<p>Offering basic education is the greatest investment the world can make in its future. Basic education improves live opportunity for people and also give them a chance to form a better life for them selves. Too many of Peru’s inhabitants live in extreme poverty and education could help the country improve this situation. In addition, in the rural areas of Peru a lot of people speak another language than Spanish as their mother tongue. The purpose of this thesis is to get a more profound knowledge about matters concerning Bilingual Intercultural Education in Peru.</p><p>The research question has been what issues can be found, involving EBI education in Peru; opportunities and challenges? I have researched this through interviews with people working in the rural areas combined with a literature study. I visited schools in the area of Cusco and Anchonga. In Cusco the school did not have EBI education and in Anchonga the visited school did have. Some of the findings made are that it is important for the people involved such as parents, principals and teachers to be supportive of EBI education to make it work. It is also a challenge to find teachers who know the method and are bilingual. Many schools are in addition dependent of support from non-governmental organizations, which are an opportunity and a challenge. Important is also to make some teachers and parents believe that EBI education is not against the social development of the country.</p>

Offering basic education is the greatest investment the world can make in its future. Basic education improves live opportunity for people and also give them a chance to form a better life for them selves. Too many of Peru’s inhabitants live in extreme poverty and education could help the country improve this situation. In addition, in the rural areas of Peru a lot of people speak another language than Spanish as their mother tongue. The purpose of this thesis is to get a more profound knowledge about matters concerning Bilingual Intercultural Education in Peru. The research question has been what issues can be found, involving EBI education in Peru; opportunities and challenges? I have researched this through interviews with people working in the rural areas combined with a literature study. I visited schools in the area of Cusco and Anchonga. In Cusco the school did not have EBI education and in Anchonga the visited school did have. Some of the findings made are that it is important for the people involved such as parents, principals and teachers to be supportive of EBI education to make it work. It is also a challenge to find teachers who know the method and are bilingual. Many schools are in addition dependent of support from non-governmental organizations, which are an opportunity and a challenge. Important is also to make some teachers and parents believe that EBI education is not against the social development of the country.

The purpose of this thesis is to investigate whether the lower secondary school teaching in religion leads to a positive understanding and openness, concerning different religions and cultures. We want to study how pupils in grade eight and nine in two lower secondary schools in a multicultural community comprehend different religions. Since we choose a pupils perspective we decided to do a questionnaire to get a wide ground. As a complement we interviewed twelve pupils and also did observations during their religion classes. During our study we focused on three different themes. These themes are the abrahamitic religions (Christianity, Judaism and Islam) Hinduism &amp; Buddhism and attitudes to religion. Our theoretical point of view is the intercultural perspective. Therefore we have studied government’s documents and propositions about intercultural education and we have also used an anthology by Pirjo Lahdenperä called Interkulturell pedagogik i teori och praktik (2004). We aim to investigate if the teaching in religion is compatible with the intercultural education. The thesis reveals that there are lots of prejudices among the pupils in these two schools. We think that it is important that the teaching in religion must focus not only at the Christianity in younger ages. The subject must contain other religions like Islam, Judaism, Hinduism and Buddhism in much earlier age. Otherwise the pupils will create their own picture of the different religions through media. The Swedish governments goals about school (LPO 94) and the document about the teaching in religion (kursplanen i religionskunskap) both can, according to us, be used as tools for intercultural education. The problem is that the teachers do not know how to use these tools. The methods of intercultural education must be clearer and the teachers more conscious. Before that happens, we can not state that the education is totally intercultural. We have a big challenge in front of us when we finally will step out on the labour market!

The intercultural approach carries the same values as the democratic concept, which is the fundamental platform of the curriculum, Läroplanen. Keywords such as empathy, openness, democracy, education, critical thinking, human rights, identity, equality and understanding are some of the values that the democratic and the intercultural approach carry. The question is how these values are replicated in the education and the materials that are used in school? This is what this research is going to be focusing on. To answer this question, the research is going to analyze three national tests in English in grade nine. These three tests are the primary source of this study and they are from the years2000, 2005 and 2010. The main focus of this research is to see how the intercultural approach is replicated in the three tests. The range of the national tests is to see if there has been a development in the intercultural approach in the last decade. The conclusion of this research shows that there is a Western norm that permeates throughout the production of the national tests, which contradicts the goals of an intercultural and democratic education. Even though there is an effort to try to correspond the values of the curriculum, there is still a lack of knowledge from the producer’s counterpart. The producers of the National tests have to be aware of the powerful position they posses when making the tests. They have the power to share their ideas about another culture. The stories should promote values that are independent from prejudiced assumptions. Some may argue that the bias that is shared in the national test is hard to see, since we share the same frame of reference as the producers. This makes it harder to reveal prejudiced assumptions about another culture since there are no binary opposites or contrasts to make bias noticeable. But this fact could be avoided if you have the curriculum as your point of departure when producing the tests. The intercultural approach is to acknowledge cultural differences, without generalizing people and cultures. The intercultural approach is based on promoting knowledge about cultural differences, to avoid alienation that develops into prejudice assumptions about different cultural phenomena. The intercultural approach should contribute to establishing and encourage respect for each person´s integrity and belief. The result of this research shows that the National Agency of Education has not managed to fulfil these values, even after more than 3 decades of experience.

The purpose of this study is through a teacher perspective gain insight to the knowledge former Sodertorn teacher students possess of intercultural pedagogy and if they use it at work. The studies main perspective is the intercultural perspective, which has been the study's lead perspective. This study also made use out of a sociocultural perspective as it fits with the intercultural perspective and puts its mark in the study. This study has used interviews for data collection. Five former Sodertorn teacher students were interviewed, the interview participants work as teachers. These five teachers’ experiences and statements were the focus of this study, the teachers had to demonstrate their intercultural skills and how they use these skills in their classroom. The study showed that four out of five interviewed teachers use intercultural education, these teachers always try to find students development zones and prior knowledge. Intercultural pedagogy approach for example focuses on the students' culture, knowledge, belongings and background. The four out of five interview participants that use intercultural pedagogy hope that their students get a deeper understanding of people that possess a different culture, religion and background. The four out of five teachers use intercultural strategies and these strategies are considered applicable when it comes to intercultural perspective.

The purpose of this paper is to find out pedagogues approach to intercultural education through IVIK, goals and guidelines, the school for newly arrived students and how student experience and knowledge are utilized. In my study, I used a qualitative research method. I have interviewed four teachers and four students and a school administrator at IVIK. Results of the study show that most teachers have a good understanding of interculturalism, but that doesn’t mean that teachers make of this relationship means in their teachings. Lack of knowledge about students' cultural background means that teachers can´t integrate it into their teaching. Another result is that the school has no clear goals, students are not faced with high expectations and the school will not be on the student's own experiences. Pupils' prior knowledge is mapped and not the pupil's needs are met. The key aspects that emerge are that teachers should have knowledge of their students' cultural backgrounds in other words, become inter-culturally competent, the school must have clear goals and guidelines and will offer training that is tailored based on student needs and abilities, and student prior knowledge must be identified on the student school language. For individual support and education to plan and to primarily utilize the student's skills and strengths and not focus on the student's potential lack of ability.

The purpose of this study is to understand how teachers in the preparatory class and regular class, in the meeting with newly arrived pupils, plan and carry out their teaching. This in order to facilitate social interaction and learning in the classroom, from an intercultural perspective. The examination was conducted through interviews with four teachers from the schools that I selected. The teachers gave their perspective on their approach to newly arrived pupils, through interviews. The result shows that the teachers have ambitions to start from the newly arrived pupils' own ideas and from their prior knowledge. They use these aspects as a starting point in the child's continued learning. You can see the tendencies of the intercultural approach in education that involves respectful responses that relate to the pupils' background, life and knowledge. The intercultural approach that largely pervades the teaching of the researched school allows the newly arrived pupils to have access to a school that accepts and respects them. The conclusion is that when these teachers educate, they use various teaching methods and they also offer each pupil the opportunity to gain knowledge and feel socially included. Teaching strategies that benefit the newly arrived pupils and that includes the pupil both educationally and socially in the classroom, has been described by every teacher. And the result shows that each pupil has individual abilities and needs for learning. The newly arrived pupils are included in the regular classroom with the other pupils, but yet they are excluded from the regular lessons because of teacher's teaching strategies that can be seen as flawed from an intercultural perspective. This result shows that the newly arrived pupils are prevented from participating in the didactic and the social inclusion in the regular classroom with the other pupils, which also can result in them falling outside and pointed out as different.

The Roma as a minority in the mainstream schools: from a threat to a hope for the future. The purpose of this study is to investigate, describe and analyse how the relationship between the Romani minority and the Swedish majority has developed from the middle of the 20th century until the present time with regard to the school situation for the Roma. In order to discuss the changes in the relationship between the majority and the Romani minority, it has been important to analyse the concepts of culture and ethnicity, how these concepts have been used to define the Roma, and how, in turn, this definition has influenced how the Roma have been portrayed in the literature. The study is based on three types of data: texts, interviews and observations, that have been organised to cover three different periods. Three autobiographies and two theses cover the first period, from the middle of the 20th century to the 1970s, when the Roma were allowed into schools. The interviews cover the second period, from the 1970s to the year 2000, when the Roma were recognized as a national minority. The participant observations and the interviews cover the third period that deals with the present and the future with regards to education of the Roma. An interpretive hermeneutic approach has been used to analyse the data. The analysis takes the school as one order of discourse in which different discourses attempt to dominate. Both ethnicity and culture are discussed in relation to power relationship between the Roma and majority society. A “chain of consequences” approach has been used to analyse the situation of the Roma in schools, where one event in the chain results in certain consequences, for example the Romani child is present in school but without support from school or home. The consequence is school failure and marginalisation. One of the main themes that emerge from this analysis, is how schools gradually transferred the responsibility for educating the Romani children to the families, thus abdicating their role as providers of academic development. The other theme is how the school took a deficit perspective in relation to the Romani families and, rather than taking responsibility for the education of the Romani children, they blamed the failures on the Romani group and its culture. The study concludes that the institutional discrimination of the Roma and the total exclusion of the Romani culture in school still has far reaching consequences. One of consequences is that, in order to be accepted in school, some of the Romani children begin to undercommunicate their ethnic identity. Since the recognition of the Roma as a national minority, there has been a remobilisation and revitalisation by the group and their demand for more inclusion in education. This thesis suggests an intercultural approach as an alternative i.e., a change of perspective and a revision of the image of Sweden as a monocultural and monolingual nation.

Το μεταναστευτικό ρεύμα των τελευταίων δεκαετιών έχει επηρεάσει σε παγκόσμιο επίπεδο τη σύνθεση των κοινωνιών και τις έχει μετατρέψει σε πολυπολιτισμικές. Τα προβλήματα που προκύπτουν από την αλληλεπίδραση των πολιτισμών είναι εμφανή και απαιτούν να δοθούν λύσεις, έτσι ώστε η αλληλεπίδρασή τους να μην αποτελεί εμπόδιο στην ανάπτυξη των διομαδικών σχέσεων. Η ελληνική κοινωνία αντιμετωπίζει έντονα μια νέα πραγματικότητα: την πολυπολιτισμικότητα, που είναι αποτέλεσμα της συμβίωσης του γηγενούς πληθυσμού με τις κοινότητες των μουσουλμάνων, των τσιγγάνων, των παλλινοστούντων ομογενών και των προσφύγων, των οποίων ο αριθμός συνεχώς διευρύνεται τα τελευταία χρόνια, δημιουργώντας οξύτατα προβλήματα. Αποτέλεσμα αυτών των αλλαγών είναι η συνεχής αύξηση της γλωσσικής και πολιτισμικής ανομοιογένειας της ελληνικής κοινωνία, που οδηγεί σε νέους κοινωνικούς, πολιτικούς και εκπαιδευτικούς προβληματισμούς. Η εκπαιδευτική κοινότητα έρχεται καθημερινά αντιμέτωπη με πληθώρα προβλημάτων και καλείται να ανταποκριθεί στη νέα πραγματικότητα που δημιουργείται από τη παρουσία παιδιών με διαφορετικό πολιτισμικό υπόβαθρο στις σχολικές τάξεις. Επομένως, ο πολιτισμικός πλουραλισμός στο χώρο του σχολείου έχει δημιουργήσει νέες ανάγκες στο ελληνικό εκπαιδευτικό σύστημα, οι οποίες υπαγορεύουν μια παιδαγωγική ίσων ευκαιριών, μια παιδαγωγική κοινωνικής ένταξης των «διαφορετικών», η οποία θα λαμβάνει υπόψη τις κοινωνικές και πολιτισμικές τους ιδιαιτερότητες. Η διαπολιτισμική εκπαίδευση στοχεύει στην εποικοδομητική συμβίωση, σε ένα πολυπολιτισμικό περιβάλλον που βασίζεται στην αποδοχή και το σεβασμό του διαφορετικού. Επιδιώκει να εμποδίσει το σχηματισμό στερεότυπων και προκαταλήψεων απέναντι σε πρόσωπα και πολιτισμούς και να υπερβεί κάθε μορφή εθνοκεντρικής αντιμετώπισης. Στο παραπάνω πλαίσιο κοινωνικών συνθηκών αναπτύσσονται στερεότυπα και προκαταλήψεις για το «διαφορετικό», οι οποίες όμως αποτελούν εμπόδιο στην επαφή των ατόμων. Τα στερεότυπα δημιουργούνται σε μικρή ηλικία, αλλάζουν με δυσκολία, ενώ η αλλαγή τους είναι παράλληλα αποτέλεσμα ευρύτερων κοινωνικών, οικονομικών και πολιτικών συνθηκών. Από τη συνύπαρξη των γηγενών και των πολιτισμικά διαφορετικών μαθητών στο χώρο του σχολείου προκύπτουν προβλήματα στις διομαδικές τους σχέσεις. Η ύπαρξη των στερεοτύπων στις σχέσεις των γηγενών και των πολιτισμικά διαφορετικών μαθητών, οι οποίες καθορίζονται και διαμορφώνονται από το γεγονός ότι τα άτομα ανήκουν στην ίδια ή σε διαφορετικές ομάδες, αποτελεί το σκοπό της εργασίας μας. Σκοπός μας είναι να ανιχνεύσουμε το βαθμό και την ένταση των στερεοτυπικών αντιλήψεων που εμφανίζονται στο χώρο του σχολείου, τόσο από τους γηγενείς προς τους πολιτισμικά διαφορετικούς μαθητές όσο και από τους πολιτισμικά διαφορετικούς προς τους γηγενείς μαθητές. / The immigration stream of the last decades has influenced in an international level the synthesis of societies and has turned them into multicultural ones. The problems that rise from the interaction of civilizations are obvious and demand solutions, so that their interaction facilitates the evolution of intergroup relationships. The Greek society faces a new reality: the multiculturalism, which comes as a result of cohabitation of the local people with the Muslims communities, the Gypsies, the repatriated citizens and the immigrants whose popular number is increasingly rising in the past years, having as a result tremendous problems. Therefore, the Greek society suffers linguistic and cultural gaps that lead to different arising problems on social, political and educational bases. The educational society faces various problems and it is called to respond to a new reality that is created by the presence of students with different cultural background at school. Thus, due to multiculturalism at school new needs has risen in the Greek educational system. These needs require for all the students to be equal and a pedagogical social adjustment of the non native students which will take into account their social and cultural diversities. The intercultural education aims at the beneficial cohabitation, in a multicultural environment that focuses on the admission and the respect of different cultures. Furthermore, it targets at preventing the creation of stereotypes and prejudice against cultures and individuals. While debating the aforementioned matter of social conditions, stereotypes and prejudice are evolving, bringing obstacles in the relationships among individuals. Stereotypes appear in childhood, they are difficult to subdue changes and can be influenced by both social, economic and politic conditions as well. Having the natives and non native students interacting together at school, it is for sure that problems will rise as far as their intergroup relationships are concerned. Our research focuses on the potential stereotypes that are evolved in the relationships between native and multiculturally different students, which are defined and reshaped by the fact that the individuals belong to the same or different groups. Our goal is to detect the magnitude and the growth of stereotypes that appear at school, concerning the behaviour of native students towards the culturally different ones and vice versa.

Few qualitative and quantitative studies of multicultural, multiracial leadership programs, or simply MLPs, have been undertaken. This qualitative study is based upon a case study methodology. A comparison of one school board's MLP with similar MLPs offered by other local boards of education is offered. A description and analysis of contemporary Canadian social, cultural, political, and linguistic diversity establishes the context in which these programs are set. A number of different definitions of terms associated with multiculturalism are discussed. Multiculturalism is based upon five general principles: (1) the retention and development of cultures, (2) the sharing of cultures, (3) the development of positive, equitable, and participatory individual and intergroup relations, (4) the respect and observance of human rights and civil liberties, and, (5) equality and equity. Education programs, policies and actions, including MLPs, are based upon some or all of the principles of multiculturalism. The design and implementation of these programs is symbolic of the furtherevolution of multicultural education from a systemic approach within education to a specific curriculum strategy. Within the thesis, a number of conclusions are reached. First, the full implementation of equality and equity within the Canadian society requires greater emphasis; policies, programs and actions which are designed to realize approach this ideal are mandatory. Second, greater access to government reports and materials is required. Third, the area of MLPs requires further investigation and analysis. Four, MLPs are based upon theory and field based strategies designed to increase tolerance, understanding, and acceptance of minority groups. Five, many MLPs share certain commonalities, but are modified according to individual school board needs and resources. Six, among the board level MLPs considered, the Ontario Multicultural, Multiracial Leadership Camp was highly influencial in the design and implementation of local school board camps. Seven, the MLP of the Board being studied requires modification; a number of models of multicultural leadership camps are offered as possible choices. / Education, Faculty of / Graduate