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This thesis presents new developments of the IntegratedStress Determination Method (ISDM) with application to the AspoHard Rock Laboratory (HRL), Oskarshamn, Sweden. The newdevelopments involve a 12-parameter representation of theregional stress field in the rock mass. The method isapplicable to data from hydraulic fracturing, hydraulic testson pre-existing fractures (HTPF), and overcoring data fromCSIR- and CSIRO-type of devices. When hydraulic fracturing/HTPFdata are combined with overcoring data, the former may be usedto constrain the elastic parameters, i.e. the problem involves14 model parameters. The Swedish Nuclear Fuel and Waste Management Co. (SKB),have conducted a vast amount of rock stress measurements at theAspo Hard Rock Laboratory (HRL) since the late 1980s. However,despite the large number of stress measurement data collectedin this limited rock volume, variability in the stress fieldexists. Not only does the result vary depending on measuringtechnique, e.g. overcoring data indicated larger stressmagnitudes compared to hydraulic fracturing data; the resultsare also affected by existing discontinuities, indicated bynon-linear stress magnitudes and orientations versus depth. The objectives for this study are therefore threefold: (1)find explanations to the observed differences between existinghydraulic and overcoring stress data at the Aspo HRL; (2)explain the non-linear stress distribution indicated byexisting stress data; and (3) apply the ISDM, including the newdevelopments, based on the results obtained in step 1 and2. To evaluate the observed differences between existinghydraulic and overcoring stress data, a detailedre-interpretation was conducted. Several measurement-relateduncertainties were identified and corrected for when possible,which effectively reduced the discrepancies between thehydraulic and overcoring measuring results. Modeling studies managed by SKB have shown that theredistribution of the stresses at Aspo HRL to a large extentcan be correlated to the NE-2 Fracture Zone, which divides therock stress data into two stress domains. The effect of thiszone was confirmed in this study, and the re-analyzed datasuggest an orientation of σ1equal to 124oN±13ofor the NW domain and 139oN±18ofor the SE domain. Later, the application of theISDM further verified the influence of the NE-2 Fracture Zoneon the regional stress field. The results in the vicinity ofthe NE-2 Fracture Zone indicate that σ1is perpendicular to the zone, whereas the σ2and σ3coincide with the plane defined by the zone(strike 21oN, dip 77otowards SE). However, the principal stressmagnitudes seem less influenced by the zone. The amount of data located outside the zone of influencefrom the NE-2 Fracture Zone is limited, and the regional stresstensor is hence difficult to define. Most likely, theorientation of the regional σ1is trending about 140oN.

<p>This thesis presents new developments of the IntegratedStress Determination Method (ISDM) with application to the AspoHard Rock Laboratory (HRL), Oskarshamn, Sweden. The newdevelopments involve a 12-parameter representation of theregional stress field in the rock mass. The method isapplicable to data from hydraulic fracturing, hydraulic testson pre-existing fractures (HTPF), and overcoring data fromCSIR- and CSIRO-type of devices. When hydraulic fracturing/HTPFdata are combined with overcoring data, the former may be usedto constrain the elastic parameters, i.e. the problem involves14 model parameters.</p><p>The Swedish Nuclear Fuel and Waste Management Co. (SKB),have conducted a vast amount of rock stress measurements at theAspo Hard Rock Laboratory (HRL) since the late 1980s. However,despite the large number of stress measurement data collectedin this limited rock volume, variability in the stress fieldexists. Not only does the result vary depending on measuringtechnique, e.g. overcoring data indicated larger stressmagnitudes compared to hydraulic fracturing data; the resultsare also affected by existing discontinuities, indicated bynon-linear stress magnitudes and orientations versus depth.</p><p>The objectives for this study are therefore threefold: (1)find explanations to the observed differences between existinghydraulic and overcoring stress data at the Aspo HRL; (2)explain the non-linear stress distribution indicated byexisting stress data; and (3) apply the ISDM, including the newdevelopments, based on the results obtained in step 1 and2.</p><p>To evaluate the observed differences between existinghydraulic and overcoring stress data, a detailedre-interpretation was conducted. Several measurement-relateduncertainties were identified and corrected for when possible,which effectively reduced the discrepancies between thehydraulic and overcoring measuring results.</p><p>Modeling studies managed by SKB have shown that theredistribution of the stresses at Aspo HRL to a large extentcan be correlated to the NE-2 Fracture Zone, which divides therock stress data into two stress domains. The effect of thiszone was confirmed in this study, and the re-analyzed datasuggest an orientation of σ₁equal to 124^oN±13^ofor the NW domain and 139^oN±18^ofor the SE domain. Later, the application of theISDM further verified the influence of the NE-2 Fracture Zoneon the regional stress field. The results in the vicinity ofthe NE-2 Fracture Zone indicate that σ₁is perpendicular to the zone, whereas the σ₂and σ₃coincide with the plane defined by the zone(strike 21^oN, dip 77^otowards SE). However, the principal stressmagnitudes seem less influenced by the zone.</p><p>The amount of data located outside the zone of influencefrom the NE-2 Fracture Zone is limited, and the regional stresstensor is hence difficult to define. Most likely, theorientation of the regional σ₁is trending about 140^oN.</p>

<p>There are a countless number of methods in the field of Information Systems Development (ISD) today, where only a few have received much attention by practitioners. These ISD methods are described and developed using knowledge in the field of Method Engineering (ME). Most methods concern either what a system is to contain or how the system is to be realised, but as of now, there is no best method for all situations. Bridging the gap between the fuzzier "what"-methods and the more formal "how"-methods is difficult, if not impossible. Methods therefore need to be integrated to cover as much of the systems life cycle as possible. An integration of two methods, one from each side of the gap, can be performed in a number of different ways, each way having its own obstacles that need to be overcome.</p><p>The case study we have performed concerns a method integration of the fuzzier Business Process Model (BPM) in the EKD method with the more formal description technique SDL (Specification and Description Language). One meta model per technique was created, which were then used to compare BPM and SDL. The integration process consisted of translating EKD business process diagrams into SDL correspondences, while carefully documenting and analysing encountered problems. The encountered problems mainly arose because of either transaction-independence differences or method focus deviations. The case study resulted in, for example, a number of implications for both EKD and SDL, as well as for ME, and include suggestions for future work.</p>

There are a countless number of methods in the field of Information Systems Development (ISD) today, where only a few have received much attention by practitioners. These ISD methods are described and developed using knowledge in the field of Method Engineering (ME). Most methods concern either what a system is to contain or how the system is to be realised, but as of now, there is no best method for all situations. Bridging the gap between the fuzzier "what"-methods and the more formal "how"-methods is difficult, if not impossible. Methods therefore need to be integrated to cover as much of the systems life cycle as possible. An integration of two methods, one from each side of the gap, can be performed in a number of different ways, each way having its own obstacles that need to be overcome. The case study we have performed concerns a method integration of the fuzzier Business Process Model (BPM) in the EKD method with the more formal description technique SDL (Specification and Description Language). One meta model per technique was created, which were then used to compare BPM and SDL. The integration process consisted of translating EKD business process diagrams into SDL correspondences, while carefully documenting and analysing encountered problems. The encountered problems mainly arose because of either transaction-independence differences or method focus deviations. The case study resulted in, for example, a number of implications for both EKD and SDL, as well as for ME, and include suggestions for future work.

Abstract in English, Zulu and Afrikaans / The primary intent of this study was to develop a competitive intelligence (CI) programme implementation strategy framework for the effective use of CI in strategic decision-making (SDM) in a conglomerate, using embedded multiple units and a single-case exploratory study that is qualitative dominant. The study therefore explored the strategic value of CI for SDM in a company that has a conglomerate structure and whose subsidiaries are vertically integrated. Despite the perceived usefulness of CI for distinctive SDM, the case conglomerate and its subsidiaries had collected and employed the available CI products to support their strategic, tactical and other business decisions. Overall results indicated differences between the subsidiaries and the headquarter; and among the subsidiaries on CI practice (CI collection, CI coordination, CI sharing and CI effort) and CI usage for SDM and other decisions. Although a similar strategy development process (guided by the grand corporate strategy), management structure, decision-making process and orientation in the subsidiaries existed, these uniformities did not significantly result in a uniform level of application and usage of CI for SDM across the conglomerate. The conclusion is that CI application is very subjective and contextual even in a vertically integrated conglomerate. Through theory, literature review and empirical findings, synthesis and iteration, a middle-range theory that integrates the CI and SDM disciplines in terms of the contextual issues both share is also constructed. The study also developed a novel way of crafting CI for SDM, which may fit into the existing structure and realities of the conglomerate so as to formalise CI. The CI programme implementation strategy framework was developed considering the proof of tested theories, best practices, existing context, strategy, decision-making process, structure, enabling factors and capabilities of the conglomerate. The CI programme implementation strategy framework, accompanied by a proposed CI structure, has immediate pragmatic utility. It could enable the conglomerate to initiate a formal CI programme without delay and to develop it following an organisational maturation cycle. The study makes an original contribution by conceptualising a CI programme implementation strategy for a unique case and theorising the case within a novel extension within middle-range theory (“SDM and CI application can be viewed in the contextual domains both share”). The exploratory study itself, which led to merging theory and best practices with empirical results and fitting the theories and best practices into case conglomerate’s realities, also makes the study unique in terms of its approach and outputs. / Inhloso enkulu yalolu cwaningo kwakungukusungula uhlaka lokuqala ukusebenzisa uhlelo lwamasu obuhlakani bokuqhathanisa izinkampani ezincintisanayo, obaziwa ngokuthi yiCompetitive Intelligence (iCI) ngesiNgisi ukuze isebenze kahle ekuthathweni kwezinqumo ezihambisana namasu okwaziwa ngestrategic decision-making (iSDM) ngesiNgisi kwinhlanganyela yezinkampani, kusetshenziswa uhlobo locwaningo olungamayunithi amaningi afakwe ndawonye, oluhlola udaba olulodwa nolugxile kakhulu ekuqoqweni kwemininingwane. Ngakhoke, lolu cwaningo luhlole umthelela omuhle wamasu eCI ngokuthatha izinqumo ezihambisana namasu (iSDM) enkampanini enomumo wenhlanganyela yezinkampani enezinkampani ezingena ngaphansi kwayo ezenza imisebenzi eyahlukahlukene. Phezu kokumsebenzi obonakalayo weCI ngokuhlukile kwiSDM, inhlangayela yezinkampani okuyiyo ebhekiwe kanye nezinkampani ezingaphansi kwayo yaqoqa yase isebenzisa imikhiqizo yeCI etholakalayo ukusingatha ukuthatha kwayo izinqumo ezihambisana namasu, namaqhinga kanye nezinye izinqumo zebhizinisi. Imiphumela ephelele yabonisa ukuthi kukhona ukungafani phakathi kwezinkampani ezingena ngaphansi kwayo kanye nekomkhulu; kanti futhi phakathi wezinkampani ezingena ngaphansi kwayo kokuphathelene neCI (Ukuqoqwa kwemininingwane yeCI, ukuhlanganiswa kwemininingwane yeCI, ukusabalalisa imininingwane yeCI nokusebenza kweCI) nokusetshenziswa kweSDM nezinye izinqumo. Nakuba kwakukhona inqubo yokuthuthukisa isu elifanayo (elandela imigomo yesu elihle lenkampani), ukwakheka kohlaka lwabaphethe, inqubo yokuthatha izinqumo kanye nokuqondiswa kwezinkampani ezingaphansi kwenye, lokhu kwefaniswa akuzange kube ngokufanayo endleleni yokwenza nokusebenziswa kweCI kwiSDM kwinhlangayela yezinkampani. Isiphetho ukuthi uhlelo lokusebenza lweCI luncike kakhulu ohlangothini nasengqikithini eyodwa kwinhlanganyela yezinkampani ezenza izinto ezahlukahlukene. Ngokulandela ukuhlaziywa kwemibhalo yemibono yezinzululwazi, kanye nokutholakele uma kwenziwa ucwaningo olubheka izinto ngenkathi zenzeka, ukuhlanganiswa kwemininingwane kanye nokuphindaphindwa kokuhlolwa, kuphinde kwakhiwe imibono yezinzululwazi emibili ehlanganisa imikhakha yeCI neSDM maqondana nezingqikithi ezifanayo kuyona. Ekugcineni, ucwaningo luphinde lwasungula indlela engakaze ibe khona yokwakha iCI iyakhela iSDM engangena ithi khaxa ekwakhekeni nasesimweni esikhona senhlanganyela yezinkampani ukuze iCI ihleleke ngokusemthethweni. Uhlaka lwesu lokuqaliswa kokusebenza kohlelo lweCI lwenziwa ngoba kucatshangwa ngobufakazi obutholakala kwimibono yezinzululwazi ehloliwe, okusebenze ngempumelelo, indikimba ekhona njengamanje, isu, inqubo yokuthatha izinqumo, ukwakheka, yilokho okwenza izinto zenzeke futhi kusebenzeke kwinhlanganyela yezinkampani. Uhlaka lwesu lokuqaliswa kokusebenza kohlelo lweCI, oluphelezelwa ukwakheka okuhlongoziwe kweCI kukwazi ukuhlolisisa kahle umqondo wokukwazi ukubona ubungako bolwazi nesidingo solunye ucwaningo. Kungasiza inhlanganyela yezinkampani, cishe, ukuba ikwazi ukuqala uhlelo olusha lweCI nokulithuthukisa kulandela uchungechunge lwendlela yokukhula yenhlangano. Ucwaningo lufaka ulwazi olusha esivivaneni ngokuqhamuka nomqondo omusha wesu lokuqala ukusebenzisa uhlelo lweCI odabeni olungajwayelekile, bese lubeka imibono ngodaba olubhekwayo ngendlela engakaze yenzeke nehlanganisa imibono yezinzululwazi kanye nocwaningo olubheka izinto ngenkathi zenzeka (“Ukusetshenziswa kweSDM neCI kungabhekwa ezizindeni zengqikithi ezifanayo kukona”). Ucwaningo oluhlolayo, lona uqobo, oluholela ekuhlanganisweni kwemibono yezinzululwazi nokubhekwa kwalokho okucwaningwayo ukuthi kusebenza kahle kuphi kanye nemiphumela yocwaningo olubheka izinto ngenkathi zenzeka, nokuhlanganisa lokho nokwenzeka ngempela enhlanganyeleni yezinkampani, nakho kwenza lolu cwaningo lube ngolwehlukile maqondana nendlela oluyilandelayo kanye nemiphumela evelayo. / Die primêre doel van hierdie studie was om 'n strategieraamwerk vir programimplementering van mededingingsintelligensie (MI) te ontwikkel vir die doeltreffende gebruik van MI in strategiese besluitneming in 'n konglomeraat, deur 'n vasgelegde veelvoudige eenhede, enkelgeval-verkenningstudie, wat ook kwalitatief dominant is, te gebruik. Die studie het dus die strategiese waarde van MI vir strategiese besluitneming verken in 'n maatskappy wat 'n konglomeraatstruktuur het en wie se filiale vertikaal geïntegreer is. Ondanks die waargenome nuttigheid van MI vir spesifiek strategiese besluitneming, het die gevallestudiekonglomeraat en sy filiale die beskikbare MI-produkte versamel en aangewend om hul strategiese, taktiese en ander sakebesluite te ondersteun. Algehele resultate het die bestaan van verskille tussen die filiale en die hoofkantoor aangedui; en tussen die filiale oor MI-praktyke (MI-versameling, MI-koördinering; MI-deling en MI-pogings) en MI-gebruik vir strategiese en ander besluite. Alhoewel daar soortgelyke strategiese ontwikkelingsprosesse bestaan (gelei deur die groot korporatiewe strategie), het hierdie eenvormigheid in bestuurstrukture, besluitnemingprosesse en oriëntering in die filiale nie 'n beduidende eenvormige vlak van toepassing en gebruik van MI vir strategiese besluitneming regdeur die konglomeraat tot gevolg gehad nie. Gevolglik is MI-toepassing baie subjektief en kontekstueel, selfs in 'n konglomeraat wat vertikaal geïntegreer is. Deur teoretiese, literatuuroorsig- en empiriese bevindinge is sintese en iterasie, twee middelvlakteorieë, ook saamgestel wat velde van MI en strategiese besluitneming met betrekking tot die kontekstuele kwessies wat albei deel, geïntegreer het. Op die ou end het die studie ook 'n nuwe manier ontwikkel om MI vir strategiese besluitneming te bewerk wat by die bestaande struktuur en realiteite van die konglomeraat kan inpas om MI te formaliseer. Die strategieraamwerk vir programimplementering van MI is ontwikkel met die bewys van getoetste teorieë, beste praktyke, bestaande konteks, strategie, besluitnemingsproses, faktore wat strukture moontlik maak en vermoë van die konglomeraat, in gedagte. Die strategieraamwerk vir programimplementering van MI, saam met die voorgestelde MI-strukture, het onmiddellike pragmatiese nut. Dit kan die konglomeraat onmiddellik in staat te stel om 'n formele MI-program te inisieer en dit te ontwikkel deur 'n organisatoriese verouderingsiklus te volg. Die studie maak 'n oorspronklike bydra deur 'n strategie vir programimplementering van MI te konseptualiseer vir 'n unieke geval, die teoretisering van die geval binne 'n nuwe uitbreiding in 'n middelvlakteorie ("Toepassing van strategiese besluitneming en MI kan in die kontekstuele domeine beskou word wat beide deel"). Die verkenningstudie self, wat tot die samesmelting van teorie en beste praktyke met die empiriese resultate gelei het en die passing van die teorieë en beste praktyke in die gevallestudiekonglomeraat se realiteite, maak die studie ook uniek met betrekking tot sy benadering en opbrengs. / Graduate School for Business Leadership / D.B.L.