A novel free radical-based substitution reaction was developed for grafting aromatic/heteroaromatic compounds to perfluorosulfonic acid polymers (PFSAs). Two proton-exchange membranes perfluorobenzoic acid (PFBA) and perfluorobenzenesulfonic acid (PFBSA)—were synthesized for proton-exchange membrane fuel cells via the free radical-based reaction. The physical properties, in-plane ionic conductivities and fuel cell performance of two membranes were investigated. They exhibited different electrochemical and physical properties, possibly due to the formation of unique dimerized/trimerized structure of –CO2H groups in the PFBA membrane. A free radical-based thermolytic reaction under a high temperature (180 oC)/pressure (1000 psi) condition in the presence of TFA and hydrogen peroxide is first demonstrated. A novel perfluorotetrafluoroaniline (PFTFAn) polymer was synthesized from PFSA and 2,3,5,6-tetrafluoroaniline in one step via the thermolytic reaction. After doping H2SO4 in the PFTFAn polymer, a new conjugated acid membrane (H2SO4-doped PFTFAn) was obtained. The H2SO4-doped PFTFAn membrane displayed better chemical stability and mechanical properties than NafionTM due to the removal of –SO3H groups. The second part of this thesis deals with fluoropolymer-based anion-exchange membranes. A new class of coordinated metal/perfluoropolymer type composite membranes were synthesized and characterized for anion-exchange membrane fuel cells (AEMFCs). A membrane comprised of perfluoro(phenyl-2,2’:6’,2”-terpyridine) polymer, ZrO(ClO4)2 nanoclusters, and 2,2’:6’,2”-terpyridine displayed the highest conductivity of 23.1 mS/cm at 60 oC. The chemical stability test of composite membrane showed no conductivity loss after refluxing in 7 M KOH solution at 120 oC for 2,200 h. A H+ coordinated cage-shape molecule with a benzyl group (Bn-proton cage) was designed and synthesized as a base-stable anion-exchange group. By employing the free radical-based reaction, Bn-proton cage was grafted to a fluoropolymer to yield a stable anion-conductive membrane under alkaline conditions. The third part of this thesis is our design, synthesis and test of ionic liquids for reversible SO2 absorption. Novel di-cationic ionic liquids (DILs) were designed and synthesized for SO2 absorption. DILs were found to have better SO2 absorption capabilities than mono-cationic ionic liquids (MILs). A chloride-based DIL comprised of two N-methylimidazolium cations and a PEG9 (HO-(CH2CH2O)9-H) chain could reversibly uptake 3.710 mole SO2 per mole DIL under ambient conditions. The anion, temperature and water impact on SO2 absorption in DILs was investigated. Although replacing chloride with triflate or tosylate groups led to a reduced SO2 absorption for the DILs, a high selectivity against CO2 was observed in CO2 absorption test.

xix, 190 p. : ill. A print copy of this thesis is available through the UO Libraries. Search the library catalog for the location and call number. / The electrical properties of conducting polymer-based devices are investigated in order to better understand charge transport through conducting polymers and charge transfer at conducting polymer interfaces with metals and inorganic semiconductors. Experiments on two specific systems are reported: (1) an anionically functionalized conducting polymer between metal electrodes and (2) nanostructured doped conducting polymer-semiconductor interfaces. Temperature dependent impedance measurements are reported on an anionically functionalized polyacetylene sandwiched between two gold electrodes (Au|P A |Au). These measurements provide key quantities regarding the ionic carriers in this system, such as the characteristic frequency for electrode polarization, ionic DC conductivity, activation energy, effective ion concentration, and hopping frequency. Impedance measurements are also reported on samples where excess electronic carriers had been introduced with a DC bias and at temperatures sufficiently low so as to freeze out the ionic carriers. In addition to providing information about the dielectric relaxation of electronic carriers such as the characteristic frequency for electrode polarization and activation energy, these low-temperature impedance measurements also support the ionic dielectric relaxation assignments. Temperature-dependent potential step experiments, in combination with the dielectric measurements probing ionic carriers, demonstrate the direct connection between the redistribution of ions and an enhancement in carrier injection in the Au|P A |Au system. Further potential step experiments followed by relaxation through either a short- or open-circuit configuration demonstrate that the electric field distribution is closely related to the amount of injected electronic carriers. The electric field distribution changes from being mostly determined by ionic carriers to being jointly determined by both ionic and injected electronic carriers when the density of injected electronic carriers is higher than that of the effective ionic carriers. To investigate charge depletion and transport at length scales less than the depletion width of a semiconductor interface, nanoscale metal-InP contacts with low barrier height were embedded within conducting polymer-InP contacts with high barrier height. Electrical measurements on these hybrid interfaces indicate that charge transport across the nanoscale metal contacts is affected by the neighboring high barrier region when the size of the metal contacts is less than the depletion width of the conducting polymer-InP background. / Adviser: Mark Lonergan

Poli(p-fenileno de tereftalamida) (PPTA), usualmente chamado de aramida, é uma fibra polimérica de baixa densidade que possui alta rigidez e resistência à tração, assim como excelente estabilidade térmica e química. Essa fibra é utilizada como reforço em materiais compósitos utilizados nas indústrias aeroespacial e automobilística, em artefatos de proteção balística e de proteção ao corte. No entanto, sua aplicação como reforço em materiais compósitos está limitada por sua baixa afinidade interfacial com matrizes poliméricas, devido a sua superfície lisa e relativamente inerte. Para superar esta desvantagem, diversos tratamentos foram desenvolvidos para modificar a superfície da aramida. Contudo, realizar essa modificação sem diminuir a resistência mecânica da fibra é um grande desafio, assim como desenvolver um método industrialmente viável. Líquidos iônicos (LI) apresentam-se como uma alternativa promissora para a compatibilização da aramida com matrizes poliméricas, devido à possibilidade de ajuste de suas propriedades com a escolha de ânions e cátions específicos. Dessa forma, o objetivo deste estudo é investigar a influência de diferentes LI nas propriedades adesivas entre Kevlar e uma resina epoxídica. Para tanto, as fibras foram submetidas a soluções de etanol e LI imidazólicos (cloreto de 1-n-butil-3-metilimidazólio, cloreto de 1-carboximetil-3-metilimidazólio, metanossulfonato de 1-trietilenoglicol monometil éter-3-metilimidazólio e metanossulfonato de 1-n-butil-3-metilimidazólio) e analisadas por espectroscopia do infravermelho, análise termogravimétrica e microscopia eletrônica de varredura. A resistência mecânica das fibras foi investigada por teste de tração e a interface foi caracterizada em termos de molhabilidade e adesão pelos testes de ângulo de contato e pull-out. Os resultados mostraram um aumento na molhabilidade e na adesão nas fibras tratadas com cloreto de 1- n-butil-3-metilimidazólico, metanossulfonato de 1-trietilenoglicol monometil éter-3- metilimidazólio e metanossulfonato de 1-n-butil-3-metilimidazólio. Dois compósitos laminados foram fabricados com os tecidos comercial e tratado com metanossulfonato de 1- trietilenoglicol monometil éter-3-metilimidazólio. Suas propriedades mecânicas foram aferidas por ensaios de tração e short beam. O compósito feito com o tecido tratado apresentou maior resistência mecânica, módulo e tensão de cisalhamento interlaminar. / Poly(p-phenylene terephthalamide) (PPTA), known as aramid, is a low density polymeric fiber that has high rigidity and exceptional tensile strength, as well as excellent thermal and chemical stability. It is used as reinforcement in composite materials in the aerospace and automobile industry and in ballistic and stab-resistant articles. However, its inferior interfacial affinity towards polymeric matrices due to its smooth surface hampers its use in composite materials, preventing full achievement of its potential as reinforcement. To overcome this drawback, various treatments have been applied to modify the aramid surface. Nevertheless it is a great challenge to introduce this modification without diminishing the fiber mechanical properties and to develop an industrially feasible process. Ionic liquids (IL) might be an alternative as compatibilizer in polymeric matrices reinforced with aramid fibers because of their unique set of physical-chemical properties that can be finely tuned by their chemical structures. Hence, the objective of this study is to investigate the influence of different IL on the adhesive properties between Kevlar and epoxy resin. Kevlar fibers were submitted to solutions of ethanol and imidazolium IL (1-n-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride, 1- carboxymethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride, 1-n-hexadecyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride, 1- triethyleneglycol monomethyl ether-3-methylimidazolium methanesulfonate and 1-n-butyl-3- methylimidazolium methanesulfonate) and then analyzed by infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis and scanning electron microscopy. The mechanical strength of the fibers was analyzed by tensile strength tests and the interface was characterized by contact angle measurements and pull-out tests. There was an increase in wettability and adhesion of the fibers treated with 1-n-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride, 1-triethyleneglycol monomethyl ether-3-methylimidazolium methanesulfonate and 1-n-butyl-3- methylimidazolium methanesulfonate. Two laminated composites were manufactured with commercial and 1-triethyleneglycol monomethyl ether-3-methylimidazolium methanesulfonate treated fabrics and their mechanical properties were measured with tensile strength and short beam test. The composite made with treated fabrics presented higher mechanical resistance, modulus and interfacial shear strength.

Os líquidos iônicos, por geralmente apresentar, em sua estrutura, uma cadeia alquílica apolar e uma parte polar, como o cátion imidazólio, podem ser considerados estruturas anfifílicas, e apresentam semelhanças com os tensoativos. Tais estruturas, devido a este caráter anfifílico, podem interagir com estruturas do tipo Lipossomas ou até mesmo com biomoléculas, como a BSA. Neste trabalho, foram sintetizados três líquidos iônicos inéditos, com rendimentos de 52 a 66%, acoplados a sistemas quirais derivados de aminoácidos naturais e de fácil obtenção, como a L-Cisteína, a L-Serina e a L-Treonina. Estes foram caracterizados tanto do ponto de vista estrutural, quanto por suas propriedades fotofísicas. Como procedimento metodológico utilizou-se de ciclocondensação de aminoácidos, esterificação de Steglich e alquilação para inserção de cadeia carbônica ao anel metil-imidazol. Para investigação e confirmação dessas estruturas utilizou-se de estudos de Ressonância Magnética de 1H e de 13C, Infravermelho, além das espectroscopias de absorção na região do UV-Vis e de emissão de fluorescência. Por fim, estes novos líquidos iônicos foram testados com lipossomas e BSA, cujos resultados mostraram boa interação com essas biomoléculas. / Ionic liquids can be considered as amphiphilic structures and have similarities with the surfactants, once they generally have an apolar alkyl chain and a polar moiety, such as the imidazolium cation. Such structures, due to this amphiphilic character, may interact with liposome structures or even with biomolecules, such as BSA. In this work, three new ionic liquids containing chiral systems derived from naturally occurring amino acids, such as L-Cysteine, L-Serine and L-Threonine were synthesized, with yields ranging from 52 to 66%. They were fully characterized both from the structural point of view, and by its photophysical properties. As methodological procedures, amino acid cyclocondensation, Steglich esterification and alkylation were used. In order to investigate and confirm these structures, magnetic resonance studies of 1H and 13C, infrared, as well as absorption spectroscopies in the UV-Vis region and fluorescence emission were used. At last, these new ionic liquids were tested with liposomes and BSA, and the results showed good interaction with these biomolecules.

No fim do século XX cresceu o interesse por materiais com potencial para aplicação na área da nanotecnologia. Um destes materiais é o grafeno (alótropo do carbono da espessura de um átomo), indicado para aplicações que exploram desde propriedades ópticas até mecânicas. Todavia, os métodos de produção estabelecidos até o momento geram normalmente um produto com alto grau de defeitos estruturais. Por isso, o objetivo deste estudo foi desenvolver um método mais brando para obtenção de grafeno, por meio do desenrolamento de nanotubos de carbono (NTC) de parede múltipla na presença de líquidos iônicos (LI) (que possuem caráter lubrificante e estabilizador) e adicioná-lo à resina epoxídica para avaliar seu efeito nas propriedades do nanocompósito. A metodologia consistiu em definir a rota a que a mistura NTC:LI (bis(trifluorometanosulfonil)imidato de 1-n-butil-3-metilimidazólio – BMImNTf2), na proporção 1:10, deveria ser submetida e depois avaliar variações para validação do método (alteração de temperatura, solventes – LI BMImCl e tolueno e nanocarga – grafite). As misturas de grafeno-NTC/LI produzidas foram adicionadas na proporção de 0,1% em massa de grafeno-NTC à resina epoxídica. A caracterização das misturas se deu pelas técnicas de microscopia eletrônica de transmissão (MET), espectroscopia Raman e microscopia de força atômica (AFM), e dos nanocompósitos, também por microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV), análise termogravimétrica (TGA), calorimetria diferencial exploratória (DSC), infravermelho (IV) análise dinâmico-mecânica (DMA) e ensaios mecânicos. A morfologia observada em MET e AFM evidenciou que a rota em que a mistura permaneceu 3 h em aquecimento e agitação magnética sob vácuo e 3 h sob sonificação resultou em grafeno de algumas camadas. Os resultados de Raman mostraram que foi produzido grafeno de boa qualidade, baseando-se na razão ID/IG. Nos nanocompósitos, confirmou-se que BMImNTf2 mantém as folhas de grafeno abertas. Já com BMImCl a morfologia dos NTC permanece inalterada, mas seu grau de emaranhamento é diminuído pela ação lubrificante deste LI, o que reflete em melhoria na resistência ao impacto. Os NTC sem a presença de um LI de forma geral não conferiram melhoria à matriz polimérica (ex: queda de 35% na dureza). / In the late twentieth century, the interest in materials with potential application in the nanotechnology´s field has increased. One of these materials is graphene (carbon allotrope of a single atom thickness), suitable for applications, which exploit properties such as optical or mechanical. However, the methods developed up to now to obtain graphene usually generate a product with high degree of structural defects. Therefore, the aim of this study was to produce graphene sheets through a milder route of unrolling multi-walled carbon nanotubes (CNT) in ionic liquids (IL; which have a lubricating and stabilizing character) and to add it to an epoxy resin to evaluate its effect on the nanocomposite properties. The methodology consisted of defining the route through which the 1:10 mixture of CNT:IL (1-n-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imidate - BMImNTf2) should be submitted, and then evaluate possible variations for validating the method (change in temperature, solvents - toluene and IL BMImCl and nanofiller - graphite). The produced graphene-CNT/IL mixtures were added at 0.1% by weight of graphene-CNT to epoxy resin. Characterization of the graphene/IL mixtures was done by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Raman spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy (AFM), and the nanocomposites also by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), dynamical mechanical analysis (DMA) and mechanical tests. The morphology observed using TEM and AFM showed that the route based on 3 h under heating, stirring and vacuum, followed by 3 h of sonication leads to CNT unrolling. Raman spectra showed that the produced graphene was of good quality, based on the low ID/IG ratio. In the nanocomposites, CNT unrolling was confirmed when IL BMImNTf2 was used, yielding reasonable property improvements. In the case of IL BMImCl, the unrolling of the CNT did not occur, but the lubricant effect of the IL decreased the degree of entanglement, which increased its impact strength. Differently, the non-treated CNT generally reduced the properties of the polymer matrix, e.g. a 35% drop in hardness.

L’objectif de ce travail de recherche est d’étudier la possibilité d’utiliser la spectrométrie Raman dite "conventionnelle" pour l’analyse, voire le contrôle in situ de solutions ioniques et d'en déterminer les limites. Nous avons étudié différentes solutions salines, composées d'ions polyatomiques comme le nitrate (NO3-) donnant des raies Raman autour de 1000 cm-1, et d'ions halogénures (F-, Cl-, Br-, I-) qui ne possèdent pas de signature directe mais influencent de manière indirecte le spectre de l’eau. Les méthodologies proposées dans ce travail permettent une identification et une quantification des solutions salines et sont basées sur des analyses classiques de spectres à l'aide de pré-traitements (normalisation, correction de ligne de base). Les limites de détection des ions étudiés correspondent pour certains ions aux limites de potabilité de l’eau (nitrates et sulfates par exemple). D’autres substances restent impossibles à quantifier (nitrite, ammonium). Des méthodes statistiques ont ensuite été employées. Ainsi, l’analyse en composante principale (ACP) permet d’identifier la nature d’une solution saline, que l’ion présente une signature directe ou indirecte, et d'accéder aux arrangements moléculaires des ions avec l’eau. La régression PLS permet de quantifier les ions en solution à travers des modèles de prédiction. Cette méthode a été utilisée sur des solutions pures de nitrate et de chlorure avec des erreurs sur les prédictions en concentration 4 à 5 fois plus faibles que celles trouvées par les méthodes classiques. Ces méthodes statistiques ont également permis de descendre à des gammes de concentrations en ion Cl- beaucoup plus faibles (10-100 mM) / The objective of this research is to study the possibility of using conventional Raman spectroscopy for analysis, or in situ control of substances dissolved in water and to determine the limits of this technique. Several salt solutions were studied. Polyatomic ions such as nitrate (NO3-) give intense Raman lines around 1000 cm-1. Halide ions (F-, Cl-, Br-, I-) have no direct signature but indirectly affect the water spectrum. The methodology proposed in this work for identification and quantification of salt solutions is based on classical analysis of spectra using pre-treatment methods (normalization, baseline correction). The limits of detection of the studied ions correspond to the water potability limits. It is possible to go below the potability limits for nitrates and sulfates for example but it is impossible to reach them for some other substances (nitrite, ammonium). Then, statistical methods were used. Thus, the principal component analysis (PCA) allows to identify the nature of a salt solution (with direct or indirect signatures) and to acces to the molecular arrangements of ions with water. PLS regression quantifies the ions through predictive models. This method was used on pure solutions of nitrate and chloride with errors on the concentration predictions 4 to 5 times lower than those found by classical methods. Lower concentration ranges (10-100 mM) for the Cl- ion are reachable using these statistical methods

Les nanoparticules de platine (Pt) représentent environ la moitié du coût de fabrication des piles à combustible à membrane échangeuses de protons (PEMFC), ce qui constitue un frein à leur commercialisation à grande échelle. La récupération du Pt contenu dans les piles usagées apparaît donc nécessaire. Les voies de traitement habituellement mises en œuvre pour le recyclage de catalyseurs à base de Pt sont des procédés pyro-hydrométallurgiques, générateurs d’émissions polluantes (CO2, NO2). Une voie de traitement électrochimique en milieu liquide ionique (LI), plus respectueuse de l'environnement, est proposée ici. Elle combine dans une seule cellule la lixiviation du Pt par dissolution anodique et sa récupération par électrodéposition, dans des conditions de température "douces", sans émission de gaz nocifs. L’étude de nombreux électrolytes a permis de sélectionner les mélanges BMIMTFSI + BMIMCl (bis(trifluorométhylsulfonyl) imidure + chlorure de 1-butyl-3-méthylimidazolium), en raison du caractère complexant des chlorures facilitant la lixiviation du Pt et de la bonne stabilité électrochimique du BMIMTFSI. L’anion TFSI-, peu coordonnant, permet de moduler le caractère complexant de l’électrolyte, paramètre clé du procédé influant sur la nature et la stabilité électrochimique du complexe de Pt formé par lixiviation. Au cours de ce travail, les conditions expérimentales permettant de lixivier et d’électrodéposer le Pt dans une cellule unitaire ont été définies et appliquées avec succès aux électrodes de PEMFC. L’électrolyte sélectionné, faiblement hygroscopique, permet la récupération du Pt en atmosphère ambiante / The platinum nanoparticles used as catalyst in Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFCs) represent around the half of the total price of the cell and is one of the limitations for their large scale commercialization. The treatment of spent PEMFC through the recovery of platinum catalyst is a major concern for their development. Usual recovery routes for platinum-containing catalysts are pyro-hydrometallurgical processes that generate pollutant emissions (CO2, NO2). An electrochemical recovery route by coupling electrochemical leaching and electrodeposition in ionic liquids (ILs) is proposed here, more environmentally friendly, performed in "soft" temperature conditions and without any gases emission. Studies of several electrolytes lead us to select BMIMTFSI + BMIMCl melts (bis(trifluorométhylsulfonyl) imidure + 1-butyl-3-méthylimidazolium chloride), due to the complexing ability of chloride against platinum and the good electrochemical stability of the RMIM+ cation. TFSI-, a weakly coordinate anion, allows us to modulate the complexing ability of the electrolyte, which is a key parameter affecting the nature and the electrochemical stability of the Pt complex formed after leaching. The optimal conditions of the leaching and electrodeposition steps have been determined during this work and successfully applied to PEMFC’s electrode. The selected electrolyte, which is weakly hygroscopic, allows the Pt recovery under ambient atmosphere

The first chapter of this thesis introduces the fundamental concepts governing the design and synthesis of supramolecular complexes. By illustrating the synthesis of several coordination cages reported in the literature, the principles underlying the construction of coordination cages by subcomponent self-assembly are elucidated. Ionic liquids are then proposed as solvents for cage systems; general methods for the preparation and synthesis of these solvents are described. The second chapter explores the use of ionic liquids as solvents for existing coordination cages. Potential methods of characterising these cages in ionic liquids are discussed; cages are demonstrated to be stable and capable of encapsulating guests in these ionic environments; and systems in which cages have good solubility in ionic liquids are designed. Building upon these observations, a triphasic sorting system is presented such that each of three different host-guest complexes are soluble in only one of three immiscible liquid phases. In contrast to the static triphasic system described in the second chapter, the third chapter explores directed phase transfer of coordination cages and their cargos from water, across a phase interface, and into an ionic liquid phase. The host-guest complex can then be recycled from the ionic liquid layer back into water after several additional steps. Furthermore, phase transfer of cationic cages is used to separate a mixture of cationic and anionic host-guest complexes. In the fourth chapter, fully reversible phase transfer of coordination cages is developed. Using anion exchange to modulate the solubility of three different cationic cages, reversible transport between water and ethyl acetate is demonstrated. Sequential phase transfer can also be achieved such that, from a mixture of cubic (+16) and tetrahedral (+8) cages, the cubic cage transfers from water to ethyl acetate before the tetrahedral cage. This process is fully reversible; upon the addition of a hydrophilic anion, the tetrahedral cage returns from ethyl acetate to water before the cubic cage.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / The synthesis of two 1-methyl-3-alkylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate (where alkyl = butyl, octyl; [BMIM]BF4 and [OMIM]BF4) based on room temperature ionic liquids (RTIL) is reported. The usefulness of these ionic liquids in organic synyhesis was evaluated through three reactions such as: (i) preparation of the N,N-dimethylenaminones (RCOCH=CHNMe2, where R = Ph, 4-Me-Ph, 4-F-Ph, 4-Cl-Ph, 4-Br-Ph, 4-O2N-Ph, fur-2-yl, tien-2-yl, pyrrol-2-yl, pyrid-2-yl, CH(OMe)2, octyl) from the condensation reaction of N,Ndimethylformamide dimethyl acetal with methylketones; (ii) preparation of the 6-dimethylamino-1,1,1-trifluoro-4-methoxy-3,5-dien-2-one [CF3COCH=CH(OMe)CH=CHNMe2, from the condensation reaction of N,Ndimethylformamide dimethyl acetal with appropriated 1,1,1-trifluoro-4-methoxy-3-penten-2- one and (iii) N-alkylation reaction of 3,5-dimethyl- and 5-trifluoromethyl-3-methyl-1Hpyrazoles, from the reaction of the N-H pyrazoles with alkyl halides (R1 X, where R1 = Bu, octyl, allyl, benzyl, CH₂CH₂CONEt₂). The reaction time, and the yields were investigated and this method showed advantages over the methods described in the literature. / Neste trabalho é relatado a síntese de dois líquidos iônicos, tetrafluorborato de 1-alquil-3-metil imidazolíneo, com alquil = butil, octil ([BMIM]BF4 and [OMIM]BF4) e sua utilização como meios reacionais. A adequabilidade dos líquidos iônicos foi avaliada em três reações: (i) síntese de N,N-dimetilenaminonas (RCOCH=CHNMe2, com R = Ph, 4-Me-Ph, 4-F-Ph, 4-Cl-Ph, 4-Br-Ph, 4-O2N-Ph, fur-2-il, tien-2-il, pirrol-2-il, pirid-2-il, CH(OMe)2, octil) a partir da reação de condensação N,N-dimetilformamida dimetilacetal com metilcetonas; (ii) síntese de 6-dimetilamino-1,1,1-trifluor-4-metoxi-3,5-dien-2-ona [CF3COCH=CH(OMe)CH=CHNMe2, a partir da reação de condensação de N,Ndimetilformamida dimetilacetal com 1,1,1-trifluor-4-metoxi-3-penten-2-ona e (iii) reação de N-alquilação de 3,5-dimetil- and 5-trifluorometil-3-metil-1H-pirazol, a partir da reação de NH pirazóis com haletos de alquila (R¹ X, com R¹ = Bu, octil, alil, benzil, CH₂CH₂CONEt₂). O tempo reacional e os rendimentos foram avaliados e o método mostrou vantagens em relação aos outros métodos descritos na literatura.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:25:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-02-17Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:12:21Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 escanhoelajunior_ca_me_rcla.pdf: 2205069 bytes, checksum: 07cd01b4a104f262986c24bd2a7f874b (MD5) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Neste trabalho realizamos a polarização térmica em vidros silicatos com composição (%mol) 22Na2O.8CaO.65SiO2 .5MO2 (M = Si, Ti, Ge, Zr, Sn e Ce). A polarização térmica consiste em aplicar um campo elétrico DC de elevada intensidade (~1 MV/m) em amostras a altas temperaturas. Durante a polarização térmica é gerado um campo elétrico permanente no interior da amostra, na região do anodo, que é responsável por propriedades ópticas nãolineares. Submetemos à polarização térmica amostras dos vidros, com ~1,5 mm de espessura e área de 20 x 20 mm2. Utilizamos eletrodos de Au, com diâmetro de 1 cm. As amostras foram aquecidas no interior de um forno até ~145 oC e aplicamos um campo elétrico de 1 MV/m durante 60 min. Durante a aplicação do campo elétrico, medimos simultaneamente a corrente através do circuito e as temperaturas no forno e na amostra. A corrente elétrica medida no circuito está relacionada com a migração de íons Na+ no interior das amostras do anodo para o catodo. A diminuição da corrente após um determinado tempo de polarização é devido à formação de uma camada com ausência de íons Na+ (camada de depleção) junto ao anodo. Os diferentes cátions tetravalentes, M4+, inseridos no vidro têm funções particulares na estrutura deste e afetam de formas distintas a corrente elétrica. A energia de ativação para a condutividade elétrica em vidros soda-cal-sílica está associada à energia necessária para o íon Na+ transpor a barreira de potencial entre os interstícios adjacentes na rede vítrea. Para determinar a energia de ativação da condutividade elétrica DC, Eσ, destes vidros, submetemos amostras de cada composição a um campo elétrico de 1 MV/m, durante 2 segundos para diferentes temperaturas entre 100 e 220 ºC. Esta energia está relacionada com... / In this work we performed thermal poling in glasses with composition (%mol) 22Na2O.8CaO.65SiO2 .5MO2 (M = Si, Ti, Ge, Zr, Sn and Ce). The thermal poling consist in apply a high intensity DC electric field (~1 MV/m) on samples at high temperatures. During the thermal poling process a permanent electric field is generated in the anode region of the sample, and this field is responsible for nonlinear optical properties of various glasses. We submit to thermal poling samples with ~1.5 mm in thickness and area of 20x20 mm2. We used gold electrodes with a diameter of 1 cm. The samples were heated inside a furnace to ~ 145 oC and an electric field of 1 MV/m was applied for 60 min. During the poling process, we measure simultaneously the current through the circuit and the temperatures in the furnace and of the sample. The electric current of the circuit is related to the migration of sodium ions in the bulk samples from the anode to the cathode. The current decrease with the poling time is due to the formation of a Na+ absent layer (depletion layer) near the anode surface. The different tetravalent cations, M4+, in the glass have different functions in their structures and affect the electrical current in particular manners. The activation energy for electrical conductivity in soda-lime-silica glasses is associated with energy for the Na+ ions to cross the potential barrier, which is submitted to the interstices of the glassy network, and jump into the nearest interstice. The activation energy of DC electrical conductivity, Eσ, of our samples of was determined by applying an electric field of 1 MV/m for 2 seconds, at different temperatures between 100 and 220 ºC. This energy is related to the current, I, through the equation ... The energy calculated is ~0.8 eV. To evaluate the structural and compositional changes of the samples surfaces that were in contact with the ...