Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / As a constituent part of the current process of globalization, international migration flows assumed original features resulting from reciprocal relations with this step, also known as late/multinational capitalism. The sociopolitical, economic and cultural implications of this process have led states to reorient their role in border control. However, the complexity of the systems of regulation and barriers to human mobility nowadays have generated a redefinition of the relationship of autonomy/subordination of states against other influential actors in the elaboration of migration policies, setting up a major political field. In this sense, the main objective of this work is to examine the issues surrounding the role of the developed states in the development/implementation of migration policies in relation to the demands of different local and global actors. This analysis is built around contemporary social theory, based on the studies of Saskia Sassen, Douglas Massey and Gary Freeman. / Como parte constituinte do atual processo de globalização, os fluxos migratórios internacionais assumiram características originais resultantes das relações recíprocas com essa etapa, também conhecida como capitalismo tardio/multinacional. As implicações sociopolíticas, econômicas e culturais desse processo têm levado os Estados a reorientar seu papel no controle das fronteiras. Porém, a complexidade dos sistemas de regulação e obstáculos à mobilidade humana na atualidade têm gerado uma redefinição da relação de autonomia/subordinação dos Estados frente a outros atores influentes na elaboração das políticas migratórias, configurando-se um importante campo político. Nesse sentido, o objetivo central deste trabalho consiste em analisar as problemáticas em torno do papel dos Estados desenvolvidos na elaboração/execução de suas políticas de migração frente às demandas de diferentes atores locais e globais. Esta análise é construída em torno da teoria social contemporânea, tendo por base os trabalhos de Saskia Sassen, Douglas Massey e Gary Freeman.

(in English): This paper is concerned with the interrelation among social structures and individual agency in the migration process. Aim of the thesis is to contextually explain motivations and strategies of two Czech generations who migrated to Berlin. It focuses on generation of Czechs who left homeland between 1968-1989 and migration generation who moved after the accession of The Czech Republic to the European Union. The accent put on the time(s) and place(s) in the migration process enables to compare generations, and is the key to understanding interaction of structures and agency. Theoretical and methodological framework is formed by the concept of the theory of practices from Karen O'Reilly (2012), to interpret the meaning of the time(s) the life course perspective was used, the meaning of place(s) was interpreted by the concept of migration networks and transnationalism. The core of the empirical part is analysis of ethnographic material concerning notes from participant observation and narrative in-depth interviews with biographical elements (micro-level). The interpretation of motivations and strategies of the migration as well as social ties and practice is set in broader structures and events context i.e. historical and geographic relationship between the countries and the political...

Agradecemos a Anny Huillca Briceño y a Melissa Arce Oyola por su gentil colaboración en la recolección de datos. / Introducción: La emigración médica en el Perú supone un importante problema en la búsqueda de la consolidación de un sistema de salud sostenible. Objetivos: Estimar la prevalencia de intención de emigración y sus factores asociados según género en médicos peruanos recién egresados. Diseño y lugar de estudio: Estudio analítico de corte transversal llevado a cabo en Lima, Perú, durante el año 2010. Participantes: Se incluyó a 289 médicos egresados de universidades de peruanas. Intervenciones: Se aplicó una encuesta anónima y autoadministrada que evaluaba la intención de emigración para laborar y sus factores asociados. Los datos fueron analizados con el paquete estadístico STATA 11.2; se utilizó un modelo lineal generalizado log-binomial como método de regresión de múltiples variables. Principales medidas de resultados: Intención de emigración autorreportada. Resultados: La prevalencia de intención de emigración fue de 42,1%; esta fue mayor en el género masculino (50,0% versus 36,4%; p<0,01). Un manejo intermedio/avanzado del idioma inglés (RP: 1,77; IC95%: 1,04 a 2,98) y expectativas de ingreso económico mayor o igual a 3 600 dólares americanos mensuales en los siguientes cinco años (RP: 1,55; IC95%: 1,09 a 2,21) se encontraron asociados con la intención de emigrar en varones. En mujeres, estuvieron asociados el haber culminado la carrera sin retraso (RP: 1,66; IC95%: 1,02 a 2,71) y proyectarse a ganar 3 600 dólares o más (RP: 1,71; IC95%: 1,14 a 2,57). Conclusiones: Existe una alta prevalencia de intención en emigración médica; el factor económico se asocia independientemente; los idiomas y la regularidad académica difieren según género. / Introduction: Medical emigration is a really important problem for Peru in order to consolidate a sustainable health system. Objectives: To determine the prevalence of emigration intention and associated factors according to gender in recently Peruvian graduated physicians. Design and setting: Cross-sectional, analytic study developed in Lima, Peru in 2010. Participants: Two hundred eightynine recently graduated physicians from Peruvian universities were included. Interventions: An anonymous and auto-administered questionnaire was handed to the study subjects to measure their intention to work abroad. Data was analyzed using the statistical package STATA 11.2, and a log-binomial generalized lineal model was used as regression model for multiple variables. Main outcome measures: Self-reported emigration intention. Results: Prevalence of intended emigration was 42.1%, higher in males (50.0% versus 36.4%; p<0.01). For males, an intermediate/advanced level of English proficiency (PR=1.77; 95%CI: 1.04-2.98) and a monthly income expectation greater than or equal to 3600 U.S. dollars in five years (PR=1.55; 95%CI: 1.09-2.21) were associated with the intention of emigrating. In women there was association with fulfilling the career without delay (PR:1.66; 95%CI: 1.02-2.71) and expectation to win 3600 USD or more in five years (PR:1.71; 95%CI: 1.14-2.57). Conclusions: There was high prevalence of emigration intention in the studied population; the economic factor was associated independently. However, English proficiency and academic regularity differed by gender.

Magister Public Health - MPH / This secondary data study, framed in social constructionism theory, descibes and analyses the "pull" factors influencing migration of health professionals developing to developed countries. The literature review sets the context withing which international migration takes place and explores relevant aspects of the G8, globalisation, and the General Agreement on Trade in Services. The research demonstrates that temporary or permanent international migration occurs for employment or study purposes. It further confirms that, despite the lack of accurate data from African counties, the number of health professionals leaving the continent has increased significantly during the 1990's. / South Africa

This paper analyzes the impact of immigration on the unemployment rate in the Czech Republic between 2004-2014 by using the economically active population aged 15-64 and 15-19. The analysis of annual time series showed no significant effect for either age group as well the existence of the reverse causality between the rate of migration and the unemployment rate was not proved. The analysis of quarterly time series showed a significant negative impact of immigration on the unemployment rate of economically active people aged 15-64. Also the reverse causality was confirmed - lagged values of the unemployment rate negatively influenced the rate of migration. A significant positive impact of the immigration on the unemployment rate was not confirmed for the age group 15-19. The reverse causality of the unemployment rate in relation to the rate of migration was found - rising unemployment rate led to decrease of immigration flows.

This thesis contains three papers on immigrants, i.e. foreign-born people, in the UK. The first paper is methodological, the other two papers focus on physical health. All papers use data from the UK Household Longitudinal Study (UKHLS) which started in 2009 and includes an Ethnic Minority Boost sample, providing large enough sample sizes to study the immigrant population in detail. The first paper analyses sample attrition of immigrants at wave 2 of the UKHLS. We find that non-contact of immigrants is mainly determined by characteristics related to high residential mobility. However, it is also predicted by poor cooperation at the first interview. This suggests that for some immigrants non-contact could constitute a hidden refusal. Interview refusal of immigrants is predicted by similar characteristics than for UK-born. The second paper investigates the Healthy Immigrant Effect (HIE) in the UK. The HIE is understood as a health advantage of recent immigrants compared to the native-born population, which gets smaller with increasing length of residence. The cross-sectional analysis finds that immigrants have a health advantage in the first years after immigration, which decreases the longer immigrants have been in the country. The magnitude of the HIE depends on the measure of poor health: poor self-rated health and diagnosed chronic condition yield much larger HIE than poor physical health functioning (Short-Form 12) which is arguably more suitable to this immigrant-native comparison. The last paper considers one possible explanation for the duration effect, i.e. why immigrants lose their initial health advantage: Immigrants tend to have poorer work conditions than native-born employees. We find that physical work conditions explain some of the excess deterioration of immigrants’ health, while psychosocial work conditions only play a minor role. Health deterioration among less educated immigrants is better explained with work conditions than that among degree-educated immigrants.

The diploma thesis deals with migration of human population in the Czech Republic, with a focus on position of the capital city of Prague in the process. The thesis concerns on migration trends among regions of the Czech Republic, and deals with the process of suburbanization within the specific relationship between Prague and districts of the Central Bohemian Region. The subject of my diploma is also internal and external migration of foreigners as a more significant phenomenon in czech society, with the emphasis on Prague as well. The thesis includes evaluation of the basic structural characteristics of inmigrants and outmigrants (migration by age, sex, educational attainment) and also examination of reasons of migration in the area and its consequences with expectations about future trends. There are common used, relative indicators of migration in the thesis. The analysis was carried out in 1994--2007, in some cases in shorter period.

Diploma thesis focuses on migration policy in the European Union in the field of human migration flows from third world countries. The main aim of this thesis is to define global approach to theories of migration and analyze the development of external migration policies of The European Union since 1985 to the present when massive migration flows of people from third world countries hit Europe. Another aim is to evaluate consequences, opportunities and risks for destination countries which can be affected by the international migration. These chapters also introduce the legislative framework of migration policies in the European Union and they introduce security strategies and organizations that are involved in the management of migration flows to the European Union. Second part of this thesis analyses a massive migration flows to EU region after year 2011 and this part also identifies changes in migration policy as a response to this unexpected situation. Another aim is to confirm or disprove the hypotheses, whether migratory flows are the main driver in European population growth and whether there are any changes in the security issues across whole European region. The thesis follows the datasets from European Commission, Eurostat, Europol and from another organizations collecting information on key statistics in the EU. On the basis of the acquired data, the hypotheses about the existence of a correlation between the immigration, population growth and changes in the security field were confirmed.

The thesis focuses on the migration flows of South Korea in the context of South Korean economic boom. The author analyses the relations between economic development and the nature of international migration flows of South Korea. The thesis presents the causes and consequences of economic development, including the social and demographic aspects, as well as the development of migration flows. At first,the development and nature of emigration is presented, followed by the imigration trends, including South Korean imigration and integration policy. The thesis aims to define the correlation between the international migration flows and economic development and apply the South Korean case on the existing theories of international migration.

The present dissertation explores the Congolese immigrant workers‟ meanings, their labour migration and their transnationalism in Pretoria through the perspective of south-south social transformation. It argues that this migration is partly an outcome and effect of various social transformations that have been occurring in Southern Africa since the end of cold war in the era of globalisation and age of mass migration. The study draws on Castles‟ middle range theory and the comprehensive sociology of Max Weber. This dissertation makes use of qualitative method, based on ethnography, and corresponding techniques such as interviews. The study shows that what drives Congolese labour migration to Pretoria are economic (wage differential or cost benefit), political issues (wars, violence against human rights, freedom of speech), cultural (the Congolese mythology of migration) and psychological reasons (prestige). These migration processes and patterns are also determined by migrants‟ social class position in the DRC. The latter to a large extent determines the nature and status of their employment in Pretoria. In addition, findings demonstrate that a number of structural constraints and features of Congolese qualifications, skills, and even culture contribute to Congolese immigrants negative performances in the South African labour market. Faced with numerous barriers to professional incorporation, Congolese migrants resort to any legal or illegal means to bypass these barriers. It is revealed that the Congolese conception of social and occupational mobility is mostly understood in terms of economic or income mobility. This dovetails with the socially constructed meanings that Congolese workers attach to their work. Concerning their transnational activities, research participants are shown to be involved in political, economic and socio-cultural activities. Most of their activities are nationally-oriented. Nevertheless, the weight of the tense political situation has an influence on their transnational activities and Congolese culture and/or homeland politics leads to their economic transnationalism. For these reasons, practices of remitting are connected with transnational political activities and culture. Despite the extensive contacts „back home‟ socio-cultural activities of the Congolese in Pretoria are marked by cultural hybridization between Congolese migrants and South Africans. / Dissertation (MSocSci)--University of Pretoria, 2014. / lk2014 / Sociology / MSocSci / Unrestricted