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The Iranian Revolution of 1979 received considerable attention from modern social scientists who study collective action and revolution because it allowed them to apply their different perspectives to an ongoing social event. Likewise, this work used the Iranian experience as an exemplar, focusing on a sequence of related social movement frames that were negotiated by Iranian groups from the late 19th through the 20th century. Snow and Benford (1992) have proposed that cycles of protest are associated with the development of a movement master frame. This frame is a broad collective orientation that enables people to interpret an event in a more or less uniform manner. This study investigated how movement groups in Iran developed master frames of mobilization during periodic cycles of protests from 1890 to the present. By investigating how master frames were negotiated by social movement actors over time, this work examined both the continuity and change of movement messages during periods of heightened social protest in Iran. / Ph. D.

This thesis takes a holistic approach to the development of a building system that responds to the socio-economic, cultural and climatic parameters of urban Iran. The scheme developed is a system of precast (prefabricated) concrete panels that are connected to prefabricated wet core modules, abbreviated "pancore.” Specifically, pancore meets the needs of a rapidly emerging nuclear middle-class family structure, which is concentrated in the urban centers of Iran. Up to the present, the limitations of time and lack of skilled labor in Iran have hindered attempts to provide adequate housing on a mass scale. Now that the pattern of family living has been undergoing change, there is an ever-increasing demand for a different style of urban housing; that is, individual apartment-type dwelling units on a large scale. The proposed scheme not only responds to the above-mentioned criteria, but also surmounts the dependency on skilled labor, since major building components can be produced in the factory. The design process has emphasized the application of the systems approach, both at the micro and macro levels of analysis. Matrices have been developed to evaluate and optimize the design concepts. The optimization and trading off of the design ideas have been uniquely made during the early design development, hence incorporating systems ideas in the building design. The proposed scheme is a result of the application of a holistic approach to architectural systems design. Criteria such as user needs, environmental parameters, and traditional design procedures have been utilized to formulate the design goals. / Master of Architecture

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Boston University. University Professors Program Senior theses. / PLEASE NOTE: Boston University Libraries did not receive an Authorization To Manage form for this thesis. It is therefore not openly accessible, though it may be available by request. If you are the author or principal advisor of this work and would like to request open access for it, please contact us at open-help@bu.edu. Thank you. / 2999-01-02

Please note: creative writing theses are permanently embargoed in OpenBU. No public access is forecasted for these. To request private access, please click on the locked Download file link and fill out the appropriate web form. / For generations, the Iranian psyche has been scarred by the vicissitudes of history and politics. A series of radical events, among them the 1953 CIA-led coup that ushered in the Pahlavi regime, the Islamic Revolution of 1978, the hostage crisis of 1979, the Iran-Iraq war of 1980-1988, and the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, have caused emotional and physical upheavals in the lives of Iranians, scattering them across the planet, fracturing their once-sacred family units, and tangling their personal and collective identities. The twelve stories in Azadi examine these upheavals in fictional form. Against the backdrop of this swath of history, the characters in the stories struggle to retain their sense of themselves, not only as individuals but also as members of a family and a culture. The collection opens a compelling and much-needed window into a rich culture that is both under-represented and superficially depicted in literature from the English-speaking world. / 2999-01-01T00:00:00Z

This study travels into the magical world of Harry Potter as both story and book series to explore its reception in Iran. The purpose of this study is to discover how the magical world of Harry Potter has broken down cultural boundaries and reinforced others, and has attracted many children and adults as readers in Iran, where it is read mostly through translated versions and where certain aspects of the story are censored or adapted for an Iranian audience. I will discuss how the Harry Potter series is read and received differently in Iran and North America by comparing critical responses, for example, to religion, magic, and technology in the series. By using the text-oriented branch of reader-response theory, which is supported by theorists such as Wolfgang Iser and Georges Poulet, I will explain how readers of the Harry Potter series leave their own world and engage in the world of the novel. Also, by applying the reader-centered school of reception theory, as argued by scholars such as Stanley Fish, I will discuss the role of the reader's personal life experiences and cultural background in the reading process. In order to better explore the influence of cultural communities on both readers and writers, this study will explain intercultural theories and the importance of cultural similarities and differences in both producing and interpreting a text. This study will also consider the cross-cultural factors that may affect the writing and reading processes. These factors include religious, social, literary, and historical issues which vary for readers from different countries. To discuss the intercultural reception of the series in Iran, I will analyze the Persian translations of the series as well as the important role of cultural norms and the issue of censorship in the process of translation in Iran. I am very interested in the intercultural aspects of the reception of the book series as someone who grew up in Iran and first read Harry Potter in translation there, before moving to Canada where I undertook graduate studies in comparative literature and continued to follow the series and its critical reception in English. The reception of the novel in Canada is similar to that of most Western countries and there are not enough cultural specificities to warrant a study of Canadian reception alone, except for its French translations as part of the reception in Quebec. However, as I will study further, the translations for French Canada are done in France, so I will compare translation strategies of French and Iranian translators. Contrary to Quebec, where there are currently no Quebecois translations of the Harry Potter series and where readers read translations by a French translator from Europe, in Iran readers have several translations of each volume to choose from. As a result of the issue of censorship in Iran, Persian translators of Harry Potter have to find the best possible method in order to transfer the Western series into Persian for an Islamic culture. This thesis discusses the specific challenges of translating from English to Persian, but I will also refer to celebrated theorists such as Jeremy Munday, Lawrence Venuti, Antoine Berman, and Friedrich Schleiermacher, who discuss different methods of translation, which enable French and Persian translators of the series to transfer both cultural and literal contexts in the most faithful way possible. I will compare the reception of the Harry Potter novels in the context of North American societies and Islamic Iranian society by discussing which aspects of the series are more closely studied by Western and Iranian critics and how these choices reflect different cultural norms, values, beliefs, and taboos concerning childhood and children's literature, especially in terms of gender relations and religion. As I will explain, the series has been condemned by extremist Christians in the West for prompting the dark arts and the occult. These negative critics claim that the series presents magic as fun and harmless, thus promoting sorcery and convincing children that they can use magic in order to reach their goals. Since magic is more a part of Iranian everyday culture, the series is not criticised for presenting magic in Iran, but it is marginally accused of being a Zionist plot aimed at destroying the morality of children. On the other hand, positive critics in both the West and Iran argue that the series promotes modern values and teaches morality by presenting the notions of love, sacrifice, friendship, family, and self discovery."--Résumé abrégé par UMI.

The years 1951 to 1953 are among the most important and controversial in Iranian history. The period is significant not only for the domestic dynamics of popular nationalism under Prime Minister Mohammed Mossadegh, but also for the role that United States policy played in an interaction with the conflict between a lingering British economic presence and the Iranian move to nationalize its oil industry. An examination of United States national security policy of that time reveals that policy toward Iran was consistent with the overall post-war policy of the United States, dominated as it was by the central theme of preventing the spread of communism. The task for the men who were charged with the application of U.S. policy in Iran during those years was to accommodate two factors which complicated the search for an order which would ensure post-war national security for the United States: Iranian nationalism as epitomized by Mossadegh; and the economic and diplomatic interests of Great Britain. The United States sought to resolve the conflict so that instability in Iran would not invite communist influence or takeover. United States policymakers were influenced by several factors which combined to eventually decide the outcome. The centrality of the perceived world communist expansion threat, McCarthyism in the United States, the role of several key figures with experience in U.S.-Soviet diplomacy, and the change from a Democratic to a Republican administration at the time Mossadegh was experiencing a deterioration of his own domestic political situation; all worked toward the still-controversial outcome of U.S. policy: the overthrow of Mossadegh. The primacy of containment of communism in United States policy did not preclude variations in its application, nor did this emphasis ignore the forces of Iranian nationalism and self-determination. Nonetheless, given the men involved in the policy decisions, the information available to them and the context of the post-World War II international order, the outcome was predictable and entirely consistent at the time with creating an international order conducive to the national security interests of the United States.

This thesis deals primarily with the eastern Islamic world during the period 1000-40. It attempts to delineate the structure of the Ghaznavid empire, its personal and administrative aspect (Part I) and its military aspect (Part II). The material used in Part II has already appeared in substantially similar form as "Ghaznevid military organisation" in Der Islam, XXXVI, 1960, 37-77. Against this background, the province of Khurasan under Ghaznavid rule, and in particular, the city of Nishapur, are described (Part III). The irruption of the Seljuqs is treated in Part V. However, a survey of what is known of the Oghuz before these migrations is prefixed to this (Part IV). It summarises presently-held views, attempting to synthesise the work of Central Asian specialists, Turcologists, historians and archaeologists, who alone are competent to investigate at first hand this difficult subject. The scope of the thesis is therefore that of the decline of Ghaznavid power in the west, and it is this aspect which has been concentrated upon, for the early years of the Great Seljuq dynasty have already been extensively covered by such scholars as Cl. Cahen, I. Kafesoğlu and M.A. Köymen, and the administrative system of the Seljuqs has been examined by A.K.S. Lambton in her London University thesis on Seljuq institutions. This thesis has been prepared under the joint supervision of the Rev. Dr. W. Montgomery Watt and Mr. J.R. Walsh, to whom I am greatly indebted for help and encouragement; from the latter, in particular, I have enjoyed much stimulating conversation and judicious guidance through the literature of the period.

Iran couvre une grande superficie en longitude entre les méridiens 44°E et 64°E et en latitude entre les parallèles 25°N et 40°N. la cartographie de champ de pesanteur sur l'Iran est de première importance pour des considérations d'ordre géodésique, géophysique et géodynamique. Dans cette thèse, les mesures de pesanteur sont utilisées pour déterminer le géoïde gravimétrique sur l'Iran. Ce géoïde est couplé à la mesure de hauteur GPS et d'altitude (nivellement) pour réaliser une surface verticale opérationnelle sur le territoire Iranien. La contribution aux principaux travaux géodésiques et gravimétriques réalisés ces dernières années porte sur l'établissement: 1) du réseau national de gravimétrique absolu de l'Iran (NAGNI09), 2) de la ligne nationale d'étalonnage de gravimétrique de l'Iran (NGCLI10), 3) du réseau multi- observations géodésiques et gravimétriques de l'Iran (MPGGNI10). Le réseau gravimétrique absolu, comporte 24 stations où la mesure de la pesanteur a été réalisée à l'aide de gravimètres FG5, avec une précision meilleure que 5 Gal. La répétition des observations sur deux sites entre 2000 et 2007 met en évidence des variations inter-annuelles de la pesanteur en relation avec l'évolution du contenu en eau du sous-sol et (ou) la déformation tectonique. Le réseau a servi de point d'appui pour la réalisation du réseau géodésique et gravimétrique MPGGNI10 de maille 55 km sur lequel a été mesuré la pesanteur à l'aide des gravimètres relatifs CG5 et CG-3/M, la hauteur de GPS et l'altitude avec une précision respectivement de 0.010 mGal, 0.03 m et . La technique de retrait- restauration couplée à la méthode de condensation de Helmert a permis de calculer un nouveau modèle de géoïde gravimétrique, IRGeoid10, avec une précision absolue et relatif respectivement de l'ordre de 0.26 m et 2.8 ppm. Ce géoïde est ajusté aux points GPS nivelés pour définir un nouveau référentiel des altitudes sur l'Iran. / Iran covers a large area limited in longitude by the meridians 44°E and 64°E and in latitude by the parallels 25°N and 40°N. Mapping a new gravity field over Iran is the first important data for geodetic, geophysical and geodynamical considerations. In this thesis, the gravity measurements are used to determine the gravimetric geoid over Iran. This geoid is coupled with the GPS height and altitude (levelling) to realize an operational vertical surface at the territory of Iran. The contribution of the principal geodetic and gravimetric works realized in recent years are the establishment of: 1) the national absolute gravity network of Iran (NAGNI09), 2) the national gravity calibration line of Iran (NGCLI10) and 3) the multi-observations geodetic and gravimetric network of Iran (MPGGNI10). The absolute gravity network consists in 24 stations where the gravity measurement has been realized with the help of gravimeters FG5, with a precision better than 5 Gal. The repetition of the observations at two stations between 2000 and 2007 makes obvious the inter-annual variations of gravity in relation of the amount of underground water changes and (or) tectonic deformation. The absolute gravity network has served the base stations for the realization of the MPGGNI10 geodetic and gravimetric network with a mesh of 55 km, at which the gravity is measured with the help of relative gravimeters CG-5 and CG-3/M, the GPS height and the altitude with a precision of 0.010 mGal, 0.03 m, and respectively. The remove-restore technique coupled with the Helmert's condensation method is chousen to compute a new gravimetric geoid model, IRGeoid10, with a absolute and relative precision of the order of 0.26 m and 2.8 ppm respectively. The gravimetric geoid is adjusted at the GPS/levelling points to define new vertical reference surface over Iran