The purpose of this dissertation was to study the economic development in Iran during its major planning periods and also to formulate a mathematical model of the economy of Iran and explore the applicability of an income expenditure model in a developing nation such as Iran.

Masjed-e Jame of Isfahan represents over one thousand year old tradition and history of mosque construction in Iran, demonstrating a variety of practical techniques, architectural styles and Iranian architectural decorations altogether in one building complex. The unique example of Iranian Islamic architecture was finally recognised as having international importance and therefore registered in 2012.The imperfections in Isfahan`s Masjed-e Jame nomination file may have delayed the registration process for its inclusion on the UNESCO World Heritage List (WHL) took a long time (4 years). Each nomination file is composed of nine sections. The aim of this thesis is to clarify the weak points of the registered nomination file of Masjed-e Jame as a World Heritage Site (WHS), based on UNESCO guideline and to propose improvements for increasing the quality of Masjed-e Jame conservation management plan by utilizing nomination files of some similar registered sites in the WHL. Additionally, to show how these suggestions improve the quality of nomination files of similar monuments under preparation. The research was conducted by selecting similar sites from the WHL. To select similar sites to the Masjed-e Jame, it was necessary to prepare a series of tables which consists of all the registered sites in UNESCO from around the world. All 981 registered monuments on WHL in 2013 were evaluated in three different phases and eliminated by different criteria at each phase to leave eight suitable case studies. The research continued by assessing the eight selected nomination files and categorizing each part of the file as either excellent, good, average, adequate and poor. This evaluation used the main sections of nomination files based on UNESCO guideline which are: 1. Identification of the properties; 2. Description; 3. Justification for inscription; 4. State of conservation and factors affecting the properties; 5. Protection and management of the property; 6. Monitoring; 7. Documentation; 8. Contact information of responsible authorities; 9. Signature on behalf of the state party. By clarifying the weak and strong points of each nomination file, the following recommendations were proposed to improve the quality of nomination file of Masjed-e Jame and also the application of the findings in to similar monument nomination files under preparation. These included: 1) Full details of the location of The management of the conservation of Masjed-e Jame, Isfahan D the site; 2) Providing list of the site`s owners; 3) The usage of maps beside the text and referring to the policies; 4) Appropriate scientific methods to solve or reduce problems with the building fabric, usage etc.; 5) Preparing lists of responsibilities related to the selected organizations; 6) The relationship to tourism; 7) The connections between universities and related organizations; 8) The concentration on the urgent priorities by separating projects into long and short term; 9) Documentation. Furthermore, a timetable by considering priority was proposed to improve the Masjed-e Jame conservation management plan.

This dissertation examines the influence of Islamic ideology on Iranian Marxists during the 1979 revolution. The purpose of this study is to extricate the influence of Islamic culture, ideology, and terminology on Marxist organizations and on individuals who identified themselves as Marxists in Iran. This is especially of interest since in many ways Marxism and Islam are ideologically in conflict. Were Marxists aware of the influences of Islam in their behavior and ideology? To investigate the irony publications put forth by several Marxist organizations before and after the 1979 revolution were examined. A history of such influence both ideologically and contextually is depicted to demonstrate their political and cultural significance. Through the study of Marxist political organs, theoretical publication and political flyers distributed during and after the revolution, the phenomenon of Marxists converting to an Islamic ideology became clearer. Many Marxist organizations were demonstrably utilizing Islamic political ideology to organize and mobilize masses of Iranians. This study shows a historical precedence of Marxists’ usage of Islam in the political history of Iran dating back to early twentieth-century. Primary and secondary Marxist literature showed that Islam was an inescapable social and political reality for Iranian Marxists. Not only was there a common upbringing but a common enemy fostered provisional collusion between the two. The internalizing the idea of martyrdom—of Shi’a Islam—was a shared belied that united Marxists with Muslins in their attempt to effect sociopolitical change in Iran. Studying Marxist publications shows evidence that many Iranian Marxists were not conscious of using Islamic ethics and terminology since Islamic beliefs are part of the taken-for-granted world of Iranian culture. This contextual belief system, pervasive within the culture and a change of political ideology is what created the conditions for the possibility of Marxists becoming Muslims.

This study offers an exploration of masculinity in both Iraqi and Iranian fiction which holds the Iran-Iraq War (1980-1988) as its major theme. Representations of masculinities in Iran-Iraq War fiction present a deep, and at times, confounding paradox. Whilst this corpus of war fiction at times deeply challenges hegemony and completely reformulates its own definitions of normative codes of manliness, at other times it strictly conforms to chauvinistic and often profoundly oppressive patterns of male behaviour. By relating these works of fiction to their wider social and political context, the aim of this study is to recognise and nuance the relationship between representations of masculinities, and literary depictions of the nation at war. Theoretically grounded in reformulations of the concept of hegemonic masculinity, the study also reflects the work of Joseph Massad, as it attempts to contextualise a body of fiction which employs representations of masculinities as part of wider socio-political allegories. As such this study treats masculinity as a complex phenomenon fraught with ambivalence, operating within particular historical and political contexts, whose subjects are often empowered and oppressed in equal measure. By relating these representations to wider social and political contexts, this study seeks to recognise and nuance the relationship between representations of masculinities and the role which the nation plays in literature, in particularly, when war is the over-arching theme. It is within the context of war, when masculinity is often proposed to be at its most simple, that it is proven to be at its most complex as age, class and political affiliations become defining factors in the pursuit of hegemony and therefore what constitutes hegemonic masculinity. By comparing two national literatures participating in the same conflict, this study reveals the close socio-political dynamic which exists between gender, literature and the so-called constructed “reality” of nation which they purport to represent. Accordingly this study showcases a corpus of work which speaks to a larger literary canon systematically ignored in studies of Persian and Arabic literature. Through in-depth readings of eight works of fiction, published between 1982 and 2003, this study investigates representations of masculinity in both an Iranian and Iraqi context. This thesis is a riposte to common assumptions that literary canon which constitutes Iran-Iraq War is purely associated with state-sponsored narratives, and instead sheds light on a subtle body of fiction which offers a complex account of war and its effect on society.

Les météorites sont parmi les sources d’information les plus importantes sur la structure et l’évolution du système solaire. Cette thèse présente une étude des météorites d’Iran, en particulier celles retrouvées dans le désert de Lut et leur comparaisons avec celles des autres déserts chauds du monde. Les météorites de Lut sont étudiées en détail en vu de comprendre le potentiel de ce désert dans l’accommodation et la classification des météorites, les âges terrestres, la météorisation, distribution spatiale et ‘pairing’. Nous démontrons la présence de deux champs de strewnfields de météorites et mettons en évidence les conditions favorables à la conservation, accumulation et collection des météorites. Nos données révèlent les différences entre les effets chimiques et minéralogiques de le météorisation (l’altération) sur les météorites en provenance de différents déserts. Parmi les centaines de météorites classifiées des déserts chauds, nous présentons notre étude détaillée sur un chondrite non-classifié (El Médano 301). Cette météorite, pourrait représenter un nouveau sous-groupe des chondrites ordinaire (OCs) avec une composition chimique moins réduite par rapport aux OCs standards. Famenin et Moshampa, deux météorites tombées en été 2015 dans le nord-ouest d’Iran, sont également étudiées en détail. Famenin est un chondrite ordinaire de type 3 qui présente des charactéristiques intermédiaires entre les chondrites H et L. Enfin, nous présentons les résultats de notre étude sur la météorite de Moshampa qui est une chondrite brecciated de type LL5. / Meteorites are amongst the most important sources of information about the structure, formation, and evolution of the solar system. This thesis reports studies on the meteorites from Iran, in particular the Lut desert and their comparison with the meteorites from other hot deserts. Lut desert meteorites are studied in detail to understand the potential of this desert for hosting meteorites, meteorite classification, terrestrial ages, terrestrial weathering, spatial distribution and pairing. We shows the presence of two main meteorite strewnfields and evidence suitable conditions for preservation, accumulation and finding of meteorites. Meteorites from different hot deserts are studied in order to document meteorite abundances, classification, and their terrestrial alteration. Our data reveal differences between the chemical and mineralogical effects of terrestrial weathering on meteorites from different deserts. Among the hundreds of classified hot desert meteorites, we present a detailed study on an ungrouped chondrite (El Médano 301). This meteorite might be representative of a new grouplet of ordinary chondrites (OCs) showing more reduced compositions than standard OCs. Famenin and Moshampa, two meteorites fallen during summer 2015 in NW Iran, are studied in detail. Famenin is a type 3 ordinary chondrite showing characteristics intermediate between H and L chondrites. Together with similar intermediate meteorites, we suggest the existence of a separate ordinary chondrite grouplet for which a different designation (H^L) is proposed. Classification results of Moshampa brecciated LL5 chondrite are reported.

The Middle East, as one of the most dynamic and troubling world regions, has a wide range of problems. However, in my view, the essential, if not the most essential, security issue here, is terrorism. It seems that the relative decline of terrorist groups, such as ISIS and Al-Qaeda, has made us forget that there are indeed underlying problems that cause the emergence of these deadly organizations. This paper aims to identify these causes by analyzing Saudi and Iranian foreign policy towards U.S.-designated terrorist organizations: Hezbollah, Hamas, Al-Qaeda, and Islamic State. In the process, the thesis will establish the general motives of these two states to support and fight terrorism, as well as their means of doing it. Furthermore, it will dive into the specifics of the policies that these two formulate towards every one of the previously stated groups. That will be done in order to prove arguments contending how Riyadh, in many ways, hinders U.S. counterterrorism efforts, while Iranians, contrary to popular belief, contribute to it. Acknowledging that there are many things on which these two states need to improve, the thesis will offer recommendations pointing to the need for Washington to take a more balanced approach to these two countries if it wishes to create a region where its...

This diploma thesis deals with the issue of nuclear proliferation, specifically the motives of Iran's nuclear program. Given the unprecedented destructive potential of nuclear weapons, the international community has been trying to influence the course of Iran's nuclear policy for three decades. Unfortunately, their success has been limited. The aim of this work is to identify proliferation motives of Iran and to outline some of the steps that could be taken to minimize them. A basic theoretical framework was chosen, the conceptualization of Scott Sagan who categorizes the motives into three main groups - domestic, security and normative. However, because these models lack a clear identification of variables, the framework has been supplemented by specific indicators taken from the Stephen Meyer's concept. The work is instrumental case study, whose conclusion confirms the assumption that the realistic approach to the proliferation of nuclear weapons does not explain the overall structure of the motivation of the Islamic Republic of Iran.

La tesi analizza le presidenze di Mahmūd Ahmadīnezhād (2005-2013) all’interno del fazionalismo iraniano postrivoluzionario, mettendo in luce gli aspetti caratteristici e peculiari dei cosiddetti ultraradicali. La prospettiva storica che introduce all’Iran contemporaneo attraverso l’analisi dei principali avvenimenti del Novecento, dalla Rivoluzione Costituzionale (1906) alla nascita della Repubblica islamica (1979), affianca un’analisi politica sull’ascesa al potere degli ultraradicali. La tesi esamina le reazioni e le relazioni politiche interne, la rinnovata postura internazionale, le politiche socioeconomiche e l’eredità lasciata dalle presidenze Ahmadīnezhād. È tracciata una panoramica storico-politica sull’esperienza degli ultraradicali per comprendere le cause socioeconomiche e politiche che hanno determinato la loro ascesa, i cambiamenti introdotti all’interno dell’élite postrivoluzionaria e, in ultimo, gli effetti interni e internazionali della loro parabola politica. L’approccio storico si è altresì servito di uno studio dei vocaboli in uso nella letteratura occidentale e dei termini persiani utilizzati per riferirsi al gruppo, al fine di individuare le etichette politiche impiegate e il loro rispettivo valore. Vi è quindi, in definitiva, un’analisi della categoria politica del radicalismo per decretare se, per quali aspetti e secondo quali schemi interpretativi, Ahmadinejad e il suo gruppo di alleati possano essere considerati e interpretati come radicali. / The thesis analyses the presidencies of Mahmūd Ahmadīnezhād (2005-2013) within the post-revolutionary Iranian factionalism, highlighting the characteristics and the peculiar features of the so-called hardliners. The historical perspective introduces the main turning points in contemporary Iran, from the Constitutional Revolution (1906) to the foundation of the Islamic Republic (1979). The political analysis looks therefore at the political ascendancy of the hardliners, the following internal reactions, the renewed international posture, the socio-economic policies and, ultimately, the legacy left by the Ahmadīnezhād presidencies. The aim is to provide a comprehensive overview of the hardlines’ political experience to disclose their domestic and foreign postures and their effect within the post-revolutionary political debate. The thesis also examines the category of radicalism by looking at labels used by both the Western literature and Persian language to refer to the hardliners. This thesis aims to address whether, for which aspects and according to which perspective, Ahmadinejad and his close circle of allies could be considered and interpreted as radicals.

Consumption data for different forest products were calculated for nine years (1962 to 1970). Then, taking consumption as a function of per capita disposable income and population, mathematical models were developed. By regressing per capita consumption of each product on per capita disposable income and determining the corresponding coefficients, the per capita demand for the products in the target years was calculated. The total projected demand was then computed by the products of per capita consumption and population in the target years. Through regression analysis the future import of forest products was projected, and import substitution possibilities were discussed. Finally, on the basis of the questionnaire and fi eld experience, the necessary changes in sale policies and other factors leading to the development of the marketing of forest products were introduced.

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