Electrohydrodynamics (EHD) is a promising research field with several trending applications. Even though the phenomenon was first observed centuries ago, there is very little research until the middle 20th century, as the mechanisms behind it were very poorly understood. To this date, the majority of research is based on the development of empirical models and the presentation of laboratory experiments. This work begins with an extensive literature review on the phenomenon, clarifying conflicts between researchers throughout the history and listing the findings of the latest research. The literature review reveals that there are very few mathematical models describing even the most important parameters of the EHD fluid flow and most are either empirical or greatly simplified. As such, practical mathematical models for the assessment of all primary performance characteristics describing EHD fluid accelerators (Voltage Potential, Electric Field Intensity, Corona Discharge Current and Fluid Velocity) were developed and are begin presented in this work. These cover all configurations where the emitter faces a plane or another identical electrode and has a cylindrical surface. For configurations where the emitter faces a plane or another identical electrode and has a spherical surface, Corona Discharge Current and Fluid Velocity models have been presented as well. Laboratory experiments and computer simulations were performed and are being thoroughly presented in Chapter 4, verifying the accuracy and usability of the developed mathematical models. The laboratory experiments were performed using two of the most popular EHD electrode configurations - wire-plane and needle-grid. Finally, the findings of this research are being summarized in the conclusion, alongside with suggestions for future research. The step-by-step development of the equipotential lines mathematical model is presented in Appendix A. Appendix B covers the mathematical proof that the proposed field lines model is accurate and that the arcs are perpendicular to the surface of the electrodes and to all of the equipotential lines.

The technology employed by human beings for the generation, storage and usage of energy is presently undergoing the fastest and most profound change since the industrial revolution. The changes in the generation and usage of energy necessitate the development of new methods of energy storage. In these systems, electrochemical energy storage will play a crucial role and to this end new electrolytes need to be explored to complement these changes. One such class of liquids is ionic liquids, a class of salts that are molten at room temperature. These liquids have a broad applicability to batteries and supercapacitors. This thesis details work where molecular dynamics simulations have been used to explore the nanostructure of ionic liquids and their mixtures with various molecular solvents at simplistic electrodes. The thesis has two broad sections. The first is covered in Chapter 3, and explores the nanostructure of ionic liquid propylene carbonate solutions, developing a framework through which these nanostructures can be understood. The section concludes that the increasing dilution of ionic liquids decreases the surface charge at which the characteristic ionic liquid oscillatory interfacial structure gives way to a different structure featuring monotonic charge decay. The behaviour of ionic liquids at interfaces is found to be correlated to ion size and type, as well as concentration. A wide divergence in the observed behaviour is shown at positive and negative electrodes due to the asymmetry of propylene carbonate. The second section, consisting of two chapters, explores the interfacial nanostructure of solvate ionic liquids using two different boundary conditions to model the electrode. This work is the first simulation of solvate ionic liquids at electrified interfaces. This section will explore the effect of electrode model on the behaviour of these ionic liquids at the electrode. Chapter 4 uses a fixed charge electrode, whereas Chapter 5 uses one with a fixed potential. The section concludes that regardless of electrode model, the idealised portrait of a solvate ionic liquid - one where the liquid behaves exactly as an aprotic ionic liquid - is not applicable. In Chapter 4's exploration of fixed charged electrodes, the formation of 2 glyme to lithium complexes contradicts the idealised portrait of the liquid. A different change is observed in Chapter 5's exploration of fixed potential electrodes, with both lithium glyme and lithium anion clusters forming at the interface. The key difference between the two studies is that lithium does not coordinate to the electrode in the fixed charge simulations, while in the fixed potential case it does. At the end of Chapter 5 the results are compared against experimental data, with the efficacy of the two models discussed. The aim of both studies is to look at the nanostructure of ionic liquids, when the symmetry between co-ion and cation repulsion - and related effects - is broken by the presence of a non ionic constituent in the liquid.

abstract: A lack of adequate energy storage technologies is arguably the greatest hindrance to a modern sustainable energy infrastructure. Chemical energy storage, in the form of batteries, is an obvious solution to the problem. Unfortunately, today’s state of the art battery technologies fail to meet the desired metrics for full scale electric grid and/or electric vehicle role out. Considerable effort from scientists and engineers has gone into the pursuit of battery chemistries theoretically capable of far outperforming leading technologies like Li-ion cells. For instance, an anode of the relatively abundant and cheap metal, magnesium, would boost the specific energy by over 4.6 times that of the current Li-ion anode (LiC6). The work presented here explores the compatibility of magnesium electrolytes in TFSI–-based ionic liquids with a Mg anode (TFSI = bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide). Correlations are made between the Mg2+ speciation conditions in bulk solutions (as determined via Raman spectroscopy) and the corresponding electrochemical behavior of the electrolytes. It was found that by creating specific chelating conditions, with an appropriate Mg salt, the desired electrochemical behavior could be obtained, i.e. reversible electrodeposition and dissolution. Removal of TFSI– contact ion pairs from the Mg2+ solvation shell was found to be essential for reversible electrodeposition. Ionic liquids with polyethylene glycol chains pendent from a parent pyrrolidinium cation were synthesized and used to create the necessary complexes with Mg2+, from Mg(BH4)2, so that reversible electrodeposition from a purely ionic liquid medium was achieved. The following document discusses findings from several electrochemical experiments on magnesium electrolytes in ionic liquids. Explanations for the failure of many of these systems to produce reversible Mg electrodeposition are provided. The key characteristics of ionic liquid systems that are capable of achieving reversible Mg electrodeposition are also given. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Chemistry 2016

abstract: This investigation is divided into two portions linked together by the momentous reaches of electrochemistry science, principles influencing everyday phenomena as well as innovative research in the field of energy transformation. The first portion explores the strategies for flue gas carbon dioxide capture and release using electrochemical means. The main focus is in the role thiolates play as reversible strong nucleophiles with the ability to capture CO2 and form thiocarbonates. Carbon dioxide in this form is transported and separated from thiocarbonate through electrochemical oxidation to complete the release portion of this catch-and-release approach. Two testing design systems play a fundamental role in achieving an efficient CO2 catch and release process and were purposely build and adapted for this work. A maximum faradaic efficiency of seventeen percent was attained in the first membrane tests whose analysis is presented in this work. An efficiency close to thirty percent was attained with the membrane cell in recent experiments but have not been included in this manuscript. The second portion of this manuscript studies bulk stress evolution resulting from insertion/extraction of lithium in/from a lithium manganese oxide spinel cathode structure. A cantilever-based testing system uses a sophisticated, high resolution capacitive technique capable of measuring beam deflections of the cathode in the subnanometer scale. Tensile stresses of up to 1.2 MPa are reported during delithiation along with compressive stresses of 1.0 MPa during lithiation. An analysis of irreversible charge loss is attributed to surface passivation phenomena with its associated stresses of formation following patterns of tensile stress evolution. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Materials Science and Engineering 2016

Face à une croissance effrénée de la demande en indium et aux enjeux à la fois socio-économiques et politiques potentiels qu'il représente, le recyclage de l'indium contenu dans les équipements en fin de vie reste la seule alternative pour remédier à des risques de pénuries. Au-delà des aspects économique et stratégique, le recyclage de l'indium peut permettre de préserver l'environnement en évitant l'exploitation à grande échelle des gisements de minerais contenant l'indium. Par ailleurs, la toxicité de l'indium justifie à elle seule le développement de procédés de traitement de déchets en contenant. Pourtant, la récupération de l'indium à partir de déchets électroniques est actuellement assez peu développée, mis à part au Japon, où plusieurs procédés existent à l'échelle industrielle. Ces procédés sont toutefois peu respectueux de l'environnement et fortement énergivores. Dans ce travail de doctorat, le recyclage de l'indium par extraction liquide/liquide dans un liquide ionique suivie de son électrodéposition in situ nous est apparu comme un procédé prometteur, permettant de s'affranchir de l'étape souvent difficile de dés-extraction du cation métallique. Parmi les liquides ioniques que nous avons synthétisés et caractérisés, en termes de structure et de propriétés physico-chimiques, le bis(trifluorométhylsulfonyl) amidure de 1-butyl-1-éthylpipéridinium (BEPipNTf2) s'est avéré le plus adapté du fait de sa bonne stabilité cathodique, de sa faible viscosité, de son caractère hydrophobe et peu hygroscopique. Nous avons montré qu'en synergie avec l'oxyde de trioctylphosphine (TOPO) comme extractant, il est possible d'extraire plus de 90% de l'indium contenu dans une phase aqueuse 10-2 M en HCl. Le système électrochimique In(III)/In(0) dans le BEPipNTf2 a alors été étudié en présence de chlorures, d'eau, d'oxygène et de TOPO, espèces présentes à l'issue de l'étape d'extraction liquide/liquide de l'In(III). Une étude détaillée de l'influence des ions chlorures a notamment été réalisée, mettant en évidence la formation de chlorocomplexes d'indium lors de l'application d'un potentiel cathodique de réduction de l'In(III), ce qui modifie considérablement les caractéristiques électrochimiques du système In(III)/In(0). Les résultats obtenus montrent qu'il est possible d'électrodéposer de l'In(III) sous sa forme métallique dans le domaine de stabilité électrochimique du liquide ionique, et ceci de façon non réversible en présence de TOPO, dont l'électroactivité dans le domaine de potentiel correspondant porte néanmoins à croire que la réduction pourrait entraîner la présence d'impuretés organiques dans le dépôt d'indium et limiter la quantité de métal déposée. / Faced with explosive growth in demand for indium and, faced with challenges to both socio-economic and political potential it represents, the recycling of indium content in the equipments of end of life remains the only alternative to address risk of shortages. Beyond the economic and strategic aspects, recycling of indium can help preserving the environment by preventing large-scale exploitation of mineral ores containing indium. In addition, the toxicity of indium alone justifies the development of methods for treating waste containing indium. However, the recovery of indium from electronic waste is currently fairly limited, except in Japan where there are several processes at an industrial scale. However, these processes are not environmentally friendly and are energy-intensive In this PhD work, recycling of indium by liquid / liquid extraction in an ionic liquid followed by its electrodeposition in situ appeared to us as a promising process, to overcome the often difficult step of de-extraction of the metal cation. Among the ionic liquids that we have synthesized and characterized in terms of structure and of physicochemical properties, 1-butyl-1-ethylpiperidinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide (BEPipNTf2) has been shown most suitable because of its cathodic stability, its low viscosity, its hydrophobic and weakly hygroscopic character. We have shown that in synergy with the trioctylphosphine oxide (TOPO) as extractant, it is possible to extract more than 90% of the indium contained in a 10-2 M HCl aqueous phase. The electrochemical system In(III)/In(0) in the BEPipNTf2 was then studied in the presence of chlorides, of water, of oxygen and of TOPO, which are the species present after the liquid/liquid extraction step of the In(IIII). A detailed study of the influence of chloride ions has been particularly carried out, highlighting the formation of chlorocomplexes of indium when applying a cathodic potential of reduction of In(III), which significantly changes the electrochemical characteristics of the system In(III)/In(0), The results obtained show that indium (III) can be electrodeposited in its metallic form in the range of electrochemical stability of the ionic liquid and that this is non-reversible in presence of TOPO, whose electroactivity in the corresponding potential range suggests that the reduction could result in the presence of organic impurities in the deposition of indium and could limit the amount of metal deposited.

Dans le contexte actuel du développement durable, l'industrie chimique, souvent montrée du doigt par les institutions et le grand public pour son impact négatif sur l'Homme et l'environnement, doit développer des voies de synthèse compétitives et plus éco-compatibles. La préparation d'époxydes à partir d'oléfines représente aujourd'hui un enjeu essentiel du point de vue de la production d'intermédiaires clés pour l'industrie chimique. Basé sur les nombreuses études publiées dans la littérature, ce travail de thèse a eu pour objectif d'étudier le potentiel des liquides ioniques, solvants novateurs aux propriétés uniques, et des ultrasons de puissance, méthode non conventionnelle d'activation, pour l'époxydation d'oléfines catalysée par des porphyrines métallées. Les protocoles expérimentaux de synthèse des liquides ioniques sélectionnés ont été améliorés au regard des principes de la chimie verte et évalués par des indicateurs spécifiques. Ensuite, les mécanismes des réactions d'époxydation ont été mis en évidence grâce à l'utilisation de porphyrines chirales et à l'étude des paramètres sonochimiques en milieu liquide ionique. Finalement, la stabilité des liquides ioniques sous irradiation ultrasonore a été étudiée ; ainsi, leurs produits de dégradation et leurs mécanismes de formation ont été identifiés. / In the current context of sustainable development, the chemical industry, often pointed at by the institutions and the general public for its negative impact on humans and the environment, needs to develop more competitive and more eco-friendly synthetic routes. The preparation of epoxides from olefins is today a critical issue in terms of production of key intermediates for the chemical industry. Based on numerous studies published in the literature, this PhD thesis has aimed at investigating the potential of ionic liquids, innovative solvents with unique properties, and power ultrasound, unconventional method of activation, for the epoxidation of olefins catalyzed by metalloporphyrins. The experimental protocols used for the synthesis of the selected ionic liquids have been improved according to the principles of green chemistry and evaluated by specific indicators. Then, the mechanisms of epoxidation reactions have been evidenced thanks to the use of chiral porphyrins and the study of sonochemical parameters in ionic liquids medium. Finally, the stability of ionic liquids under ultrasonic irradiation has been studied. Their degradation products and their formation mechanisms have been identified.

Depuis les années 1990, l'électronique portable connait un véritable essor. De plus en pluscomplexes, ces appareils requièrent des besoins énergétiques croissants en termes de puissance,d'autonomie et de durée de vie. De nouveaux dispositifs de stockage pouvant être assemblés au plusproche du circuit micro-électronique et dans l'idéal directement sur la puce doivent donc être développés.Les micro-supercondensateurs représentent une solution prometteuse. Constitués principalementd’électrodes en carbone ou oxydes métalliques, leur fabrication sur les puces de micro-électroniques restedifficile. Cette intégration serait facilitée avec des électrodes à base de silicium. L’objectif de cette thèse estl'élaboration de micro-supercondensateurs constitués d’électrodes en silicium nanostructuré. Leursperformances peuvent être améliorées en travaillant à la fois sur les électrodes et sur l’électrolyte.L’électrode doit être stable en présence de l’électrolyte et avoir une grande surface développée.L’électrolyte doit permettre d’atteindre une tension élevée. Ce travail démontre que seules les électrodes ensilicium fortement dopées avec un traitement de surface adapté ont un comportement capacitif. La surfacedes électrodes est augmentée via la croissance de nanostructures par CVD catalysée par de l’or. L’étude del’influence des paramètres de croissance sur la morphologie des nanostructures a permis d’optimiser leprocédé pour obtenir des nano-arbres fortement dopés longs, denses, hyperbranchés et avec plusieursgénérations de branches ont pu être obtenus. L’utilisation du chlorure d’hydrogène permet de contrôlerprécisément le dopage des nanofils. Les paramètres clés des nanostructures pour obtenir de meilleurescapacités ont été identifiés : dopage, longueur, densité, branches. Les performances des microsupercondensateurs(Tension maximale, Energie, Puissance, Stabilité) avec des électrodes en siliciumnanostructurée ont été évaluées dans différents électrolytes. L’utilisation de liquide ionique (EMI-TFSI)permet d’augmenter la tension maximale et donc l’énergie et la puissance. Des pistes d’amélioration ont étéétudiées : traitement de surface, nouvelles architecture de dispositifs. La compatibilité des procédés utilisésavec ceux de micro-électronique a aussi été vérifiée. / Since 1990, portable electronics is a thriving field. Devices gather more and more functions and thusrequire more and more efficient energy sources in terms of power, autonomy and lifespan. Such sourcesshould be fixed as close as possible from the micro-electronic circuit, ideally directly on chip. Microsupercapacitorsare a promising solution. Due to the electrodes materials (carbon or metallic oxide), theirfabrication directly on chip is still difficult. It should be easier with silicon based electrodes. The aim of thiswork is the elaboration of micro-supercapacitors with nanostructured silicon based electrodes. Theirperformances can be improved by working on the electrode and the electrolyte. The electrode must bestable in the electrolyte and have a high developed surface. The electrolyte must lead to high voltage. Thiswork demonstrates that only highly doped silicon electrodes with an adapted surface treatment have acapacitive behavior. The electrode surface can be increased via nanostructures growth of by gold-catalyzedCVD. Thanks to the study of the influence of growth parameters on the nanostructures morphology, theprocess has been optimized to get highly doped, dense, long and hyperbranched nano-trees with severalbranches generations. Their doping level is precisely monitored thanks to the use of HCl. Doping, length,density and branches are the key parameters to improve the electrode capacity. Micro-supercapacitorsperformances (maximum voltage, energy, power, stability) with such electrodes have been evaluated inseveral electrolytes. Higher voltage, and thus higher energy and power can be reached in ionic liquids.Several improvement trails are investigated: surface treatment, new device design. Our processcompatibility with micro-electronics one has been checked.

Cette thèse s’inscrit dans le cadre de synthèses de matériaux innovants contenant des entités cationiques que sont le guanidinium et l’ammonium. Ces entités cationiques confèrent des propriétés intéressantes et fonctionnelles pour chacun des systèmes ioniques suivants : tensio-actifs, liquides ioniques et ionosilices. A cet effet, nous avons procédé à l’étude de deux familles de composés : les sels de guanidiniums et les ionosilices. Pour les sels de guanidiniums, nous avons étudié la formation et les propriétés d’auto-assemblage de tensio-actifs en utilisant différentes techniques de mesures (conductivité, tension de surface et calorimétrie). Ce remarquable synthon moléculaire qu’est le guanidinium a été aussi mis en avant comme liquide ionique pour l’extraction du méthyl orange, du diclofenac et du chromate. Quant aux ionosilices, bien qu’ils présentent aussi des propriétés intéressantes pour l’extraction ionique et l’adsorption de principes actifs, leur mise en forme reste cependant un paramètre clef pour cibler leur application. En effet, la mise en forme des ionosilices en nanoparticules permet l’extension des applications dans le domaine de la nanomedecine. Ainsi, durant cette thèse, des nanoparticules avec des sous-structures ioniques ammoniums sont synthétisées pour la première fois et utilisées comme nano-vecteur pour le relarguage d’un anti-inflammatoire (diclofenac). Par ailleurs, dans le but d’une extraction ionique en flux continu, des matériaux contenant des fonctions ioniques sous forme de monolithe ont été synthétisés à partir de précurseur ammonium par voie sol gel. Ainsi cette thèse nous a permis de trouver les éléments théoriques, illustratifs et expérimentaux des différentes facettes de la formation de matières à base d’unités cationiques aux propriétés remarquables que sont les sels de guanidiniums et les sels d’ammoniums. / This dissertation deals with innovative synthetic materials bearing cationic entities that are guanidinium and ammonium. These cationic entities give interesting and functional properties for each ionic system studied: surfactant, ionic liquid and ionosilica. For this purpose, we investigated two families groups composed of: guanidiniums salts and ionosilica. Regarding guanidiniums salts, we studied the formation and self-assembly behavior of guanidinium surfactants using different measurement techniques (conductivity, surface tension and calorimetry). This remarkable molecular synthon that represents guanidinium was also highlighted as an ionic liquid for the extraction of methyl orange, diclofenac and chromate. As for ionosilicas, although they also have advantageous properties for ion extraction and adsorption of the active ingredients, however their shaping remains a key parameter for targeting their application. In fact, the design of ionosilica material as nanoparticle allows applications extension in the field of nanomedicine. So during this thesis, nanoparticles containing ammonium substructures were synthesized for the first time and used as a nano-vector to deliver an anti-inflammatory drug (diclofenac). Furthermore, with the aim of ionic extraction in continuous flow, materials containing ionic functions as monolith were synthesized from ammonium precursor via sol gel route. This thesis allowed us to find the theoretical, experimental and illustrative elements of the different aspects of materials formation based on cationic entities with remarkable properties that are guanidiniums and ammonium salts.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The use of ionic liquids 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluorborate ([BMIM] [BF4]) and 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate ([BMIM][PF6]) as catalytic solvent in the synthesis of 1,1,1-trichloro(fluoro)-3-alken-2-onas [CX3C(O)C(R2)=C(R1)OR] from the reaction of enolethers or acetals with acyl halides is reported. The results obtained in the presence of ionic liquids were compared with those obtained in the conventional condition already developed in our laboratory, and they demonstrated great improvement in the reaction times, with maintenance of the good yields. Ionic liquids also were used in the reactions of enolethers with poor reactive acylants, as acetyl chloride and benzoyl chloride, proving its efficiency as catalytic media in this reaction type. The ionic liquids were still used as medium in the synthesis of β-enaminones bearing a trifluoro[chloro]methyl starting from the 1,1,1-trichloro(fluoro)-3-alken-2-ones. It was also evaluated the reutilization of the ionic liquids (recharge) after the reactions mentioned above. In all of the cases of recharge there was the maintenance of the times reacionais without significant loss of yield. / Esta tese descreve a utilização dos líquidos iônicos tetrafluorborato de 1-butil-3-metilimidazolium ([BMIM] [BF4]) e hexafluorfosfato de 1-butil-3-metilimidazolium ([BMIM][PF6]) como solventes catalíticos na síntese de 1,1,1-tricloro(fluor)-3-alquen-2-onas [CX3C(O)C(R2)=C(R1)OR] a partir da reação de enoléteres ou acetais com haletos de acila. Os resultados obtidos com líquidos iônicos foram comparados com os obtidos por método convencional já desenvolvido em nosso laboratório, e demonstraram grande melhora nos tempos reacionais e manutenção dos bons rendimentos. Os líquidos iônicos também foram utilizados em reações de enoléteres com acilantes menos reativos como cloreto de acetila e cloreto de benzoíla, provando ser bons meios catalíticos neste tipo de reação. Os líquidos iônicos foram utilizados como meio para a síntese de trifluoro[cloro]metil β-enaminonas a partir de 1,1,1-tricloro(fluor)-3-alquen-2-onas. Também foi avaliada a reutilização dos líquidos iônicos (recarga) após as reações mencionadas. Em todos os casos, após a recarga os tempos reacionais foram mantidos sem perda significativa nos rendimentos.

Para avaliar o efeito do uso oral de omeprazol em ruminantes adultos saudáveis, foram utilizados cinco ovinos machos, com dois anos de idade, hígidos e providos de cânula abomasal, que ou não receberam nada (grupo controle) ou receberam omeprazol oral em pasta, na dose de 4 mg/kg de peso vivo a cada 24 horas, durante 7 dias, em delineamento experimental de cross-over, com período de 'wash-out' de 7 dias. Diariamente os animais foram avaliados clinicamente e foram realizados o hemograma, a hemogasometria venosa; a mensuração dos eletrólitos, o perfil bioquímico, a concentração de pepsinogênio e o pH abomasal, urinário e fecal. Foi realizada, no último dia do período experimental a curva de 24 horas, com intervalo de duas horas, para o pH abomasal e o pepsinogênio sérico. Não houve efeito de tratamento para as variáveis analisadas, que permaneceram dentro do intervalo fisiológico para a espécie ovina. O uso do omeprazol na dose de 4 mg/kg de peso corporal durante sete dias, apesar de não aumentar o pH abomasal, diminuiu as concentrações de cálcio iônico e de cloro séricas / To evaluate the effect of oral omeprazole in healthy adult ruminants, five male sheep, two years old, healthy and provided with abomasal cannula, were used. Either received nothing (control group) or received oral omeprazole paste in dose of 4 mg /kg body weight every 24 hours for 7 days in experimental design of cross-over, with period of 'wash-out' of 7 days. Every day the animals were evaluated clinically and were performed the blood test, venous blood gas analysis; the measurement of electrolytes, biochemical profile, the concentration of pepsinogen and abomasal pH, urinary and fecal. It was held in last day trial period to 24 hours curve with an interval of two hours for the abomasal pH and serum pepsinogen. There was no treatment effect for the variables that remained within the physiological range for the sheep. The use of omeprazole at 4 mg / kg body weight for seven days, while not increasing the pH abomasal decreased the calcium ion concentration and serum chlorine