Real time applications over IP network became widely used in different fields; social video conference, online educational lectures, industrial, military, and online robotic medical surgery. Online medical surgery over IP network has experienced rapid growth in the last few years primarily due to advances in technology (e.g., increased bandwidth; new cameras, monitors, and coder/decoders (CODECs)) and changes in the medical care environment (e.g., increased outpatient care, remote surgeries). The purpose of this study was to examine and analyze the impact of IP networks parameters; delay, jitter, throughput, and drop packet on the performance of real-time medical surgery videos sent across different IP networks; native IPv6, native IPv4, 6to4 and 6in4 tunneling transition mechanisms and compare the behavior of video packets over IP networks. The impact of each parameter over IP networks is examined by using different video codecs MPEG-1, MPEG-2, and MPEG-4. This study has been carried out with two main parts; theoretical and practical part, the theoretical part of this study focused on the calculations of various delays in IP networks such as transmission, processing, propagation, and queuing delays for video packet, while the practical part includes; examining of video codecs throughput over IP networks by using jperf tool and examining delay, jitter, and packet drops for different packet sizes by using IDT-G tool and how these parameters can affect quality of received video. The obtained theoretical and practical results were presented in different tables and plotted into different graphs to show the performance of real time video over IP networks. These results confirmed that video codecs MPEG-1, MPEG-2, and MPEG-4 were highly impacted by encapsulation and de-capsulation process except MPEG-4 codec, MPEG-4 was the least impacted by IPv4, IPv6, and IP transition mechanisms concerning throughput and wastage bandwidth. It also indicated that using IPv6-to-4 and IPv6-in-4 tunneling mechanisms caused more bandwidth wastage, high delay, jitter, and packet drop than IPv4 and IPv6.

Κεντρικό αντικείμενο αυτής της Διδακτορικής Διατριβής αποτελεί η μελέτη του συνδυασμού δύο εκ των βασικότερων εξελίξεων που σχετίζονται με το επίπεδο του IP πρωτοκόλλου στο Internet: της δυνατότητας για την παροχή εγγυήσεων ποιότητας (Quality of Service) σε τμήμα της συνολικής κίνησης που διακινείται μέσα από τα IP δίκτυα, καθώς και της ανάγκης αναβάθμισης του IPv4 πρωτοκόλλου στο IPv6. Επίσης αντικείμενο της παρούσας εργασίας είναι η ανάπτυξη μηχανισμών και αλγορίθμων για την αποδοτική διαχείριση των πόρων, τον όσο το δυνατόν δίκαιο καταμερισμό της ποιότητας υπηρεσίας, καθώς και τη δυνατότητα συνεργασίας και διαλειτουργικότητας μεταξύ διαφορετικών αυτόνομων δικτυακών τμημάτων με αυτοματοποιημένο τρόπο (χωρίς δηλαδή να χρειάζεται η παρέμβαση ενός ανθρώπου διαχειριστή στις περισσότερες περιπτώσεις). Για το σκοπό αυτό έχουν προταθεί διάφορες προσεγγίσεις όσον αφορά μεσίτες εύρους ζώνης, οι οποίες μελετώνται στην εργασία αυτή, ενώ προτείνονται αλγόριθμοι και μηχανισμοί για τη βελτίωση της λειτουργίας και της απόδοσής τους. Το IPv4 είχε τη δυνατότητα υλοποίησης μηχανισμών QoS στο επίπεδο δικτύου με τη χρήση του πεδίου TOS (Type Of Service). Στην πράξη όμως το πεδίο αυτό έμεινε σε μεγάλο βαθμό ανεκμετάλλευτο. Το IPv6 επεκτείνει και βελτιώνει την ιδέα αυτή, παρέχοντας δύο νέα πεδία στην στάνταρ επικεφαλίδα, τα Traffic Class και Flow Label, τα οποία μπορούν να χρησιμοποιηθούν προς αυτήν την κατεύθυνση. Η χρήση των πεδίων αυτών, όπως και γενικότερα η χρήση του IPv6 βρίσκονται ακόμα σε πειραματικό επίπεδο. Καθώς όμως το IPv6 περνάει σιγά-σιγά στο προσκήνιο και ετοιμάζεται να υποκαταστήσει το κυρίαρχο έως τώρα IPv4, παρουσιάζει ιδιαίτερο ενδιαφέρον η διερεύνηση του τρόπου με τον οποίο θα αξιοποιηθούν πρακτικά οι QoS δυνατότητες που προσφέρει το IPv6. Μία σημαντική παράμετρος της υποστήριξης QoS Μηχανισμών από άκρο σε άκρο είναι η συνεργασία μεταξύ διαφορετικών αυτόνομων τμημάτων (domains) που απαιτείται προκειμένου η κίνηση να υφίσταται προνομιακή μεταχείριση καθ’ όλη τη διαδρομή της και να της παρέχονται οι αναγκαίες εγγυήσεις ποιότητας. Η διαπραγμάτευση της συνεργασίας αυτής είναι σαφές ότι πρέπει να είναι όσο το δυνατόν αυτοματοποιημένη για να μπορούν τέτοιου είδους υπηρεσίες να γνωρίσουν ευρύτερη διάδοση. Για το σκοπό αυτό έχει από το RFC 2638 της IETF οριστεί η μονάδα του Bandwidth Broker (μεσίτης εύρους ζώνης). Ελέγχει το δικτυακό φόρτο αποδεχόμενη ή απορρίπτοντας αιτήματα για συγκεκριμένο bandwidth με εγγυήσεις QoS. Οι Bandwidth Brokers χρειάζεται να εγκαθιδρύσουν σχέσεις περιορισμένης εμπιστοσύνης με τις αντίστοιχες μονάδες στα γειτονικά domains, αντίθετα με άλλες αρχιτεκτονικές που απαιτούν τον καθορισμό των χαρακτηριστικών μιας ροής στους δρομολογητές κατά μήκος του από άκρο σε άκρο μονοπατιού. Επομένως η αρχιτεκτονική του Bandwidth Broker δίνει τη δυνατότητα να κρατηθεί η πληροφορία στο επίπεδο του διαχειριστικού domain, αντί να πρέπει να κρατηθεί σε κάθε δρομολογητή, και η DiffServ αρχιτεκτονική δίνει τη δυνατότητα να περιοριστεί η πληροφορία αυτή μόνο για τους ακραίους δρομολογητές κάθε domain. Στα πλαίσια της εργασίας αυτής ασχοληθήκαμε επίσης με τη μονάδα ελέγχου αποδοχής ενός Bandwidth Broker. Προτείνεται και αξιολογείται ένας προσαρμοστικός αλγόριθμος για αιτήματα κράτησης πόρων που καταφτάνουν νωρίτερα από τον καθορισμένο χρόνο έναρξης της κράτησης. Το γεγονός αυτό επιτρέπει στον αλγόριθμο να συγκεντρώνει ένα σύνολο από πολλαπλά αιτήματα και να κάνει καλύτερη αξιοποίηση του δικτύου, χρησιμοποιώντας την υπάρχουσα βιβλιογραφία για προβλήματα χρονοδρομολόγησης. Η σημασία της παρακολούθησης και της προσαρμογής της υπολογιστικής επιβάρυνσης για τον Bandwidth Broker φαίνεται σαφέστερα όταν υπάρχει μεγάλος ρυθμός άφιξης αιτημάτων, ενώ το ζητούμενο bandwidth για κάθε κράτηση είναι μικρό, όπως στην περίπτωση πολλαπλών VoIP αιτημάτων σε μία σύνδεση υψηλού bandwidth. / The main goal of this dissertation is the study of two of the main developments related to the Internet network layer: the provisioning of Quality of Service guarantees to part of the total traffic traversing ΙΡ networks, as well as the need for upgrading the IPv4 protocol to IPv6. Also goal of this dissertation is the development of mechanisms and algorithms for the effective administration of resources, the best possible fairness in distributing the quality of service, and the possibility of cooperation and interoperability between different domains in an automated way (without the need for human intervention in most cases). For this reason, a number of approaches have been proposed related to Bandwidth Brokers. These approaches are studied in this dissertation, while new algorithms and mechanisms are proposed for the improvement of their operation and performance. IPv4 was capable of supporting QoS mechanisms at the network layer using the TOS field (Type Of Service). IPv6 advances and improves on this idea, by supplying two new fields in the standard header, called Traffic Class and Flow Label, which can be used for this purpose. The usage of these fields, as well as the usage of IPv6 is still at an early stage. However, while IPv6 comes to the foreground and becomes mature enough to replace the dominant IPv4, it is especially interesting to investigate the way that IPv6 QoS capabilities are practically going to be exploited. An important parameter for supporting end-to-end QoS mechanisms is the interaction between multiple domains so that the designated traffic is subjected to preferential treatment along the whole path. The negotiation of this interaction clearly has to be as much automated as possible, if such services are to be widely supported. For this reason, RFC 2638 from IETF has defined the Bandwidth Broker entity. According to the RFC definition, it controls the network load by accepting or rejecting requests for specific bandwidth with QoS guarantees. Bandwidth Brokers only need to establish relationships of limited trust with their peers in adjacent domains, unlike schemes that require the setting of flow specifications in routers throughout an end-to-end path. In practical technical terms, the Bandwidth Broker architecture makes it possible to keep state on an administrative domain basis, rather than at every router and the service definitions of Premium and Assured service make it possible to confine per flow state to just the leaf routers. In the framework of this dissertation we have also studied the admission control module of a Bandwidth Broker. An adaptive algorithm for advance resource reservation requests is proposed and evaluated. The algorithm gathers and evaluates multiple requests in order to better utilize the network, using previous work on timescheduling problems. The importance of monitoring and adapting the computational overhead for the Bandwidth Broker is clearly demonstrated for high request arrival rates and small bandwidth requests, such as the case for multiple VoIP requests that use a high bandwidth link.

Det nya internetprotokollet, IPv6 är annorlunda uppbyggt och har större header jämfört med dess föregångare IPv4. Denna rapport undersöker de två protokollens prestanda, avseende överföringskapacitet, jitter, paketförlust och CPU-belastning i operativsystemen Windows 7 och Ubuntu 10.10. Undersökningen genomfördes med hjälp av experiment och mätningar för att visa vilket protokoll och operativsystem som har bäst prestanda. Mätverktyget som användes är Iperf. Resultatet visar att det äldre protokollet presterar lite bättre än dess ersättare vid flertalet mätningar, såsom överföringskapacitet och paketförlust. Resultatet visar även att Windows fick en högre CPU-belastning än Ubuntu vid flertalet tillfällen. / The new internet protocol, IPv6 is differently structured and has a larger header compared to its predecessor, IPv4. This report examines the two protocols performance, in regard of transfer, jitter, packet loss and CPU-load on the two operating systems, Windows 7 and Ubuntu 10:10. The survey was conducted by means of experiments and measurements to show which protocol and operating system that accomplishes the best performance. The measurement tool used in the experiments was Iperf. The result shows that the earlier protocol, IPv4, performs slightly better than its replacement in most measurements, such as transmission capacity and packet loss. The results also shows that Windows 7 has a higher CPU-load than Ubuntu on several occasions in the experiments.

Purpose of this master thesis was to explain simulation of real network, point to the imperfection during these simulations and try to find out technologies and solutions that could improve credibility of simulation. For this purpose, network simulator ns-3 has been chosen which supports direct code execution together with Quagga software suite. Master thesis describes internet protocol IPv4, UDP protocol, basics of routing and detailed explanation of OSPF routing protocol. Focus in this thesis is also on general description of simulation, its kinds and detail explanation of discrete simulation that is used by ns-3 simulator. Next chapter explains theory of ns-3 simulator, its development, conceptual overview and objects. Direct code execution and Quagga that both help improve credibility of simulation, are described in last chapter of theoretical part of thesis. In practical part of thesis is explained how to install and configure all three implemantaions of ns-3 simulator on Ubuntu, linux distribution. On the basis of obtained knowledge, the simulation model has been designed, also there has been given detailed explanation of how to create new model of simulation and how to analyze its results for all implementation.

Diploma thesis deals with four laboratory tasks in simulation environment GNS3. Designed tasks are primarily focused on comparison of IPv4 and IPv6 protocols. In the first task the subject is concerned about OSPFv2 and OSPFv3 routing protocols. Next themes are transit techniques like NAT-PT and tunneling like GRE and 6to4. The second task is focused on configuration of routing protocols like EIGRP and EIGRPv6. Next sections are concerned about DHCP and ICMP protocols within IPv4 and IPv6 protocol suits. The third task is primarily focused on security relations of protocol suite IPv6. It contains OSPFv3 authentication, access lists and Cisco stateful IOS firewall. Content of the fourth task is protocol MPLS. First part of this task is concerned about basic configuration of this protocol and second part is focused on MPLS within IPv6 environment. All tasks contain test questions and individual part task.

No description available.

The aim of this thesis project to design and implement a campus network based on IPv6, as IPv6 is the protocol of the future communication.There are many papers available which discuss upgrade from IPv4 to IPv6 and their side by side implementations and functionalities. Contrary to this we are working on running a network entirely based on IPv6. So we built this network infrastructure, monitored it and tested it.A network working on IPv6 is not just about a different addressing plan. Rather there are some serious questions. Network administrators are quite happy and comfortable with the current setup of IPv4. Would this IPv6 be able to provide them same facilities on one-to-one basis? If not, would it be upgrade or degrade on some functionality? Is there solution to every problem available or they would have to discover it themselves? All these and many more questions were faced and tackled in the course of this thesis.

Dissertação apresentada para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Engenharia Electrotécnica e de Computadores (Área de especialização de Informática Industrial), na Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto, sob a orientação do Professor Doutor José António Ruela Simões Fernandes

This semestral thesis deals with the creation of a laboratory exercise for the course of Communication Technology. This course is designed for Teleinformatics in bachelor's degree program and should provide students with basic knowledge of network protocols and technologies. For this reason, the thesis deals with basic transport protocols, protocols for transmission via backbone networks and network layer protocols. The introductory part introduces the OPNET design environment, more precisely its free version of Riverbed Modeler Academic Edition 17.5, where the design of the laboratory exercises is done. The second part is a necessary theory to the exercises. The lab exercise is focused on differences in TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) and UDP (User Datagram Protocol) protocols. The second laboratory exercises is focused on technologies for transmission mainly on WAN (Wide Area Network) namely ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode) and Frame Relay. The last proposed exercises deals with the two most prominent Internet protocols that are used for communications IPv4 (Internet Protocol version 4) and IPv6 (Internet Protocol version 6) protocols. Guides for students have been created for this task, and at the end of each part, the complementary tasks and questions are given to students in oder to test the gained knowledge of the discussed issues.

Diploma thesis provides an introduction to the ns-3 network simulator. It describes the basic abstactions and components of the instrument. This work further discusses the theory, which was applied during simulation creation. The concept of unicast, the issue of IP addressing and routing in networks are specificaly analyzed. The practical part is focused on the creation of four laboratory tasks within the scope of Advanced Communication Techniques. The first task is dedicated to the the issue of static unicast routing in the network. It clarifies the impact of metrics on the process of routing. The following task compares the different types of ICMPv4 and ICMPv6 messages. The third task discusses additional functions of the ICMPv6. Specifically, it focuses on five different types of ICMPv6 messages defined by NDP (Neighbor Discovery Protocol) and their role in the network traffic. The last task focuses on ensuring the quality of services (QoS) in wireless networks, by setting priorities and thereby dividing the traffic into different classes. Attention is focused on parameters such as throughput, delay and jitter.