Thesis (M.S.)--University of Michigan, 1982.

Essa tese aborda dois tópicos pouco explorados na literatura científica brasileira: a síndrome da morte súbita do lactente (SMSL) e o coleito. O objetivo principal foi avaliar o impacto de uma intervenção educativa individual para mães na maternidade, em relação ao posicionamento para dormir da criança. Secundariamente, verificou-se a prevalência de coleito e os fatores associados a esse arranjo para dormir. Realizou-se um ensaio clínico randomizado com 228 duplas de mães e seus filhos. A intervenção consistia em uma sessão individual de orientação na maternidade sobre a importância da posição supina para a criança dormir na prevenção da SMSL. O desfecho principal foi a posição de dormir da criança aos três e seis meses de idade, registrada durante visitas domiciliares. Regressão de Poisson foi utilizada para identificar os fatores associados ao coleito. Em relação ao posicionamento de dormir da criança, conforme relatado pela mãe. 42,9% das mães do grupo intervenção e 24,0% das mães do grupo controle colocavam seus filhos para dormir na posição supina na visita aos três meses (p= 0,009). A intervenção no hospital foi a única variável que influenciou as práticas maternas em relação à posição de dormir da criança (RC= 1,35; IC 95% = 1,08 - 1,64). A prevalência de coleito aos três e seis meses foi de, respectivamente, 31,2% e 28,5%. Aos três meses, o coleito estava associado a mãe sem companheiro (RP= 1,56; IC= 1,01-2,39) e a coabitação com a avó materna da criança (RP= 1,70; IC= 1,09-1,65). Concluindo, uma sessão educativa individual na maternidade aumentou significativamente a prevalência da posição supina para dormir no terceiro mês de vida da criança, mas não foi suficiente para garantir que a maioria das mães colocasse seus filhos para dormir nessa posição. Quanto ao coleito, ele se mostrou comum nos primeiros seis meses, estando associado à mãe sem companheiro e a coabitação com a avó materna da criança. / This study addresses two that issues have been little studied in the Brazilian scientific literature: sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) and bedsharing. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of an individual educational intervention given to mothers in the maternity ward regarding the infant sleep position. Secondarily we verified the prevalence of bedsharing and the variables associated to with this sleep arrangement. A randomized clinical trial was performed, in which 228 pairs of mothers-infants were included. The intervention consisted in an individual educational session for mothers in the maternity ward, concerning the recommendation of the supine position for infant sleep to prevent SIDS. The main outcome was the position in which the infant slept at night at three and six months, registered during home visits. The Poisson regression was applied to identify the factors associated with bedsharing. Regarding the infant sleep position, according to mothers' report, 42.9 percent of the mothers in the intervention group and 24.0 percent of the control group put their infants to sleep in the supine position at three months' visit (p= 0.009). The intervention in the hospital was the only variable that influenced maternal practices concerning the infant sleep position (OR= 1.33; CI 95% = 1.08 - 1.64). The prevalence of bedsharing at three and six months was, respectively, 31.2 and 28.5 percent. At three months bedsharing was associated to mother without partner (prevalence ratio [PR] 1.56; CI 1.01-2.39) and mother sharing the home with infant's maternal grandmother (PR= 1.70; CI= 1.09 - 1.65). We conclude that an individual educational session in the maternity ward significantly increased the prevalence of the infant's supine sleep position at three months. However, the intervention was not sufficient to assure the majority of the mothers would put their infants to sleep at this position. Bedsharing was common at the first six months of life and was associated with single mothers and sharing the home with infant's maternal grandmother.

Essa tese aborda dois tópicos pouco explorados na literatura científica brasileira: a síndrome da morte súbita do lactente (SMSL) e o coleito. O objetivo principal foi avaliar o impacto de uma intervenção educativa individual para mães na maternidade, em relação ao posicionamento para dormir da criança. Secundariamente, verificou-se a prevalência de coleito e os fatores associados a esse arranjo para dormir. Realizou-se um ensaio clínico randomizado com 228 duplas de mães e seus filhos. A intervenção consistia em uma sessão individual de orientação na maternidade sobre a importância da posição supina para a criança dormir na prevenção da SMSL. O desfecho principal foi a posição de dormir da criança aos três e seis meses de idade, registrada durante visitas domiciliares. Regressão de Poisson foi utilizada para identificar os fatores associados ao coleito. Em relação ao posicionamento de dormir da criança, conforme relatado pela mãe. 42,9% das mães do grupo intervenção e 24,0% das mães do grupo controle colocavam seus filhos para dormir na posição supina na visita aos três meses (p= 0,009). A intervenção no hospital foi a única variável que influenciou as práticas maternas em relação à posição de dormir da criança (RC= 1,35; IC 95% = 1,08 - 1,64). A prevalência de coleito aos três e seis meses foi de, respectivamente, 31,2% e 28,5%. Aos três meses, o coleito estava associado a mãe sem companheiro (RP= 1,56; IC= 1,01-2,39) e a coabitação com a avó materna da criança (RP= 1,70; IC= 1,09-1,65). Concluindo, uma sessão educativa individual na maternidade aumentou significativamente a prevalência da posição supina para dormir no terceiro mês de vida da criança, mas não foi suficiente para garantir que a maioria das mães colocasse seus filhos para dormir nessa posição. Quanto ao coleito, ele se mostrou comum nos primeiros seis meses, estando associado à mãe sem companheiro e a coabitação com a avó materna da criança. / This study addresses two that issues have been little studied in the Brazilian scientific literature: sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) and bedsharing. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of an individual educational intervention given to mothers in the maternity ward regarding the infant sleep position. Secondarily we verified the prevalence of bedsharing and the variables associated to with this sleep arrangement. A randomized clinical trial was performed, in which 228 pairs of mothers-infants were included. The intervention consisted in an individual educational session for mothers in the maternity ward, concerning the recommendation of the supine position for infant sleep to prevent SIDS. The main outcome was the position in which the infant slept at night at three and six months, registered during home visits. The Poisson regression was applied to identify the factors associated with bedsharing. Regarding the infant sleep position, according to mothers' report, 42.9 percent of the mothers in the intervention group and 24.0 percent of the control group put their infants to sleep in the supine position at three months' visit (p= 0.009). The intervention in the hospital was the only variable that influenced maternal practices concerning the infant sleep position (OR= 1.33; CI 95% = 1.08 - 1.64). The prevalence of bedsharing at three and six months was, respectively, 31.2 and 28.5 percent. At three months bedsharing was associated to mother without partner (prevalence ratio [PR] 1.56; CI 1.01-2.39) and mother sharing the home with infant's maternal grandmother (PR= 1.70; CI= 1.09 - 1.65). We conclude that an individual educational session in the maternity ward significantly increased the prevalence of the infant's supine sleep position at three months. However, the intervention was not sufficient to assure the majority of the mothers would put their infants to sleep at this position. Bedsharing was common at the first six months of life and was associated with single mothers and sharing the home with infant's maternal grandmother.

Essa tese aborda dois tópicos pouco explorados na literatura científica brasileira: a síndrome da morte súbita do lactente (SMSL) e o coleito. O objetivo principal foi avaliar o impacto de uma intervenção educativa individual para mães na maternidade, em relação ao posicionamento para dormir da criança. Secundariamente, verificou-se a prevalência de coleito e os fatores associados a esse arranjo para dormir. Realizou-se um ensaio clínico randomizado com 228 duplas de mães e seus filhos. A intervenção consistia em uma sessão individual de orientação na maternidade sobre a importância da posição supina para a criança dormir na prevenção da SMSL. O desfecho principal foi a posição de dormir da criança aos três e seis meses de idade, registrada durante visitas domiciliares. Regressão de Poisson foi utilizada para identificar os fatores associados ao coleito. Em relação ao posicionamento de dormir da criança, conforme relatado pela mãe. 42,9% das mães do grupo intervenção e 24,0% das mães do grupo controle colocavam seus filhos para dormir na posição supina na visita aos três meses (p= 0,009). A intervenção no hospital foi a única variável que influenciou as práticas maternas em relação à posição de dormir da criança (RC= 1,35; IC 95% = 1,08 - 1,64). A prevalência de coleito aos três e seis meses foi de, respectivamente, 31,2% e 28,5%. Aos três meses, o coleito estava associado a mãe sem companheiro (RP= 1,56; IC= 1,01-2,39) e a coabitação com a avó materna da criança (RP= 1,70; IC= 1,09-1,65). Concluindo, uma sessão educativa individual na maternidade aumentou significativamente a prevalência da posição supina para dormir no terceiro mês de vida da criança, mas não foi suficiente para garantir que a maioria das mães colocasse seus filhos para dormir nessa posição. Quanto ao coleito, ele se mostrou comum nos primeiros seis meses, estando associado à mãe sem companheiro e a coabitação com a avó materna da criança. / This study addresses two that issues have been little studied in the Brazilian scientific literature: sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) and bedsharing. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of an individual educational intervention given to mothers in the maternity ward regarding the infant sleep position. Secondarily we verified the prevalence of bedsharing and the variables associated to with this sleep arrangement. A randomized clinical trial was performed, in which 228 pairs of mothers-infants were included. The intervention consisted in an individual educational session for mothers in the maternity ward, concerning the recommendation of the supine position for infant sleep to prevent SIDS. The main outcome was the position in which the infant slept at night at three and six months, registered during home visits. The Poisson regression was applied to identify the factors associated with bedsharing. Regarding the infant sleep position, according to mothers' report, 42.9 percent of the mothers in the intervention group and 24.0 percent of the control group put their infants to sleep in the supine position at three months' visit (p= 0.009). The intervention in the hospital was the only variable that influenced maternal practices concerning the infant sleep position (OR= 1.33; CI 95% = 1.08 - 1.64). The prevalence of bedsharing at three and six months was, respectively, 31.2 and 28.5 percent. At three months bedsharing was associated to mother without partner (prevalence ratio [PR] 1.56; CI 1.01-2.39) and mother sharing the home with infant's maternal grandmother (PR= 1.70; CI= 1.09 - 1.65). We conclude that an individual educational session in the maternity ward significantly increased the prevalence of the infant's supine sleep position at three months. However, the intervention was not sufficient to assure the majority of the mothers would put their infants to sleep at this position. Bedsharing was common at the first six months of life and was associated with single mothers and sharing the home with infant's maternal grandmother.

A necessidade de usar a idade corrigida nos recém-nascidos pré-termos (RNPTs) ao avaliar o desenvolvimento motor (DM) é um assunto controverso. Para verificar a necessidade de usar a correção de idade nos primeiros seis meses de idade corrigida, 43 RNPTs foram analisados, por meio da Alberta Infant Motor Scale (AIMS), como um todo e divididos em dois grupos segundo a idade gestacional. Os resultados sugerem que há diferença estatística significativa no DM, quando se utiliza a idade cronológica. Portanto, há necessidade de corrigir a idade, para não subestimar o DM dos RNPTs, classificando-os como atrasado / The need of using the corrected age in pre-term infants (PT) to assess the motor development (MD) is a controversial issue. To verify the need of using the corrected age, during the first six months the corrected age, 43 PT were analysed according to Alberta Infant Motor Scale (AIMS), as one group and as divided into two groups according to gestational age. The results suggested that there is statistically significance in the MD, when the chronological age is used. In conclusion, there is the need of correcting the age, in order not to under-estimate the MD of PT, classifying them as delayed

Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common neurodevelopmental disorder diagnosed in childhood. It is largely accepted that ADHD is a product of gene-environment interactions and method of infant feeding has been proposed as a factor influencing the expression and/or severity of ADHD. The objectives of this study were to determine the relationship between infant feeding (i.e. formula feeding or breast feeding) and subsequent hyperactive/inattentive (H/I) behaviours and ADHD diagnosis and if the relationship between infant feeding and academic performance is moderated by H/I scale score. This study used data from the 2000/1, 2002/3, 2006/7 and 2008/9 cycles of the National Longitudinal Survey of Children and Youth (NLSCY) (n= 3,895) to follow children longitudinally from the age of 0 to 1 years old to 6 to 7 years old. Infant feeding at 0 to 1 years old, and child H/I score, ADHD diagnosis and academic performance scores at 6 to 7 years old were reported by the biological mother. Multivariable logistic and linear regression were used to determine the relationship between infant feeding and H/I score, ADHD and academic performance adjusting for a range of sociodemographic, birth and home environment factors. Breastfeeding for more than 12 months was found to be significantly associated with decreased H/I scale scores in the most adjusted model (OR=0.3; 95% CI 0.2-0.8, p<0.01). Infant feeding was not associated with ADHD diagnosis and there was no moderating effect of the H/I score on the relationship between breastfeeding and academic performance. A small proportion of mothers breastfeed beyond one year in Canada and this study shows that there might be important child benefits incurred by breastfeeding for longer than 12 months. / May 2016

This study explores the professional values which underpin choices made on behalf of young children (three to seven year olds) for learning a foreign language in English nursery, infant and primary schools. Since the Education Reform Act of 1988, young children in maintained early years settings have been excluded from the modern foreign languages curriculum in England. The aim of this inquiry is to expose the belief systems of individuals in institutions with the power to influence the quality of the early learning experience and notions of status and control with regard to the conceptualisation of both 'childhood' and 'foreign language education'. A value position is unavoidable: any interest on the part of the researcher has been set aside to eliminate traces of attachment and to ensure, as far as possible, an unbiased inquiry. The research questions which lead the investigation are as follows: • Why are modern foreign languages omitted from Government policies for nursery settings and from the National Curriculum at Key Stage 1? • To what extent, if at all, have local education authorities in England already established foreign language initiatives for young learners? • What are the challenges facing schools in the current context for the implementation of a national policy? • What is the underpinning structure that supports the policy making framework for this area of the early years curriculum? For the purpose of this study, the term 'policy maker' is used to encompass headteachers (micro level), local education authority advisers (meso level) and national authorities (macro level). Research methods include case study, postal questionnaire and indepth interviews. Outcomes are presented as an analysis of innovation in one English county, perceptions of early language learning in local education authorities and discussions with policy makers at the national level. A research study which links education policy making, constructions of childhood and theories about modern foreign language acquisition has not yet been conducted in England. It is anticipated that this investigation will contribute to the debate on curriculum and values at the turn of the millennium based on new paradigms for the sociology of childhood and the perceived needs of young children in an increasingly multicultural, multilingual society. The notion of 'bilingualism' will be deconstructed and reconstructed within an inclusive spectrum: the bilingual continuum. The outcomes of the study are likely to have implications for future education policy and practice.

Eradication of polio outbreaks and tetanus neonatorum mortality, as well as lowering Egyptian infant mortality to less than 50 per 1000 live births, were specific goals to be achieved by the year 2000. National television immunization campaigns were launched to persuade mothers to change their attitude and vaccinate their children against the killer diseases. This study investigates the effects of these campaigns on mothers' knowledge, attitude, and behaviour regarding immunization in Egypt. A comparative study was conducted among three groups of mothers who have a child three to twelve months of age. A total of 158 mothers were selected, by systematic random sample technique (1:2), from the part of Kolosna village, in Upper Egypt, which is supplied with electricity, to constitute the viewer group. From the other part of the same village, which is not yet supplied with electricity, all mothers (98) were selected, representing the non viewer group. Another 76 mothers were selected from two prestigious social clubs in Cairo, to represent a second control group of known social class and educational level. Through comparing mothers' knowledge, attitude, and behaviour between the viewer and the non viewer groups, the effect of television immunization messages can be illustrated. Similarly, comparing the village viewer with the Cairo viewer group determines the effects of some intervening factors such as educational level, health professionals, or experience With a structured interview, mothers in the viewer group showed a significant positive and stable attitude and behaviour towards immunization, as well as more correct knowledge when compared with the non viewer group, demonstrating the positive role of television in child health promotion. Television enhances mothers' efficiency to use the available health services and promotes their perceived control over children's health. Health professionals, experience, and social support can potentiate the television's positive role. Educational level, occupation, baby's sex, or mothers' age are insignificant factors in changing mothers' attitude and behaviour.

Infant number perception is a topic that has been studied for many years, but many questions remain regarding what cues infants use to make these discriminations, when and how these abilities develop, and what systems are responsible for infants’ number processing. In the domain of small number perception (quantities less than four), researchers have studied the effects of continuous extent on infants’ number discrimination (Clearfield & Mix, 1999; 2001). While evidence exists that infants can use continuous extent to make discriminations, it is not clear how much influence continuous extent has on infants’ behavior in these tasks. Another issue that has not been thoroughly addressed is the role of featural information in number discrimination. Few studies exist in which featural information is manipulated so that this issue can be addressed. The current study was designed to address these issues as well as to study infant number discrimination from a developmental perspective across several ages. Infants, aged 9-, 11-, and 13-months, completed a categorization task in which they were habituated to pictures of objects (e.g. bowl, tree, shoe) in either groups of two or groups of three. They saw four different sets of objects throughout habituation. In the test phase, infants saw both new and old objects in both groups of two and three. The 9-month-olds discriminated number independent of whether the object was familiar or novel. In contrast, the 11- month-olds appeared to discriminate between the familiar and novel objects. And, the 13-month-olds exhibited a combination of these two patterns; they discriminated between the familiar and novel object when the number of objects was familiar, but not when the number of objects was novel. These data suggest that number is an easily abstracted construct and that early number representations do not contain any featural information. As infants get older, they begin to incorporate featural information into their representations, but they do so in a step-wise fashion, as demonstrated by the 13-month-olds. Therefore, featural information does not appear to be important for small number discrimination at early ages, but infants do begin to integrate featural information as they develop. / text

Psychology / We examined the relationship between infant attractiveness and adult affect, focusing on the potential link between affect and differential treatment of attractive and unattractive infants in a two-phase study. In Phase 1, we investigated whether differing levels of infant facial attractiveness would elicit positive and negative affect from adults (N=87) using electromyography. Unattractive infant faces evoked significantly more corrugator supercilii and levator labii superioris movement (physiological correlates of negative affect) than attractive infant faces. In Phase 2, we measured caregiving behavior and explicit bias of the same adults toward two infant simulators, one attractive and one unattractive. Participants’ positive affect, as measured by the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule, and explicit biases predicted how well they cared for the infant simulators, but their affect measured by the facial muscle movements in the EMG portion of the study did not. These results suggest that unattractive infants may be at risk for negative affective responses from adults, though the relationship between those responses and caregiving behavior remains elusive. / text