Bakgrund: Kvinnor med självskadebeteende skadar sig inte för att de vill ta livet av sig, utan för att lindra den psykiska smärtan och för att få kontroll över ångesten. Det är viktigt att vårdpersonalen ser hela människan och inte bara beteendet, kvinnor med självskadebeteende vill bli sedda och behandlade som alla andra patienter.  Syfte: Syftet var att beskriva kvinnors upplevelse av vården vid självskadebeteende. Metod: En kvalitativ studie gjordes utifrån en innebördsanalys. Fem självbiografier analyserades och bildade resultatet. Resultat: De fyra teman som återfinns i resultatet; att uppleva betydelsen av mötet mellan personal och kvinnor, att uppleva behandlingen som vårdande eller skadande, att uppleva betydelsen av att få bekräftelse vid vårdandet och att uppleva betydelsen av olika känslor vid vårdandet. Dessa teman visar att kvinnor med självskadebeteende vill bli sedda samt kunna känna en tillit till sjuksköterskor och annan vårdpersonal. Tid för samtal upplevs vara viktigt för att kvinnor ska få en bra vård. Slutsats: Kvinnors upplevelser är både positiva och negativa. Delaktighet och förklaringar kring självskadebeteendet och vårdandet upplevs vara viktigt för att få en god hälsa och en god vårdtid. / Background: Women with self-harm don’t cut themselves because they want to die, they do it to ease the psychic pain, and they get control over their angst. It is important that the nurses see the big picture in the person behind the self-harming behavior. Women with this behavior wants to be seen and treated like the other patients. Aim: Women’s experiences of health care in regards to self-harm. Methods: The study, was made with a qualitative meaning analysis. Five self-biographies where analyzed and became the results. Results: The four themes in the results; to experience the significance of the meeting between staff and women, to experience treatment as caring or damaged, to experience the importance of getting confirmation by caring and to experience the role of emotions in caring. These themes shows that the women wants to be seen and feel trust to the nurses and other professionals. Time and places for conversations are the women`s needs for having good treatment and care. Conclusion: Women’s experiences is positive and negative. Participation and explanation about their disease and treatment experience the woman as an important part of being able to feel good and to health care should be a good experience.

[pt] Soluções poliméricas diluídas podem ser usadas na indústria de Óleo e Gás para injeção em reservatórios de petróleo como agentes de controle de mobilidade em técnicas de recuperação avançada de óleo, com o objetivo de aumentar o fator de recuperação do campo e postergar a indesejada alta taxa de produção de água. No entanto, o fenômeno macroscópico esperado, aumento da eficiência de varrido, é influenciado diretamente por fatores microscópicos que ocorrem na escala de poro. Devido às suas grandes cadeias moleculares, ao avançar através do meio poroso, soluções poliméricas de alto peso molecular dificultam o avanço da água alterando a razão de mobilidades água/óleo. Porém, o estudo de escoamento de soluções poliméricas ainda é um desafio devido ao comportamento não Newtoniano da relação vazão x diferença de pressão e à sensibilidade a diversos fatores como: tipo de polímero utilizado, concentração, razão de viscosidades, temperatura, salinidade e taxa de cisalhamento. O presente trabalho analisa a implementação de dois modelos constitutivos, Oldroyd-B e FENE-CR, aplicados ao método de solução de elementos finitos, EF, utilizando a formulação dos resíduos ponderados de Galerkin para modelar o escoamento de soluções poliméricas diluídas através de capilares com constrição e entender os fenômenos viscosos e elásticos envolvidos. Os resultados obtidos fornecem uma descrição mais detalhada da aplicação dos modelos testados e do escoamento de soluções poliméricas diluídas em gargantas de poros. / [en] Diluted polymeric solutions can be used in Oil & Gas industry for reservoir injection as mobility control agents in enhanced oil recovery technics, which goal is to increase the oil field recovery factor and postpone the high water production rates. However, the macroscopic expected phenomena, increase of the areal sweep, is directly influenced by microscopic factors that occurs at the pore scale. Due to their huge molecular chains, by advancing through the porous media, high molecular weight polymer solutions hinder the water flow changing the water/oil mobility ratio. Nevertheless, the comprehension of polymeric solutions flow is still a great challenge due to the Non-Newtonian behavior of the flow rate x pressure gradient relation and the sensibility to several variables such as: type of polymer used, concentration, viscosity ratio, temperature, salinity and shear rate. The present work analyzes the implementation of two constitutive models, Oldroyd-B and FENE-CR, coupled with the Finite Element method using the Galerkin weighted residual formulation to model the flow of diluted polymeric solutions through constricted capillaries and understand the viscous and elastic phenomena involved. The obtained results provide a more detailed portrait of the constitutive models and the flow of diluted polymeric solutions through pore throats.

[pt] Devido ao seu comportamento físico-químico, os polímeros solúveis em água são utilizados em várias fases de perfuração, completação, e produção de poços de petróleo. Portanto, é fundamental prever e controlar o comportamento em meio poroso para entender o desempenho do polímero. Experimentos foram conduzidos para estudar a degradação de uma solução aquosa semi-diluída de PEO, usando dois capilares com diâmetros de entrada diferentes (100 micrômetros e 200 micrômetros) ambos com constrição de 50 micrômetros, criando fluxos transientes rápidos em seu centro. Diferentes vazões foram impostas a fim de observar diferentes taxas de cisalhamento e de alongamento no sistema. O efluente do fluxo foi coletado e reinjetado, e suas propriedades reológicas foram utilizadas como proxies para a degradação. Observamos que, para a contração mais abrupta, a vazão mínima necessária para degradar a solução é menor. Este resultado, analisado apenas sob a perspectiva da taxa de cisalhamento, não é razoável, já que a taxa de cisalhamento na constrição a que o polímero é submetido é igual em ambos os capilares. Portanto, inferimos que a brusquidão da contração desempenha um papel na degradação, o que significa que a taxa de alongamento pode ser responsável pela menor taxa de fluxo crítico. Também foi observado um padrão de como ocorre a degradação com as injeções subsequentes. Podemos inferir que injeções subsequentes causam degradação incremental antes de se aproximar de um patamar de estabilização e que vazões mais altas geram patamares de degradação mais baixos. / [en] Due to their physical-chemical behavior, water-soluble polymers are used extensively in various phases of drilling, completion, workover, and production of oil and gas wells. Therefore, it is fundamental to predict and to control in-situ porous medium behavior in order to understand polymer performance. Experiments were conducted to study the degradation of a semi diluted (2000 ppm) aqueous solution of PEO, using two capillaries with different entrance diameter (100 micrometers and 200 micrometers) both with 50 micrometers radius constriction, creating Fast-Transient Flows in their center. Different injection rates were imposed in order to observe different shear and extensional rates in the system. The effluent of the flow was collected, and reinjected, and rheological properties of the fluids were used as proxies for the degradation of the solution. We observed that for the more abrupt contraction, the minimum flow rate needed for degrading the polymer solution is lower. This result, when analyzed purely under shear rate perspective, is not reasonable, since the constriction shear rates to which the polymer is subjected are equal at both capillaries. Therefore, we inferred that the abruptness of the contraction plays a role in the degradation, which means elongational rate may be responsible for the lower critical flow rate. It was also observed a pattern for how the degradation occurs with subsequent injections. We could infer that subsequent injections cause incremental degradation before approaching a stabilization plateau and that higher flow rates generated lower degradation plateaus.

Purpose: The purpose of the study is to identify the challenges that small garments manufacturers in Pakistan face in an IOR with large retailers regarding power dominance. The paper also seeks to examine how those garment manufacturers can use the Boundary Control Systems as a strategic response to power dominance. Methodology: The study is Qualitative, Exploratory in nature. It adapts critical realism as its research philosophy while developing the study with an Abductive Approach. The data for this paper was collected through related literature, articles, and a series of semi-structured interviews. The collected Empirical Data was analyzed using Creswell's Six Steps method. Findings: The paper explores the challenges faced by the small garments manufacturers in an IOR with large retailers in the Garments Industry of Pakistan, which include the struggle to have fair pricing, dominant behavior of the retailer, over-controlling inspections of the production, unavailability of resources to manage the production scale, overly strict sanctions or price cut by the retailers, and misunderstandings created by cultural and lingual diversity. These challenges almost always start from the Negotiation stage of the collaboration leaving the small garments manufacturer little to no room for mitigating them. The most effective strategy that the small garments manufacturers can adopt while dealing with power dominance. It is to apply Boundary Systems as early as the Negotiation Stage to prevent the retailer from imposing opportunistic behavior. Involving Boundary Spanners can be useful to have better control over the challenges. Originality and Contribution: The paper attempts to explore the fairly under-studied area of power dominance between small garments manufacturers and large retailers working in the developing garments manufacturing-supplying industry in Pakistan and how Boundary Systems can be used in this dynamic. A significant lack of awareness and studies were identified while researching for this study. Hence this paper can be considered a new and fresh way to look at the issue that has been previously undermined. And a contribution to the literature and future researchers to further the studies in this area.