Ziel dieser Studie war es, mögliche Veränderungen des psychischen Befindens sowie Ausprägungen der Persönlichkeitsdimensionen Extraversion und Neurotizismus im Verlauf der Übungen der Progressiven Muskelrelaxation zu untersuchen. Weiterhin sollte der Einfluss der Persönlichkeitsmerkmale auf die Veränderung des Befindens überprüft werden. Im theoretischen Teil der Arbeit wurde die Entstehung und Wirkungsweise der PR, Eysencks Theorien und die bisherige Literatur zum Thema dargestellt. Zum Einen konnte festgesellt werden, dass die PR als Teil unterschiedlicher Therapieintervention Einfluss auf das Befinden und die Persönlichkeitsmerkmale hat. Zum Anderen wurde deutlich, dass die Wirkung der PR auf das psychische Befinden und Persönlichkeitsausprägung durch verschiedene, sich gegenseitig bedingende Faktoren, beeinflusst wird. Folgende Hypothesen wurden aufgestellt: Im Verlauf eines Kurses der PR verbessert sich das psychische Befinden. Zugleich nimmt der Neurotizismuswert ab und der Extraversionswert zu. Außerdem hängt das Ausmaß der Veränderung des psychischen Befindens mit der Persönlichkeits-ausprägung zu Beginn der Durchführung der PR zusammen. Introvertierte und emotional Labile sollen deutlicher von der Wirkung der PR profitieren als Extrovertierte und emotional Stabile. 93 Probanden füllten zu vier Messzeitpunkten vor, während und nach der PR Fragebögen (Eysenck-Persönlichkeits-Inventar, Form A und Eigenschaftswörterliste, Normalform) aus. Die Ergebnisse zeigen keine Veränderung des Extraversionswertes, wohingegen es nach Beendigung der Übungen zu einer signifikanten Besserung der emotionalen Stabilität kam, was sich in einer Verringerung des Neurotizismuswertes äußerte. Es konnte während und nach Durchführung der PR eine signifikante Verringerung des negativen und Zunahme des positiven Befindens festgestellt werden. Eine Abhängigkeit der Veränderung des Befindens von den Persönlichkeitsdimensionen ließ sich nicht nachweisen. Die Annahme, dass vor allem emotional Labile und Introvertierte eine Verbesserung des Befindens zeigen, ließ sich nicht bestätigen. Unter Beachtung, dass die tatsächlich involvierten Daten etwa der Hälfte der insgesamt an der Studie teilgenommenen Probanden entsprechen sowie unter Berücksichtigung des Studiendesigns (Ein-Gruppen-Prä-Post-Studie ohne Kontrollgruppe), kann man abschließend formulieren, dass die PR zur Verbesserung der Stimmungslage und Erlangung einer psychischen Stabilität beiträgt, unabhängig von der Ausprägung des Extraversions- und Neurotizismusgrades. / The aim of this study was to examine possible changes of the psychic condition as well as stamping of the personality dimensions extra version and neuroticism in the course of the exercises of the progressive muscle-relaxation. Furthermore the influence of the personality signs on the change of the condition should be checked.In the theoretical part of the work the origin and impact of the PR, Eysencks theories and the present literature was shown on the subject. To the one could be joined that the PR has influence on the condition and the personality signs as a part of different therapy intervention. To the other became clear that the effect of the PR on the psychic condition and personality stamping is influenced by different, itself mutually conditional factors. The following hypotheses were made: During a course of the PR the psychic condition improves. At the same time decreases the value of neuroticism and increases the value of extra version. Moreover, the magnitude of the change of the psychic condition is related to the personality stamping at the beginning of the implementation of the PR. Introverted and emotionally unstable should profit more clearly from the effect of the PR than extrovert and emotionally stable. 93 test persons filled questionnaires (Eysenck Personality Inventory, form A and Eigenschaftswörterliste, normal form) at four measuring time points before, during and after the PR. The results show no change of the value of extra version, while it came after ending of the exercises for a significant improvement in emotional stability hich was expressed in a reduction of the value oft neuroticism. It was observed during and after implementation of the PR a significant reduction of the negative and increase of the positive condition. A dependence of the change of the condition of the personality dimensions cannot be proved. The assumption that mainly emotionally unstable and introverts show an improvement of state cannot be confirmed. Considering that the really involved data correspond approximately to half of the test persons taken part all together in the study and taking into account the study (single-group pre-post study without a control group), one can formulate finally that the PR contributes for mood enhancement and acquisition of a psychic stability, regardless of the stamping of the extraversion and neuroticism.

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of the relationship among caffeine consumption, levels of trait anxiety, and the personality factor of introversion/ extraversion on performance. In Phase I of this study, volunteers were screened for introversion/extraversi on using the Eysenck Personality Inventory (EPI) and fhigh/low trait anxiety using the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI). Based on the results of the two screening instruments the volunteers were categorized as high trait-anxious introverts (HTA/I), low trait-anxious introverts (LTA/I), high trait-anxious extraverts (HTA/E), or low trait-anxious extraverts (LTA/E). Using a table of random numbers, 30 subjects from each category were selected. These subjects were further randomly assigned to one of the two treatment levels of caffeine.In Phase II of this study each of the 120 subjects consumed either two milligrams of caffeine per kilogram of body weight or four milligrams of caffeine per kilogram of body weight in six ounces of Tang. After a 45-minute waiting period for the caffeine to enter the blood system, each subject completed the performance task, a seven-minute modified version of the Digit Symbol Scale (DSS) of the Wechsler Adult Intelliqence Scale (WAIS). The dependent variable was the total number of correct responses out of a possible score of 490.The hypotheses were tested using a Three-Way Analysis of Variance, and the F-test was applied to determine statistical significance. None of the three null hypotheses were rejected.

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We spend a large portion of our life at work, however that workplace is generally more suited for some than for others. There is a bias towards extraverted people in the design of the workplace which can have outright negative effects on the introverted population and as an extension, people with schizoid personality disorder. The purpose of the thesis was to identify areas which could be subject to change in the workplace in order to facilitate a larger population and increase the well-being of introverted people, particularly those with schizoid personality disorder (SPD). Data was collected through a questionnaire (N = 52) and the analysis presented evidence of a difference in how important the participants deem it that a workplace is designed for socialisation and how possible it is to work without interruptions from other colleagues. The results indicated a large difference between the more and less extraverted groups in how important and how possible it was to work without interruptions from their colleagues. The results also indicate a significant difference between how important they deem it that a workplace should be designed for socialisation. In conclusion the author suggests areas which can be improved in the workplace design to facilitate a larger group of the population and not just be beneficial to the extraverted population.

The unusual high-pitched cry of the high-risk infant has been shown to be rated as generally more aversive than low-risk infant cries. Because psychophysiological measures may provide sensitive indicators of perceptual differences which occur as a function of the listener's personality, the relation between heat rate (HR) to low-and high-risk infant cries and introversion-extraversion was examined. Introverts were predicted to show a greater amount of HR acceleration to infant cries than extraverts due to the introvert's lower threshold for psychophysiological activity. Extraverts were predicted to show a greater amount of HR deceleration to infant cries due to the extravert's high threshold for psychophysiological activity. A between groups design was used in which 40 introverts and 40 extraverts listened to a series of low-or high-risk infant cries while their HR was monitored. A significant personality by cry type interaction was found for HR acceleration but no significant differences were revealed in the post-hoc tests. Nonparametric analysis, however, revealed that introverts gave reliably more responses of greater HR acceleration to high- than to low-risk infant cries, suggesting that high-risk infant cries are perceived as more aversive. Heightened perceptual awareness by the introvert may be resulting in the greater differentiation of HR responses between cry types. Implications of these findings with child abuse and neglect are discussed. / M.S.

The aim of this thesis is to examine preferences for personality traits within the spectrum of extroversion and introversion. Based on previous research, the hypothesis of this study was that extroversion was valued higher than introversion. The differences between men and women’s preferences were also examined. The material being used was based on research on the fundamental lexical hypothesis and its semantic similarity to the Big Five. Seventy two students filled in a questionnaire where they were asked to rate 18 personality adjectives as positive or negative. The results indicate a preference for extroversion which supports the hypothesis. However, no significant difference between men and women could assuredly be established. / Syftet med detta examensarbete är att undersöka preferenser för personlighetsdrag inom spektret extroversion och introversion. Med utgångspunkt från tidigare studier ställdes hypotesen att extroversion värderas högre än introversion. Dessutom undersöktes om preferenserna skiljer mellan kvinnor och män. Materialet som användes var baserad på studier om den fundamentala lexikala hypotesen och dess semantiska likhet till the Big Five. Sjuttiotvå studenter fick besvara en enkät där de ombads bedöma 18 personlighetsadjektiv som positiva eller negativa. Resultatet visar en generell preferens för extroverta personlighetsadjektiv vilket stödjer studiens hypotes. Någon säker skillnad mellan mäns och kvinnors preferenser gick inte att iaktta.

Syftet med denna sociologiska undersökning var att studera hur introverta individer har upplevt sin tillvaro innan och under Covid-19 pandemin i relation till en norm om extraversion. Studien har fokuserat på följande frågeställningar: Hur upplever introverta individer normen om extraversion? Hur upplever introverta individer att deras tillvaro har förändrats av Covid-19 pandemins utveckling? Hur upplever introverta individer att normen om extraversion har förändrats av Covid-19 pandemin? Ambitionen var att belysa problematiken med en extravert samhällsnorm vilket har genomförts utefter en hermeneutisk vetenskapsteoretisk ansats. Empiriinsamlingen baserades på åtta semi-strukturerade intervjuer med individer som identifierade sig som introverta. Studiens teoretiska ramverk bestod av Erving Goffmans (2014) dramaturgiska teori och Thomas J. Scheffs (1990) teori om sociala band vilka låg till grund för analysen av empirin.    Resultaten av studien påvisade att en norm om extraversion finns och påverkar introverta individers tillvaro negativt. Vidare kom studien fram till att introverta individer haft en övergripande positiv tillvaro under Covid-19 pandemin. Avslutningsvis visade studien på att normen om extraversion kvarstod efter det att Covid-19 pandemins restriktioner släppt. Detta innebar att en slutsats kunde dras om att normer har en stark inverkan på vårt samhälle och att förändring av dessa kan ta tid. / The aim of this study in sociology was to examine how introverted individuals have experienced their being before and during the Covid-19 pandemic in relation to a norm of extraversion. The study focused on the following questions: How do introverted individuals experience the norm of extraversion? How do introverted individuals experience that their being have been changed during the Covid-19 pandemic? How do introverted individuals experience that the norm of extraversion have changed due to the Covid-19 pandemic? The ambition was to illuminate the issue of an extraverted social norm, which have been done through a hermeneutic theoretical approach. The empirical collection are based on eight semi-structured interviews of individuals who identify themselves as introverts. The theoretical framework includes Erving Goffman´s (2014) dramaturgical theory and Thomas J. Scheff´s (1990) theory of social bonds.   The result indicated that a norm of extraversion exists and affects introverted individuals negatively. The study also shows that introverted individuals had an overall positive being during the Covid-19 pandemic. Finally, a conclusion was made that norms have a strong impact on our society and that changing them takes time, which refers to the experience that the extraverted norm remains after the Covid-19 pandemic restrictions have been lifted.

Prior research has found a connection between dispositional factors such as rejection sensitivity and introversion and online dating behaviors including likelihood of use (Blackhart et al., 2014) and experience of use (Finkel et al., 2012; Whitty, 2008). The present study expands upon prior research to examine the relationship between these dispositional factors, and the impact of the possibility of explicit rejection on self-disclosure in participant-created dating app profiles. Adults between the ages of 18 and 60 will be introduced to an online dating app manipulated to contain either high or low potential for obvious rejection. Participants will then be asked to create a personal online profile. Participant perceptions of their own self-disclosure in the self-created profile as well as their disposition (introversion and rejection sensitivity) will be measured. It is hypothesized that rejection sensitive individuals as well as those rating lower in extraversion will report higher levels of self-disclosure in a non-explicit rejection dating app setting in comparison to an explicit rejection setting. The present research has implications for the field’s understanding of the experience of online dating app use for individuals as related to varying dispositional factors.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wyoming, 2006. / Title from PDF title page (viewed on Dec. 20, 2007). Includes bibliographical references (p. 43-55).