making the establishment of an effective therapeutic strategy difficult.During the course of a study on the role of protein kinase involved in AD, our collaborators made an unexpected but very interesting observation. They identified a low molecular weight compound able to induce production of Aβ1-42 while the level of the much less toxic form Aβ1-40 remained constant. This selective induction of Aβ1-42 versus Aβ1-40 was observed in a cell line model. Therefore, the overall goal of the project thesis was based on the use of purine derivative (PD1) to understand the molecular mechanisms underlying the selective production of Aβ1-42. This would allow us to establish cellular assays and a chemically-induced animal AD model relevant to studies on the treatment and prevention of AD.The first part of this project allowed us to demonstrate in vitro that PD1, at high dose, repeatedly induced an increase in Aβ42/40 ratio in primary neurons and in neuronal hippocampal slice culture (OHSCs). Based on these facts, we analyzed the amyloid profile by focusing on APP metabolism and on glial cell activity. In contrary to our hypothesis, we highlighted whether PD1 exhibits potential anti-inflammatory properties (i.e. IL-1β) both in vitro and in vivo. The IL-1β pathway is more and more linked in the AD pathogen which leads us to consider that PD1 could have a dual effect : alzheimerogenic pharmacological tool or potential drug candidate for the treatment of AD ?

Breast cancer is the most common cancer type with a high annual death rate. Finding meaningful tissue-related or body-fluid-accessible biomarkers is necessary to characterize cancer subtype, predict tumor behavior, choose the most effective therapy, predict severe treatment-related toxicities, and also the opportunity to personalize treatments for each patient. There is increasing evidence that various kallikrein-related peptidases (Klk) gene family members can modulate the immune response and are differentially regulated in breast cancer, and therefore are proposed to be potential prognostic biomarkers. This work established and validated an experimental setup to study the roles of selected kallikrein-related peptidases (KLK5, KLK7, KLK14) in breast cancer in vivo using gene-deficient mouse models previously generated in our laboratory. We used the CRISPR/Cas9 (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats) editing system to generate several E0771 cell line-based reporter and gene-deficient cell lines. These allowed enhanced monitoring of cancer progression in vivo and studying KLKs roles in tumor immune microenvironment of C57Bl/6N mice. Finally, we present the analysis of the initial in vivo experiments using these tools combined with established Klk-deficient mouse models. Our...

In this study, we aimed to determine the levels of cytokines IL-1β, IL-4, IL-10, IFN-γ, MIF and VEGF in tears derived from healthy subjects. We tested cytokines as potential markers of inflammation for their potential use in clinical practice. Having reliable method for measuring cytokine levels in tears would enable an early diagnosis of eye diseases. In two phases, cytokines in tears of healthy individuals were analyzed using Bio-Plex Cytokine Assay (Bio-Rad). We assessed the suitability of methods for diagnostic purposes as well as the suitability of our selected cytokines. Statistically significant positive correlations of cytokines were confirmed: IL-10 with IFN-γ (r = 0,81), MIF with VEGF (r = 0,42 / r = 0,49), IL-1β with IL-10 (r = 0,52), IL-1β with IFN-γ (r = 0,55), IL-1β with VEGF (r = 0,38), IFN-γ with VEGF (r = 0,45) and IL-4 with VEGF (r = 0,48) in healthy subjects in tears. IL-4 (r = -0,37) and IFN-γ (r = -0,42) correlate negatively with age. In healthy individuals, there seem to be no differences with regard to gender, BMI, body fat, time of meal consumption prior to tear collection, eye strain when using a computer, dry eyes. Thus, studied cytokines are suitable for diagnostic purposes. Significant differences in concentrations of four (IL-1β, IL-10, IFN-γ a VEGF) of the five...