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Motivé par les propriétés antibiotiques et antileucémiques de la Clérocidine, notre laboratoire a voulu en étudier la synthèse. Au cours de ce travail de recherche, nous avons plus particulièrement proposé une nouvelle méthodologie de synthèse de structures bicycliques pouvant s'appliquer à l'élaboration du squelette décaline de la Clérocidine. La stratégie que nous proposons consiste en une cyclisation réductrice intramoléculaire de cycloénones a-substituées menant en une seule étape aux structures bicycliques correspondantes. Nous avons étudié la synthèse de substrats précurseurs de type 607 par deux voies. Une première voie permet l'accès à des fonctionnalités terminales différentes (x), afin de tester la réactivité des différents groupements face aux conditions de cyclisation. La seconde voie permet, à partir d'un même aldéhyde, la synthèse en une seule étape de cycloénones de tailles variées ; ce qui mène à une grande variété de précurseurs sur lesquels appliquer la cyclisation réductrice. Dans les deux cas, nous avons exploité la réaction de Nozaki pour permettre la jonction de la chaîne substituante en position a de la cycloénone. L'utilisation du lithium dans l'ammoniac comme agent réducteur, nous a permis de mener à bien la cyclisation réductrice intramoléculaire sur toute une série de précurseurs, conduisant à des bicycles [5.4.0]-undécanes, hydrindanes et décalines, dont certaines plus proches du cœur bicyclique de la Clérocidine.

1. Enantioselective Pd(II)-Catalysed Nucleophilic Additions of 2- Alkylazaarenes The first project deals with enantio- and diastereoselective palladium(II)-catalysed nucleophilic additions of 2-alkylazaarenes to N-Boc imines and nitroalkenes. Under the optimised reaction conditions high levels of diastereo- and enantioselection of the addition products were achieved. Introduction of the electron-withdrawing group at the aryl ring of the substrate allows running the reaction under mild, experimentally convenient reaction conditions. The new described method allows the enantioselective synthesis of 2-(β-aminoalkyl)azaarenes, which are substructures found in drug candidates molecules for the treatment of type 2 diabetes and schizophrenia. 2. Synthesis of Spirocyclic Enones via Rh(III)-Catalysed C–H Functionalisation The second project describes the synthesis of spirocyclic enones by rhodium(III)- catalysed dearomatising oxidative annulation of 2-alkenylphenols with alkynes and 1,3-enynes. A good to high yield with great regioselectivity was obtained. The further synthetic utility of the product was also investigated and led to the formation of highly functionalised tetracycles via 1,6 conjugation addition reaction.

By simply hydrogenating enones in the presence of aldehydes at ambient temperature and pressure, aldol adducts are generated under neutral conditions in the absence of any stoichiometric byproducts. Using cationic rhodium complexes modified by tri(2-furyl)phosphine, highly syn-diastereoselective reductive aldol additions of vinyl ketones are achieved. Finally, using novel monodentate TADDOL-like phosphonite ligands, the first highly diastereo- and enantioselective reductive aldol couplings of vinyl ketones were devised. These studies, along with other works from our laboratory, demonstrate that organometallics arising transiently in the course of catalytic hydrogenation offer byproduct-free alternatives to preformed organometallic reagents employed in classical carbonyl addition processes. Existing methods for enantioselective carbonyl allylation, crotylation and tert-prenylation require stoichiometric generation of pre-metallated nucleophiles, and often employ stoichiometric chiral modifiers. Under the conditions of transfer hydrogenation employing an ortho-cyclometallated iridium C,O-benzoate catalyst, enantioselective carbonyl allylations, crotylations and tert-prenylations are achieved in the absence of stoichiometric metallic reagents or stoichiometric chiral modifiers. Moreover, under transfer hydrogenation conditions, primary alcohols function dually as hydrogen donors and aldehyde precursors, enabling enantioselective carbonyl addition directly from the alcohol oxidation level. / text

Orientador: Paulo José Samenho Moran / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Química / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-21T16:43:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Paula_BrunoRicardoSilvade_M.pdf: 10291593 bytes, checksum: c054e04292035c00a7e70ac53eea2231 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: Nesse projeto investigou-se o uso de líquidos iônicos na preparação de compostos carbonílicos a,b-insaturados por meio da condensação de Knoevenagel e na biorredução dos produtos sintetizados. Na primeira etapa do projeto, estudou-se a aplicação de um protocolo desenvolvido pelo grupo de pesquisa para a condensação de Knoevenagel entre b-cetoésteres e aldeídos aromáticos em líquidos iônicos. Utilizaram-se os líquidos iônicos [bmim(PF6)] e [bmim(NTf2)], e em ambos os casos, obtiveram-se rendimentos de moderado a alto para as condensações envolvendo o acetoacetato de etila e o 4-cloroacetoacetato de etila. Os produtos obtidos, que em todos os casos foram misturas de diastereoisômeros, foram separados e caracterizados individualmente, e a configurações das olefinas (E ou Z) puderam ser determinadas com base na cristalografia de raios-X de dois dos compostos preparados, e posterior comparação dos espectros de RMN de C de todos os compostos sintetizados. O acetoacetato de etila forneceu como isômero majoritário o Z, enquanto o 4-cloroacetoacetato de etila forneceu como isômero majoritário o E. Na segunda etapa do projeto, estudaram-se as biorreduções dos compostos preparados em sistemas bifásicos água/líquido iônico hidrofóbico. Em geral, verificou-se que na biorredução dos derivados do acetoacetato de etila por Saccharomyces cerevisiae, a existência de um sistema bifásico fez com que houvesse a redução da olefina, mantendo a carbonila intacta, enquanto no sistema monofásico (aquoso) houve a redução tanto da olefina quanto da carbonila. O comportamento da reação de biorredução foi bastante sensível a natureza do anel aromático, sendo que em alguns casos os produtos de retro-Knoevenagel foram formados em quantidades significativas. No caso do 2-benzilidenoacetoacetato de etila, pôde-se verificar que um comportamento semelhante foi observado em termos de quimiosseletividade para a redução dos derivados do acetoacetato de etila na presença de uma resina acrílica (Amberlite XAD-7). No caso dos derivados do 4-cloroacetoacetato de etila, as biorreduções por Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Saccharomyces boulardii, Candida albicans, Pichia stipitis e Geotrichum candidum forneceram como majoritários os produtos de retro-Knoevenagel. No caso da biorredução por Rhodotorula glutinis, houve apenas um aumento do tempo de reação, com manutenção da redução dos dois grupos funcionais / Abstract: In this project, we studied the use of ionic liquids in the preparation of a,b-unsaturated compounds by the Knoevenagel condensation, and in their bioreductions by yeasts. In the first stage, a methodology developed by our research group for the a-methylenation of carbonyl compounds in ionic liquids was applied to the condensation of b-ketoesters and aromatic aldehydes. In condensations involving ethyl acetoacetate and 4-chloroacetoacetate, moderate to high yields were obtained using [bmim(PF6)] and [bmim(NTf2)]. In all cases, diastereomeric mixtures were obtained, and both isomers were separated and characterized individually. The determination of the olefin configuration was based on X-ray crystallography of two of the synthesized compounds, and further comparison of their C NMR spectra with those of the remaining products. Although the reactions proceeded with only low to moderate diastereoselectivity, it was noteworthy that, whereas ethyl acetoacetate favored the Z isomer as the major reaction product, ethyl 4-chloroacetoacetate favored the E isomer as the major one. In the second stage, the bioreductions of the synthetized compounds in water/[bmim(PF6)] were studied. For the reduction of ethyl 2-benzylideneacetoacetate by Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the use of a water/[bmim(PF6)] system resulted in the maintenance of the C=O bond, with reduction only of the C=C bond. In contrast, in water, both the C=O and C=C bonds are reduced. When other acetoacetate derivatives were employed, it was noted that both reaction rates and the byproducts varied greatly varying the aromatic ring. When the reaction was performed in a aqueous system with the substrate adsorbed in an acrylic resin (Amberlite XAD-7), a similar result in terms of chemoselectivity was observed. When reductions of ethyl 2-benzylidene-4-chloroacetoacetate were carried out with Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Saccharomyces boulardii, Candida albicans, Pichia stipitis and Geotrichum candidum, the major observed products were those of a retro-Knoevenagel reaction. Only when Rhodotorula glutinis was employed, the major products were the bioreduction ones. In this case, however, the use of a water/[bmim(PF6)] system only resulted in a decrease of both C=O and C=C reduction rates, but not in a favoring of C=C reduction / Mestrado / Quimica Organica / Mestre em Química

The catalytic activation of enones in C-C bond forming processes represents a promising alternative to the prefabrication of chemically labile enols and enolates. Through the use of a (diketonato)cobalt/silane catalyst system, we have devised highly diastereoselective aldol and Michael cycloreductions (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2001, 123, 5112). Modulation of the catalyst system has enabled the first intramolecular metal-catalyzed alkene (2+2)cycloaddition (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2001, 123, 6716). Finally, the concept of catalytic nucleophilic enone activation embodied by the Morita-Baylis- Hillman and Rauhut Currier reactions has been utilized to develop an organic catalyst system for the cycloisomerization of bis-enones, i.e. an intramolecular Rauhut Currier reaction (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2002, 124, 2402). Notably, this protocol allowed for the selective "crossed" cyclization of unsymmetrical bis-enone substrates. / text

Chiral &amp / #945 / -hydroxy and &amp / #945 / -acetoxy enones are important starting materials in the synthesis of many biologically active materials. In this work, enantiomerically pure &amp / #947 / -hydroxy enone and polyoxo cyclohexenones are synthesized starting from 1,3-cyclohexandione. In the first step, 1,3-cyclohexandione is protected under acid catalyzation and 3-methoxy-2-methyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one is obtained. &amp / #945 / &#039 / -Acetoxy enone is obtained by Mn(OAc)3 mediated oxidation which is an attractive alternative to other multi-step procedures in the literature. Enzymatic kinetic resolution is applied to the racemic form of this product and enantiomerically pure &amp / #945 / &#039 / -acetoxy enone and &amp / #945 / &#039 / -hydroxy enone is obtained. In this stage, for the screening of the reaction many enzymes were tried. Reduction of &amp / #945 / &#039 / -hydroxy enone furnished enantiopure &amp / #947 / -hydroxy enone.

Various α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds and derivatives were explored in order to expand the range of substrates for the 1,4-addition of alkenylboronates using 3,3′-disubstituted binaphthols. Enones 2.60 were examined and found to be suitable for conjugate addition under our proposed reaction conditions. The asymmetric 1,4-additions of alkenylboronates to enones 2.60 using catalytic amounts of 3,3′-disubstituted binaphthols was shown to occur with moderate to good yields and high enantioselectivities. The chiral products could serve as enantioenriched substrates for further transformation such as asymmetric reduction, which was performed with good yield and selectivity. The absolute configuration for the alkenylation of enones was also confirmed to be the (R) enantiomer using (S)-3,3′-disubstituted binaphthols via X-ray crystallographic analysis. Investigations into selective Baeyer-Villiger oxidation of 1,4-addition products of enones was also examined. Although the desire ester products were not obtained, intriguing informative findings were still obtained from the investigation.

Various α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds and derivatives were explored in order to expand the range of substrates for the 1,4-addition of alkenylboronates using 3,3′-disubstituted binaphthols. Enones 2.60 were examined and found to be suitable for conjugate addition under our proposed reaction conditions. The asymmetric 1,4-additions of alkenylboronates to enones 2.60 using catalytic amounts of 3,3′-disubstituted binaphthols was shown to occur with moderate to good yields and high enantioselectivities. The chiral products could serve as enantioenriched substrates for further transformation such as asymmetric reduction, which was performed with good yield and selectivity. The absolute configuration for the alkenylation of enones was also confirmed to be the (R) enantiomer using (S)-3,3′-disubstituted binaphthols via X-ray crystallographic analysis. Investigations into selective Baeyer-Villiger oxidation of 1,4-addition products of enones was also examined. Although the desire ester products were not obtained, intriguing informative findings were still obtained from the investigation.