<p>In almost every workplace today IT-systems have strong and significant roll in theeveryday work. It is therefore important that the systems have a good functionalityand that they work as an aid for the users. This thesis aims to study the systems atthe company Telge Nät and to analyse them from a usability perspective. By using thisperspective it has been obvious how difficult it is to make improvements on usability,once the system is in place. Even other larger improvements of the systems aredifficult to make at this stage and this is something that the users are aware of. Evenso, it seems that not enough investigation is made beforehand to make sure that thesystems are what the company is looking for.</p>

In almost every workplace today IT-systems have strong and significant roll in theeveryday work. It is therefore important that the systems have a good functionalityand that they work as an aid for the users. This thesis aims to study the systems atthe company Telge Nät and to analyse them from a usability perspective. By using thisperspective it has been obvious how difficult it is to make improvements on usability,once the system is in place. Even other larger improvements of the systems aredifficult to make at this stage and this is something that the users are aware of. Evenso, it seems that not enough investigation is made beforehand to make sure that thesystems are what the company is looking for.

This report describes work on the thesis “IT systems and organizational development”. The work is carried out on Stocksbro Energi AB, during spring 2009. The company wanted better flow in their production but also review if the inventory management function located in Visma SPCS Administration 2000, could be used in the organization. Under the first part of this report the system were tested to ensure if the system would work together with the organization. After testing the desired features they were evaluated along with two of the users to the system at the company. The wanted functions could not be obtained whenthe Admin 2000 is an economic system and are not made for the producing companies. Thereafter the theoretical possibility was examined of introducing a more advanced system to get the desired functionality to work together with the organization. To introduce a more advanced system will require major changes of the organization, before, during and after the introduction. It is therefore important how the management implements a possibility of a new system. It’s important to make the staff join in this implementation but also get as much as possible out of the system.To conclude the thesis a goal and problem analysis but also a solution proposal was made with the help of the FA/SIMM method. Also some suggestions are mentioned how the company could proceed in the implementation of the proposals for a solution.

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The increasing administration in IT-systems is the target of much debate today. It is viewed as taking time from what is considered to be managers’ real tasks as well as resulting in an ineffective and stressful work environment. This view of IT-systems as problematic and time consuming can also been found among unit managers in a municipality in the north of Sweden. To be able to understand why IT-systems are perceived in this way this study’s aim has been to find what leads to this view. The results we have found is that what is usually considered a problem which presents the use of IT-systems as a given solution to why administration is problematic, is a complex problem with many involved factors. Some of these factors are presented in this study and we find that there is a need for further studies in each of these to fully understand the situation. We argue that to only see IT-systems as the problem is to reduce a very difficult and multifaceted situation into something that only scratches the surface of the problem.

Dokumentation har en central roll i systemutveckling och främst i den fas som majoriteten av ett IT-systems livstid spenderas i, förvaltningsfasen. Systemdokumentation är omfattande men ett av de viktigaste dokumenten är användningsfall. Det är ett kraftfullt verktyg för medarbetare att förstå systemet och är en möjlighet att förmedla systemets funktioner vidare. Dokumentation lider ofta av problemen att de inte uppdateras eller håller den kvalitet som behövs för att medarbetarna ska vilja använda dem i sitt arbete. Studien har inspirerats från teorin där effektiv dokumentation nämns och applicerat detta på användningsfall för att identifiera ineffektiv dokumentation och vilka konsekvenser ineffektiv dokumentation kan ha för medarbetare och IT-system. Med en fallstudie hos Bankgirots system Bg Avtal har studien genomfört dokumentanalys och intervjuer. Genom datainsamlingen har studien först kunnat konstatera att de användningsfall som används för Bg Avtal är ineffektiva och sedan kunnat identifiera konsekvenser av detta. Studien har identifierat att det för medarbetare och system kan uppstå inkonsekvens, personberoende, godtyckliga lösningar och svårigheter med verksamhetsspråket. Dessa konsekvenser anses även kunna uppstå om annan systemdokumentation är ineffektiv.

<p>The subject of this thesis is the Swedish Act (1992:1528) onPublic Procurement (APP) and its application in procurementwithin the electricity sector of certain complex IT systems.During the course of such procurements a need for flexibilityregarding the system functionality and the contractual scope ingeneral frequently arises. This is often due to the sheercomplexity of the system and the milieu that surrounds it.</p><p>The Act on Public Procurement, which often applies inprocurement within the electric-ity sector, is based on thenotion that the customer may only acquire an object that issimilar to that initially described in contract notices andcontract documents. Between this basic notion and the need forflexibility in procurement of the IT-systems there is a clearconflict. This thesis is aimed at exploring this conflict.</p><p>The APP is designed for procurement of a great variety ofobjects and different rules apply depending on the situation.Which provisions to apply are decided by the kind of customerand its kind of business activity, the estimated contractvalue, and the classifi-cation of the public contract as asupply, works, or service contract.</p><p>Procurement of certain complex IT systems has someproperties that require particular attention and theseproperties do not seem to have been sufficiently observed whenthe APP was written. The law appears to assume that a clearspecification is readily avail-able in the early stages of aprocurement process and that well-functioning competition isprevalent. Complex IT systems may for several reasons rarely beultimately specified at the outset and therefore they ought notto be treated as if that were the case.</p><p>The research work has consisted in studying what room forflexibility concerning system functionality and contractconditions the law permits during the course of theprocure-ment; during the evaluation of tenders, duringnegotiations, at the signing of the con-tract, and when changesin the contract or further contracts related to the firstcontract become necessary.</p><p>To study the need for flexibility and how the contractparties manage this need in prac-tice, two case studies havebeen carried out within the research work. The result of thesecase studies has been related to the theoretical discussions onthe permissible level of flexibility. In one of the cases therules on public procurement may have cased some problems as aneed for substantial changes arose. In the other case there wasno need for major changes and consequently the rules did notcause any concern in this respect.</p><p><b>Key words:</b>Public Procurement, IT Systems, ElectricitySector, Good Business Practice</p>

Uppsatsen undersöker den emotionella responsen vid förändringsarbete med IT-fokus, som involverar personer med kort erfarenhet i det gamla IT-systemet, för att belysa reaktioner och upplevelser ur ett mänskligt perspektiv och för att undersöka huruvida förändringsmotstånd har uppstått. Intervjuer genomförs med tre personer, som alla arbetar deltid med schemaläggning och lokalbokning på Linköpings universitet, där en omfattande systemuppgradering av lokalbokningssystemet genomförts under årsskiftet 2012-2013. Därutöver genomförs också ett samtal med Alf Westelius, professor vid Linköpings universitet, för att stimulera till teoriinhämtning och analys av det empiriska materialet. Den centrala slutsatsen som kan dras av fallstudien är att förändringsmotstånd inte nödvändigtvis alltid måste uppstå vid IT-relaterat förändringsarbete, men att om det uppstår finns det inte något enkelt svar på varför; förändringsmotstånd kan på många sätt förebyggas genom att organisationen, inom vilken förändringar sker, anammar synsättet att förändringar är något konstant, inte extraordinärt, och att organisationen prioriterar att upplösa personernas individuella oro inför den stundande förändringen på ett personligt plan, istället för att generalisera och försöka dra slutsatser från stereotypa antaganden. / The thesis aims to examine the emotional response during a period of change related to the IT-systems in use, which involves individuals with little experience in the old system, in order to highlight reactions and experiences from a humanistic perspective and to examine whether or not resistance to the change has occurred. Interviews are performed with three individuals, who all work part time with scheduling and room reservations at Linkoping University, where an extensive system upgrade of the reservation system has taken place in early 2013. A conversation is also had with professor Alf Westelius of Linkoping University, in order to inspire the collection of theories and to be used in the analysis of the empirical material. The focal conclusion derived from the study is that resistance to change must not always occur, but if it occurs, there is no simple answer as to why; resistance to change can in many ways be mitigated through organizational awareness and mindfulness; if the organization, in which change occurs, adapts the view that change is a constant, not something extraordinary and if the organization prioritizes solving the individual’s worries with regards to the change at hand, on a personal level, instead of generalizing and stereotyping.

Vår fokus för denna uppsats kretsar kring hur verksamheter hanterar användarinflytande i IT-relaterade förändringsarbeten och hur användarinflytande påverkar förändringsprocessen.Studien bygger på granskning och analys av fem fallstudier som behandlar förändringsarbete ur ett IT-relaterat perspektiv med fokus på användaren. Studien tar avstamp i den teori som finns, kring förändringsarbetet, dess grundprinciper och användaren som den komponent som medverkar i, och till förändringen. Tillsammans med den teoretiska referensramen ges stöd åt analysen och diskussionen. I sin tur leder detta fram till studiens slutsatser och att frågeställningarna ska få sina svar.Resultatet av studien visar en bild av ett antal fallorganisationer som på olika sätt och med olika resultat genomfört eller försökt genomföra ett IT-relaterat förändringsprojekt i sin organisation. Denna studie visar tydligt att kommunikation i organisationen kring förändringen är av stor vikt. Studien visar att även systemutvecklare vill att användarna involveras i förändringsarbetet i ett tidigt stadium. Användarna och utvecklarna kan diskutera krav och funktioner i IT-systemet för att jobba fram ett tillfredställande resultat som båda parter kan vara nöjda med. Användare som involveras tidigt blir mer nöjda med slutresultatet och mer benägna att använda det nya eller förändrade IT-systemet. Vidare visar studien också att projektledaren och dess egenskaper är en mycket viktig del av det IT-projekt som följer av ett startat förändringsarbete och dess förstudie.

The subject of this thesis is the Swedish Act (1992:1528) onPublic Procurement (APP) and its application in procurementwithin the electricity sector of certain complex IT systems.During the course of such procurements a need for flexibilityregarding the system functionality and the contractual scope ingeneral frequently arises. This is often due to the sheercomplexity of the system and the milieu that surrounds it. The Act on Public Procurement, which often applies inprocurement within the electric-ity sector, is based on thenotion that the customer may only acquire an object that issimilar to that initially described in contract notices andcontract documents. Between this basic notion and the need forflexibility in procurement of the IT-systems there is a clearconflict. This thesis is aimed at exploring this conflict. The APP is designed for procurement of a great variety ofobjects and different rules apply depending on the situation.Which provisions to apply are decided by the kind of customerand its kind of business activity, the estimated contractvalue, and the classifi-cation of the public contract as asupply, works, or service contract. Procurement of certain complex IT systems has someproperties that require particular attention and theseproperties do not seem to have been sufficiently observed whenthe APP was written. The law appears to assume that a clearspecification is readily avail-able in the early stages of aprocurement process and that well-functioning competition isprevalent. Complex IT systems may for several reasons rarely beultimately specified at the outset and therefore they ought notto be treated as if that were the case. The research work has consisted in studying what room forflexibility concerning system functionality and contractconditions the law permits during the course of theprocure-ment; during the evaluation of tenders, duringnegotiations, at the signing of the con-tract, and when changesin the contract or further contracts related to the firstcontract become necessary. To study the need for flexibility and how the contractparties manage this need in prac-tice, two case studies havebeen carried out within the research work. The result of thesecase studies has been related to the theoretical discussions onthe permissible level of flexibility. In one of the cases therules on public procurement may have cased some problems as aneed for substantial changes arose. In the other case there wasno need for major changes and consequently the rules did notcause any concern in this respect. <b>Key words:</b>Public Procurement, IT Systems, ElectricitySector, Good Business Practice / NR 20140805