Thesis (Ph. D. in Chemistry)--Vanderbilt University, May 2006. / Title from title screen. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (M. Sc.)--Carleton University, 2008. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 74-88). Also available in electronic format on the Internet.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 1998. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves [117]-123).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2007. / Kohl, Paul, Committee Chair ; Bottomley, Lawrence, Committee Member ; Eckert, Charles, Committee Member ; Fuller, Tom, Committee Member ; Teja, Amyn, Committee Member.

Στην παρούσα εργασία μελετήθηκαν φυσικά πηκτώματα κατά συστάδων συμπολυμερών σε ιοντικό υγρό. Τα συμπολυμερή που μελετήθηκαν ήταν το τρισυσταδικό συμπολυμερές πολυ(αιθυλενοξείδιο)-πολυ(στυρόλιο)-πολυ(αιθυλενοξείδιο) (PEO-PS-PEO) και το αστεροειδές συμπολυμερές πολυ(στυρόλιο)-πολυ(αιθυλενοξείδιο) (PS10PEO10) στο ιοντικό υγρό εξαφθοροφωσφορούχο 1-βουτυλο-3-μεθυλιμιδαζόλιο [BMIM][PF6], το οποίο είναι "καλός" διαλύτης για το PEO και "κακός" διαλύτης για το PS. Αρχικά πραγματοποιήθηκε μοριακός χαρακτηρισμός των συμπολυμερών PEO-PS-PEO και PS10PEO10 μέσω των τεχνικών χρωματογραφίας αποκλεισμού μεγεθών (SEC) και της φασματοσκοπίας πυρηνικού μαγνητικού συντονισμού (1H-NMR). Στη συνέχεια πραγματοποιήθηκε η μελέτη των συμπολυμερών σε αραιά διαλύματα μέσω των τεχνικών της δυναμικής σκέδασης φωτός (DLS) και της ιξωδομετρίας. Παρατηρήθηκε πως τα συμπολυμερή PEO-PS-PEO και PS10PEO10 δημιουργούν πολυμοριακά και μονομοριακά "μαλακά" νανοσωματίδια μικκυλιακού τύπου, αντίστοιχα. Από τη DLS προσδιορίστηκε η υδροδυναμική ακτίνα, Rh, των σωματιδίων. Μέσω της τεχνικής της ιξωδομετρίας AMVn υπολογίστηκε η κρίσιμη συγκέντρωση επικάλυψης, c*, στην οποία τα σωματίδια αρχίζουν να εφάπτονται μεταξύ τους. Σε υψηλές συγκεντρώσεις των πολυμερών παρατηρείται η δημιουργία φυσικών πηκτωμάτων λόγω της πλήρωσης του όγκου του διαλύματος από τα σωματίδια. Μέσω ρεολογικών μελετών προσδιορίστηκε η κρίσιμη συγκέντρωση σχηματισμού πηκτώματος, cgel. Παρατηρήθηκε μεγάλη εξάρτηση του σχετικού ιξώδους από τη συγκέντρωση του συμπολυμερούς καθώς και η αύξηση της ισχύος (μέτρου αποθήκευσης) και του χρόνου χαλάρωσης των φυσικών πηκτωμάτων με την αύξηση της συγκέντρωσης. Τέλος, πραγματοποιήθηκε σύγκριση μεταξύ των συστημάτων PEO-PS-PEO/[BMIM][PF6] και PS10PEO10/[BMIM][PF6]. Διαπιστώθηκε πως το PS10PEO10 παρουσιάζει μεγαλύτερη cgel από το PEO-PS-PEO λόγω της μικρότερης πυκνότητας των αλυσίδων στην κορώνα του αστεροειδούς από αυτή του τρισυσταδικού με αποτέλεσμα τα σωματίδια του αστεροειδούς να διεισδύουν πολύ περισσότερο μεταξύ τους για να επιτευχθεί το φαινόμενο του συνωστισμού. / In the present study the properties of physical gels formed by block copolymers in an ionic liquid were studied. The triblock poly(ethylene oxide)-poly(styrene)-poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO-PS-PEO) and the star polystyrene-polyethylene (PS10PEO10) copolymers were studied in 1-butyl-3-methylimadazolium hexafluapophoshate, [BMIM][PF6], which is a good solvent for the PEO blocks and bad solvent for the PS blocks. Initially, the copolymers were characterized by size exclusion chromatography (SEC) and neutron magnetic resonance (1H-NMR). At a next step the study of the polymers in dilute solutions was followed by dynamic light scattering (DLS) and AMVn viscometry. It was found that PEO-PS-PEO and PS10PEO10 self assemble into multimolecular and monomolecular, micellar type soft nanoparticles, respectively. The size of the particles was calculated by DLS. From the AMVn viscometry, the critical overlap concentration at which the formed nanoparticles start adhering to each other, c*, was calculated. At high polymer concentrations, the formation of gels was observed which was due to the jamming of the particles in the total volume of the solution. Through rheological studies, the critical gelation concentration, cgel, was determined. Above cgel a dramatic viscosity rise was observed. At the same time, the storage modulus Go and the relaxation time τR of the system increased also with increasing concentration. Finally, the comparison between the PEO-PS-PEO/[BMIM][PF6] and PS10PEO10/[BMIM][PF6] systems was discussed. It was concluded that the PS10PEO10 copolymer exhibits a higher value of cgel than that of PEO-PS-PEO copolymer due to the lower density of the chains in the corona of the star nanoparticles.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:35:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-04-08Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:46:54Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 nicoleti_nh_dr_bauru.pdf: 3712162 bytes, checksum: 6942f5d7d03330b99115c0d7f453f3fd (MD5) / Ministerio de Assuntos Exteriores e Cooperacao (Maec) / Neste trabalho, aplicamos cálculos mecânicos-quânticos em sistemas periódicos utilizando a Teoria Funcional da Densidade (DFT) na descrição das propriedades estruturais e eletrônicas de óxidos metálicos tipo perovskitas: PbTiO3, PbZr0.5Ti05O3, PbZrO3 e LaAl0.75Mg0.25O2.875. Este estudo possibilitou a identificação dos átomos que mais contribuem para a estrutura de bandas e também as energias na região entre a banda de valência e a banda de condução (band gap). Além de permitir a identificação de possíveis transições de fase no PbZr0.5Ti0.5O3 e do mecanismo de condução iônica na LaAl0.75Mg0.25O2.875. Os resultados são comparados com dados experimentais disponíveis na literatura e discutidos em termos da densidade de estados (DOS), estruturas de banda (EB), densidade de carga e parâmetros estruturais / In this work, we apply quantum-mechanical calculations in periodic system, using the Density Functional Theory (DFT), to the description of structural and eletronic properties of metal oxides type perovskites: PbTiO3, PbZr0.5Ti05O3, PbZrO3 e LaAl0.75Mg0.25O2.875. This study enabled the identification of the atoms that contribute most to the structure bands and also the energies in the region between the valence band and the conduction band (band gap). Allowing the identification of possible phase transitions in PbZr0.5Ti0.5O3 and the mechanism of ion conduction in LaAl0.75Mg0.25O2.875. The results are compared with experimental data available in literature and discussed in terms of density of states (DOS), band structures (EB), charge density and structural parameter

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:32:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T13:56:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 02301.pdf: 3265642 bytes, checksum: ef5be621c56bae7b751bf5bc812f0c07 (MD5) / Tese (Doutoramento) / IPEN/T / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP

Ionic liquids (ILs) are nowadays a large and widely explored class of ionic compounds that melt below 100 °C. Due to their attractive properties, ILs are now of growing interests in a variety of inorganic materials preparation. However, most studies have put much focus on the description of new synthetic strategies. The chemical reactivity of ILs in the reactions is often neglected. In this dissertation, a series of metal chalcogenides were synthesized using the decompositions of ILs. The role or chemical reactivity of ILs in the reactions was demonstrated in detail. The hierarchical desert-rose-like SrTiO3 particles have been successfully prepared based on an ethylene glycol (EG) mediated one-pot IL-assisted solvothermal synthetic route. The used basic ionic liquid tetrabutylammonium hydroxide (TBAH) serves as an alkaline source and can also replace EG as the sole solvent to synthesize polyhedral SrTiO3, showing “all-in-one” solvent and reactant. A series of metal sulfides, such as Sb2S3, Bi2S3, PbS, CuS, Ag2S, ZnS, and CdS have been obtained from a choline chloride/thioacetamide based deep eutectic solvent (DES, an IL analog solvent) by a simple and general synthetic method. The reaction mainly proceeds in two steps: i) the dispersion of metal salts in the DES and the formation of a metal-DES complex, and ii) the decomposition of the metal-DES complex and formation of the final products. In addition, the chemical reactivity of phosphonium based ILs with selenium and tellurium at above 220 °C was systematically investigated by a series of dissolution experiments, tracking the solute selenium and tellurium species by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). NMR results clearly indicate some common decomposition mechanisms for quaternary phosphonium ILs at a relatively high temperature in the presence of selenium or tellurium. The decomposition of the quaternary phosphonium cations should proceed by an elimination of one alkyl substituent via an SN2 reaction, forming the respective trialkylphosphane selenides or tellurides in the presence of selenium or tellurium, which is then responsible for the genuine dissolution of selenium or tellurium. However, in the case of tellurium, the dissolution behavior is much more complicated compared to that of selenium. The coupling of P and Te which indicates a P–Te bond formation is only observed in the NMR spectra when a sufficient amount of tellurium (e.g. Te : IL = 1 : 1) is provided. The existence of a parallel-competitive IL decomposition route besides the SN2 reaction is regarded as the side reaction for the dissolution of tellurium. This may at least partially explain the relatively lower solubility of tellurium in phosphonium based ILs compared to that of selenium.

Orientador: Júlio Ricardo Sambrano / Banca: Elson Longo da Silva / Banca: Maria Aparecida Z. Bertochi / Banca: Rogério Custódio / Banca: Sergio Ricardo de Lazaro / O programa de Pós graduação em Ciência e Tecnologia de Materiais PosMat, tem carater institucional e integra as atividades de pesquisa em materiais de diversos campi da UNESP / Resumo: Neste trabalho, aplicamos cálculos mecânicos-quânticos em sistemas periódicos utilizando a Teoria Funcional da Densidade (DFT) na descrição das propriedades estruturais e eletrônicas de óxidos metálicos tipo perovskitas: PbTiO3, PbZr0.5Ti05O3, PbZrO3 e LaAl0.75Mg0.25O2.875. Este estudo possibilitou a identificação dos átomos que mais contribuem para a estrutura de bandas e também as energias na região entre a banda de valência e a banda de condução (band gap). Além de permitir a identificação de possíveis transições de fase no PbZr0.5Ti0.5O3 e do mecanismo de condução iônica na LaAl0.75Mg0.25O2.875. Os resultados são comparados com dados experimentais disponíveis na literatura e discutidos em termos da densidade de estados (DOS), estruturas de banda (EB), densidade de carga e parâmetros estruturais / Abstract: In this work, we apply quantum-mechanical calculations in periodic system, using the Density Functional Theory (DFT), to the description of structural and eletronic properties of metal oxides type perovskites: PbTiO3, PbZr0.5Ti05O3, PbZrO3 e LaAl0.75Mg0.25O2.875. This study enabled the identification of the atoms that contribute most to the structure bands and also the energies in the region between the valence band and the conduction band (band gap). Allowing the identification of possible phase transitions in PbZr0.5Ti0.5O3 and the mechanism of ion conduction in LaAl0.75Mg0.25O2.875. The results are compared with experimental data available in literature and discussed in terms of density of states (DOS), band structures (EB), charge density and structural parameter / Doutor

Les terres rares (TR) sont aujourd’hui les « vitamines » des nouvelles technologies, elles se retrouvent dans tous les objets technologiques du quotidien et contribuent notablement au développement d’énergies vertes principalement par l’intermédiaire d’aimants permanents à base de terres rares (APTR). Ces derniers, de type NdFeB ou SmCo, représentent actuellement plus de 50 % du marché des TR et offrent un fort potentiel de recyclage. La présente étude se concentre sur le recyclage et la valorisation des APTR, principalement grâce au développement de l’électrochimie en milieu liquide ionique (LI) qui permet d’atteindre les potentiels de réduction des TR (< -2 V vs. ENH). Samarium, néodyme, dysprosium, praséodyme et cobalt ont effectivement été électrodéposés dans [C1C4Pyrr][Tf2N] suivant une méthode potentiométrique à 25 °C et sur une électrode de carbone vitreux.Deux méthodes globales de recyclage sont finalement proposées et ont été appliquées à des APTR industriels. La première est entièrement électrochimique. Elle est basée sur une phase d’électrodissolution de l’APTR dans le LI puis d’une électrodéposition sélective permettant de récupérer les métaux de transition. Une électrodéposition des TR est ensuite envisageable. La deuxième méthode s’appuie sur une lixiviation acide afin de séparer efficacement les métaux de transition des TR grâce à la formation de sels phosphatés. Une dissolution des sels obtenus dans un LI permettrait ensuite d’électrodéposer les ions métalliques. / Rare earth elements (REE) are currently essential for new technologies development; from everyday life objects to green energies devices, they are especially used in permanent magnets. NdFeB and SmCo permanent magnets represent more than 50% of the REE market and offer a high recycling opportunity. The present study focuses on their recycling, mainly via electrochemistry in ionic liquid medium (IL), which enables to reach the reduction potentials of REE (< -2 V vs. ENH).Samarium, neodymium, dysprosium, praseodymium and cobalt were successfully electrodeposited in [C1C4Pyrr] [Tf2N] according to a potentiometric method at 25 ° C and on a glassy carbon electrode.Two general recycling methods are finally proposed and have been applied to industrial permanent magnets. The first uses only electrochemistry and is based on a first magnet electrodissolution step in the IL followed by a selective electroplating to recover the transition metals. Electrodeposition of REE could then be possible. The second method starts by an acid leaching of the magnet in order to efficiently separate the transition metals from REE via the formation of phosphate salts. Dissolution of the salts obtained in LI would then enable to electrodeposit the metal ions.