M-96-015 did not appear to effectively control woolly whitefly but does appear to kill citrus mealybug. However, as with other insecticides coverage is a problem. The real benefit of M-96-015 towards citrus mealybug would occur if it prevented their spread. However, we were not able to measure this in this study. As with previous trials, M-96-015 is an effective citrus thrips material.

Call number: LD2668 .T4 1959 P43

Orientador: Marcelo da Costa Ferreira / Banca: Otavio Jorge Grigoli Abi Saab / Banca: Arlindo Leal Boiça Junior / Banca: Hamilton Humberto Ramos / Banca: Raphael de Campos Castilho / Resumo: Tendo em vista, manter as populações de pragas em densidades baixas, táticas de controle são adotadas como alternativas para manter a viabilidade econômica. O uso de inseticidas é uma das práticas mais utilizadas na agricultura para o controle de insetos-praga, porém, os bioinseticidas à base de Bt, tem sido utilizado como complemento ao controle químico, assim como a adição de aditivos, como os adjuvantes e o Silício (Si). Neste sentido, o objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o efeito do controle das lagartas desfolhadoras na cultura da soja com inseticida químico, biológico e sua mistura, combinados ou não a aditivos (silicio foliar e óleo mineral). Experimentos foram conduzidos no Núcleo de Estudo e Desenvolvimento em Tecnologia de Aplicação - NEDTA da UNESP, Câmpus de Jaboticabal. Os tratamentos avaliados foram, inseticidas químico e biológico, isolados ou associados ao adjuvante e silício foliar. Os fatores de estudo foram depósito, cobertura e caracterização de gotas, tensão superficial, ãngulo de contato, mortalidade das lepidópeteras e produtividade da cultura. A combinação entre o inseticida químico (indoxacarbe) e o biológico (Bacillus thuringiensis) com ou sem aditivos, reduziu a tensão superficial, alterou o ângulo de contato, diminuiu a % de gotas < 100 μm e o SPAN. E comprometeu a eficiência de controle da H. armigera, a adição de aditivos promoveram efeitos positivos na eficiência de controle da lagarta. O terço superior da planta recebeu maior depósito e cobertura... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: In order to keep pests in low densities, control tactics are adopted as alternatives to maintain economic viability. The use of insecticides is one of the most used practices in agriculture for the control of insect pests. However, Bt-based bio-insecticides have been used as a complement to chemical control. As well as the addition of additives such as adjuvants and Silicon (Si). In this sense, the objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of the control of leafhopper caterpillars on the soybean crop with chemical and biological insecticide and its mixture, combined or not with additives (foliar fertilizer and adjuvant). Experiments were conducted at the Phytosanitary Treatment Laboratory at the Nucleus of Study and Development in Application Technology - NEDTA of UNESP, Câmpus de Jaboticabal. The evaluated treatments were chemical and biological insecticides, isolated or associated to the adjuvant and foliar silicon. The study factors were deposition, coverage and characterization of droplets, surface tension, contact angle, lepidoptera mortality and crop productivity. The combination of the chemical insecticide (indoxacarb) and the biological insecticide (Bacillus thuringiensis) with or without the additives reduced surface tension, altered the angle of, decreased droplets <100 μm and SPAN compromised control efficiency. H. armigera, the addition of additives promoted positive effects on the control efficiency of. The upper third of the plant received greater deposi... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

Digitized by Kansas Correctional Industries

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro / O córrego de São Lourenço (Nova Friburgo RJ), situado na principal região agrícola do estado, representa um importante manancial hídrico do município de Nova Friburgo que percorre um vale onde se concentram as principais lavouras responsáveis pela produção de olerícolas do Estado. Esta localidade apresenta expressiva relação de consumo de agrotóxicos por trabalhador (56 kg/trabalhador/ano). Assim, este córrego recebe todos os resíduos provenientes das lavouras situadas em suas margens. As águas desse córrego são usadas após tratamento pela população residente na área metropolitana e, são usadas sem tratamento pela população residente em suas margens. Este estudo tem como objetivo avaliar a contaminação das águas desse córrego por agrotóxicos anticolinesterásicos. Amostras de água foram coletadas mensalmente de abril/07 a fevereiro/08, em seis pontos do Córrego São Lourenço e em um ponto do Córrego das Paixões. Foram utilizadas garrafas previamente rinsadas com metanol e enxaguadas várias vezes com água destilada. A avaliação dos níveis de pesticidas se deu por método enzimático descrito por Cunha Bastos et al (1991) e pela etapa de concentração e extração dos pesticidas em coluna de carvão ativado foi adaptada a partir do método descrito por Kaipper et al. (2001), que possui a vantagem de ser um teste rápido de avaliação inicial e de baixo custo. Como controle negativo foi usado águas coletadas no ponto um, situado em área de floresta, sem terras cultivadas ao redor. Foram geradas 72 amostras, onde 33 apresentaram indícios de contaminação, mas apenas uma atingiu o limite de detecção do método, 5 ppb, em maio/07. Estes resultados, principalmente os obtidos nos pontos localizados na parte final do córrego São Lourenço, sugerem, além da utilização recente de agrotóxicos, a importância de fatores climatológicos e do regime do uso de tais compostos possivelmente interferindo na detecção dos resíduos em questão / The São Lourenço river, located in the main agriculture region of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, represents an important water supply for the Municipality of Nova Friburgo. This region is very fertile concentrating most of the vegetables production of Rio de Janeiro. The area presents an expressive rate of pesticides consumption per worker, estimated in about 56 kg/worker/year. The São Lourenço river receives all residues from the area and, with no water treatment, provides the water supply for the population living in its margins. After conventional treatment its water also supplies the metropolitan area of the City of Nova Friburgo. This study focuses its levels of contamination by pesticides. Water samples were collected, monthly, from april/07 february/08 at six points of the São Lourenço river using sterile 1 L plastic bottles previously washed with methanol and rinsed several times with distilled water. Evaluation of the pesticides levels were carried out a through an enzymatic method described by Cunha Bastos et al (1991), with presents the advantages of low cost and rapid assessment, for initial screening. Water collected at the source of the São Lourenço was used as a negative control. This spring is located at the same region but in the middle of forest with no cultivated lands around it. Concentrations of acetylcolinesterase inhibitors was found in 33 analisys, but only one apresented concentraition of inhibitors some than the method limity (5 ppb), detected in point number 3, in may/07, located in the main agriculture in the region of São Lourenço. These results, suggests that besides recent use of anticholinesterasic compounds, others factors are to be considered: climatologic factors and the regimen of use of such compounds. They are considered altogether interfering in a significant way in the detection of the residues in subject. Although the remaining water samples of the study presented values lower than possible for the enzymatic method detect, its use is highly recommended for agricultural areas, due to the need of simples and low cost routine screening methods to alert on risks for human population an environmental

Environmental factors such as chemical contamination can have immunomodulatory effects on the immune response of fish and may be contributing to the decline in salmonid populations by augmenting disease susceptibility. Xenobiotics can interfere with the immune system at several levels of complexity, and different immune cells and processes have variable sensitivity to pollutants. For this reason, a suite of tests is required to evaluate immunomodulatory mechanisms. In this thesis, I formulated and calibrated an assay for the detection of humoral immunity for chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawvtscha). Subsequently, I used this technique in conjunction with other immune and endocrine assays to detect effects of embryonic exposure to o,p'-DDE, a known environmental estrogen. The technique combines exposure of whole animals or leukocyte cultures to immunomodulatory agents/conditions with in vitro mitogenic activation of B-lymphocytes. The proportion of leukocytes undergoing blastogenesis following in vitro stimulation with lipopolysaccaride (LPS) was quantified by flow cytometric analysis of forward and side scatter properties. In addition, I used a fluorescein isothiocyanate labeled anti-rainbow trout surface immunoglobin monoclonal antibody (anti-RBT SIgM-FITC) to determine the ability of the lymphoblasts to express surface immunoglobin (SIgM) through flow cytometry. I used the assay to evaluate the effects of short-term exposures to o,p'-DDE during early life history stages on the long-term immune competence of fall chinook salmon. Immersion of chinook salmon eggs in 10 ppm o,p'-DDE for 1 h at fertilization followed by 2 h at hatch caused significant reductions in the ability of splenic leukocytes to undergo blastogenesis and express SIgM upon in vitro stimulation with LPS one year after treatment (ANOVA, P<0.05). The concentration of o,p'-DDE in fry treated with 10 ppm o,p'-DDE was 0.92 ��g g����� lipid one month post first feeding. The chemical persisted through development and, one year after exposure, levels in juvenile muscle tissue were 0.94 ��g g����� lipid. Mortality rate, time to hatch, fish size, sex ratios, gonadal development, plasma estradiol and 11-ketotestosterone concentrations were not affected by treatment with o,p'-DDE. In addition, neither plasma lysozyme concentration, nor mitogenic response of splenic leukocytes to concanavallin A or polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid were influenced by the treatment. A short period of exposure to an estrogenic chemical during early periods of development induced long term effects on humoral immune competence of chinook salmon. I discuss the possibility that the xenobiotic is exerting its activity through steroid-mediated pathways. / Graduation date: 2002

Toxicological studies were carried out to evaluate the susceptibility of codling moth, Cydia pomonella L. to different insecticides. Bioassay procedures for adults and larvae were standardized in terms of posttreatment holding and temperature, age and sex of insects, insecticide formulations and selection of a reference strain. This study detected a low level of resistance to azinphosmethyl in codling moth from Oregon. The LD50 value of the most susceptible strain was 0.038 ug AI/moth, while that of the most resistant population was approximately 4.3 times higher as determined by the topical application method on pheromone traps. The adult topical bioassay using moths reared in the laboratory showed that two of the seven strains tested (Crippens and Medford) had 4-5 fold higher LD50 values than reference (Saint Cloud) strain. In the topical and residual studies with first instar larvae, similar but slightly lower differences were observed among the different populations. There was a strong indication of low levels of resistance in populations to diazinon and fenvalerate in topical tests applied to both males and females. However, there was no significant difference for carbaryl or endosulfan. Larval topical bioassays showed a significant difference only to diazinon. Correlation analysis suggests that a degree of cross-resistance exists between azinphosmethyl and diazinon and to some extent to fenvalerate. Codling moths exposed to the residues of diflubenzuron showed a maximum of 2-fold difference between the susceptible and resistant populations. The differences were visible in terms of egg hatch and first instar larval entries. The pupal and adult stages emerging from the treated apples exposed to ovipositing females showed insignificant sublethal effects. A strong positive correlation between the resistance to azinphosmethyl and resistance to diflubenzuron was noticed. Selection of codling moths for resistance to diflubenzuron for six generations in the laboratory decreased susceptibility by 5-fold. Application of synergists such as PBO and DEF, combined with azinphosmethyl and diflubenzuron, showed slightly different effects on all strains of codling moth. Use of PBO (a P-450 inhibiting compound) with azinphosmethyl and diflubenzuron did not change toxicity of either of the compounds. However, the combination of DEF (an esterase inhibiting compound) with the insecticides significantly increased the toxicity of azinphosmethyl and to some extent diflubenzuron. The maximum synergistic ratios obtained were 8 and 2 for azinphosmethyl and diflubenzuron, respectively. These results indicate a possible involvement of esterases in development of resistance in codling moth to azinphosmethyl and maybe to diflubenzuron. The optimal synergistic ratio determined on a resistant strain of codling moth to various combinations of azinphosmethyl and DEF was 1:4 (50 ppm of azinphosmethyl 200 ppm of DEF). The phytotoxicity studies on young apple trees showed that DEF should be used at or below 500 ppm to avoid phytotoxicity while maintaining effective control of codling moth with a reduced dose of azinphosmethyl. / Graduation date: 1997

I present a simulation model that should be a useful tool for risk assessment of the impact of insecticide inhibitors of cholinesterase (ChE) applied in irrigated agricultural fields on non-target wildlife. I developed the model as a compartment model based on difference equations (Δt = 1 hour) and programmed with Stella® VII software. Conceptually the model is compartmentalized into six submodels describing the dynamics of (1) insecticide application, (2) insecticide movement into floodable soil, (3) irrigation and rain, (4) insecticide dissolution in water, (5) foraging and insecticide intake from water, and (6) ChE inhibition and recovery. To demonstrate application of the model, I simulate historical, current, and “worst-case” scenarios, that examined the impact of ChE-inhibiting insecticides on white-winged doves (WWDO - Zenaida asiatica) in the Lower Rio Grande Valley of Texas (LRGV), USA. To my knowledge, there are no field data verifying that the cause of ChE deprivation in WWDO is due to the ingestion of ChE-inhibiting insecticide residues dissolved in drinking water. I parameterized the model to represent a system composed of fields of cotton, sorghum, corn, citrus, and brushland that encompasses the activity range of a WWDO in the LRGV. I simulated situations representing the typical scenario of WWDO using irrigated crop fields in the absence and in the presence of rain. I also simulated “worst case” scenarios in which methyl parathion was applied at high rates and high frequency. Based on results of the simulations, I conclude that it is unlikely that WWDO are seriously exposed to ChE-inhibiting insecticides by drinking contaminated water. Only in rare cases, for example, when a rain event occurs just after the application of insecticides, are levels of ChE inhibition likely to approach diagnostic levels (20 %). The present simulation model should be a useful tool to predict the effect of ChE-inhibiting insecticides on the ChE activity of different species that drink contaminated water from irrigated agricultural fields. It should be particularly useful in identifying specific situations in which the juxtaposition of environmental conditions and management schemes could result in a high risk to non-target wildlife.

Compared to mammals, nematodes appear to exhibit a unique GABAergic nervous system. Haemonchus controtus is a parasitic nematode that infects ruminants worldwide. Hco-UNC-49 is a H. contortus GABA-gated chloride channel and is an orthologue to the UNC-49 channel from the free-living nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Previous research by our group has shown that while the UNC-49 channels from the two nematodes share similar sequence homology they do not share identical sensitivity to GABA. To further investigate the characteristics of the Hco-UNC-49 channel, this study tested the effects of various modulators, insecticides and anti-parasitic drugs on channel function. Most notably, the molecules penicillin G, propofol and pregnenolone sulfate all had similar effects on Hco-UNC-49 as reported previously for Cel-UNC-49. On the other hand, Hco-UNC-49 appears to be less sensitive to picrotoxin inhibition compared to what has been reported for Cel-UNC-49. Novel effects of a number of anthelmintics were also observed. For example, the anthelmintics ivermectin and moxidectin both enhanced Hco-UNC-49 GABA responses, while piperazine was able to directly activate Hco-UNC-49 at high concentrations. These results suggest that Hco-UNC-49 is likely an in vivo target for these anthelmintics. / UOIT

En l'absence du texte intégral de Jeremy McNeil, conférencier invité lors de la 11e Journée Sciences et Savoirs de l'Acfas-Sudbury, les éditeurs présentent ici une bréve synthèse des propos tenus par McNeil, lors de son exposé et aussi lors de l'entrevue qu'il a accordé a Normand Renaud, a l'émission Au nord des sentiers battus, le 2 avril 2004. Nous remercions la Société Radio-Canada de nous avoir fourni une copie de cette entrevue et l'autorisation de nous en servir