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Tableau d'honneur de la Faculté des études supérieures et postdoctorales, 2005-2006 / Le HAART a véritablement révolutionné le traitement anti-VIH en diminuant la morbidité et la mortalité dues au SIDA. Toutefois, les succès demeurent partiels, car avec le temps l’apparition de souches résistantes diminue l’efficacité du traitement. L’un des défis du deuxième millénaire consiste à développer de nouvelles classes d’inhibiteurs efficaces à long terme, spécifiques et non toxiques. La compréhension des événements moléculaires et cellulaires intervenant lors de l’adsorption et de l’entrée du virus dans les cellules cibles représente actuellement une des voies abondamment étudiées. Mon projet de doctorat a ciblé deux facteurs cellulaires participant au processus infectieux du VIH-1. L’objectif premier consistait à déterminer l’influence de la molécule d’adhésion ICAM 1, ancrée dans l’enveloppe du VIH-1, et de son récepteur principal, l’intégrine LFA 1, lors des événements précoces du cycle viral. Les résultats obtenus confirment l’intervention active de l’ICAM-1 et du LFA-1 lors de l’attachement et de l’entrée du VIH 1 dans les lymphocytes T CD4+, un processus lié directement à l’état d’activation de l’intégrine sur les lymphocytes T. La liaison du virus aux intégrines induit des événements de signalisation qui sont favorables à la génération du pore de fusion. Ce phénomène augmente par conséquent l’accès du virus dans le cytoplasme des lymphocytes T CD4+ par la fusion des membranes virale et cellulaire. L’interaction entre les deux molécules d’adhérences permet aux virus de s’orienter vers des cellules hautement permissives à l’infection virale, lesquelles expriment des quantités élevées de LFA-1 dans un état d’affinité intermédiaire. Ces données indiquent que le LFA-1 est un cofacteur cellulaire non négligeable dans la pathogenèse virale, particulièrement lors des événements initiaux de l’infection. / Since the first isolation of HIV in 1983, huge progress has been made in understanding the biology of the virus and the pathogenesis related to viral infection. HAART has truly revolutionized anti-HIV treatment and reduces AIDS-associated mortality and morbidity. However, the emergence of drug-resistant viruses has decreased the efficiency of HAART. Hence, development of more potent and less toxic drugs than those currently in use represents the next challenges. Recent insights into molecular events involved in viral attachment and entry processes have permitted creation of fusion inhibitors, a new class of anti-HIV drugs. Unfortunately, a number of recent studies revealed that HIV can develop resistance against these new inhibitors. Thus, the understanding of cellular factors collaborating in the early steps of HIV life cycle should be helpful in development of anti HIV drugs that might be less sensitive to viral mutations. The principal goal of this project was to investigate whether HIV-1-anchored host ICAM-1 participates in the initial steps of HIV 1 life cycle by its interaction with the integrin LFA-1 on target cells. Results confirm the determinant role of this cellular interaction during attachment and entry of viral particles into CD4+ T lymphocytes, a phenomenon linked to the activation status of LFA 1. Altogether, these data provide additional clues of the active role played by HIV-1-anchored ICAM-1 and host LFA-1 in the viral life cycle. Such information could be useful in the development of complementary drugs working in combination with fusion inhibitors.

Endometriosis is a gynecological disease in which endometrial glands and stroma are present outside the uterus. Pelvic pain, infertility and decreased quality of life are the main problems caused by this disease carrying epidemiological and social impact. Peritoneal endometriosis which is characterized by the presence of red, black and white pelvic endometriotic lesions is clearly a multifactorial pathology associated with a local inflammatory response in the pelvic cavity. In vitro studies suggest that the transcription factor nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-êB) is implicated in the transduction of proinflammatory signals in endometriosis. The aim of this study was to investigate the involvement and role of the NF-êB pathway in endometriosis in vivo. Firstly, NF-êB activation and intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1 expression were investigated in thirty-six peritoneal endometriotic lesions from women. Constitutive NF-êB activation, involving p65- and p50-containing dimers, was demonstrated in peritoneal endometriotic lesions by electrophoretic mobility shift assays and supershift analyses, as well as NF-êB (p65) DNA-binding activity immunodetection assays. NF-êB activation and ICAM-1 expression were significantly higher in red lesions than black lesions, while IêBá (NF-êB inhibitory protein) expression was constant, as shown by Western blot analyses. Secondly, endometriosis was induced in nude mice by intraperitoneal injection of fluorescent labeled menstrual endometrium. Two NF-êB inhibitors (BAY 11-7085 and SN-50) were injected intraperitoneally and endometriotic lesions were recovered on day 5. Both NF-êB inhibitors induced a significant reduction in lesion development compared to control mice. NF-êB activation and ICAM-1 expression of endometriotic lesions were significantly reduced in treated mice, and cell proliferation in BAY 11-7085-treated mice. Both inhibitors produced a significant increase in apoptosis of endometriotic lesions, as assessed by active caspase-3 immunostaining and the TUNEL method. In conclusion, this is the first study to show constitutive NF-êB activation in peritoneal endometriotic lesions collected from women and during the initial development of endometriotic lesions in an animal model. Differential levels of NF-êB activation have been established between red and black lesions, providing more evidence on the distinct inflammatory status of these two types of peritoneal endometriotic lesions. In addition, this study offers further insight into the pathways implicated in NF-êB activation in endometriotic lesions, showing the involvement of p50/p65 dimers and suggesting participation of the canonical pathway of NF-êB activation. This study also demonstrates, for the first time, that NF-êB inhibition reduces the initial development of endometriotic lesions by inhibiting the inflammatory response and cell proliferation, and inducing apoptosis of endometriotic lesions. The NF-êB pathway therefore looks to be a promising therapeutic target for endometriosis prevention and treatment.

<p>Diss. (sammanfattning) Umeå : Umeå universitet, 1996, härtill 6 uppsatser</p> / digitalisering@umu

INTRODUCCIÓN: El tratamiento de la enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal se ha basado en el uso de aminosalicilatos corticoides e inmunosupresores, que ayudan a controlar los brotes de la enfermedad, aunque no consiguen su curación. El bloqueo de las moléculas de adhesión endotelial, que permiten el reclutamiento de leucocitos desde el lecho vascular hacia el área inflamada, podría ser una diana terapéutica útil en esta enfermedad.OBJETIVOS: 1. Determinar el valor de las moléculas de adhesión endotelial como nuevas dianas terapéuticas en la enfermedad inflamatoria del intestino. 2. Evaluar el posible valor terapéutico de su modulación con anticuerpos monoclonales bloqueantes de las moléculas de adhesión endotelial, péptidos trébol y ciclosporina A.MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: El modelo experimental utilizado ha sido el de la colitis inducida por DSS en el ratón, que remeda la colitis ulcerosa en humanos. Para cuantificar la expresión in vivo de las moléculas de adhesión endotelial se ha recurrido a la técnica del doble anticuerpo marcado y para evaluar su expresión in vitro. a los cultivos primarios de células endoteliales de vena de cordón umbilical humano. Asimismo, para analizar las interacciones leucocito-endotelio en las vénulas del colon se ha utilizado la microscopía intravital de fluorescencia.RESULTADOS Y CONCLUSIONES: 1. En la colitis experimental inducida por DSS existe un aumento en la expresión de las moléculas de adhesión endotelial ICAM-1, VCAM-1 y MAdCAM-1 y de las interacciones leucocito-endotelio (roadamiento y adhesión) en las vénulas postcapilares del colon. 2. VCAM-1 es la principal molécula responsable del incremento de la adhesión leucocitaria al endotelio y juega un papel fundamental en la fisiopatología de la enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal experimental. 3. El inmunobloqueo sostenido de VCAM-1 tiene efecto terapéutico ya que mejora el curso de la colitis. En cambio, la inmunoneutralización de ICAM-1 o de MAdCAM-1 no altera el curso clínico en este modelo experimental. 4. El aumento de la expresión de las moléculas de adhesión endotelial VCAM 1 y MAdCAM-1 en el colon es proporcional a la gravedad de la colitis inducida. 5. El péptido trébol TFF2 es útil en el tratamiento de la colitis experimental, siendo su administración tópica superior a la sistémica 6 TFF2 produce de forma indirecta, una reducción en la expresión de las moléculas de adhesión endotelial y en el reclutamiento leucocitario que contribuye a su efecto beneficioso. 7. La ciclosporina A mejora la colitis experimental inducida por DSS en el ratón. 8. El efecto terapéutico de la ciclosporina A se debe, en parte, a que reduce la producción de citocinas proinflamatorias y la expresión de las moléculas de adhesión del endotelio, actuando directamente sobre la célula endotelial, lo que decrece el reclutamiento leucocitario hacia el intestino inflamado.SUMARIO: 1- VCAM-1 es la molécula de adhesión endotelial más importante en este modelo experimental de colitis que remeda la colitis ulcerosa en humanos- 2 El inmunobloqueo de VCAM-1, en contraste con el de ICAM-1 o MAdCAM-1, podría atenuar la respuesta inflamatoria sin alterar los mecanismos inmunes fisiológicos ya que esta molécula no está implicada en la recirculación fisiológica de los leucocitos. 3. Los trabajos que componen esta Tesis Doctoral constituyen la base racional para investigar el efecto de los anticuerpos anti-VCAM-1 en los pacientes con colitis ulcerosa. / INTRODUCTION: Treatment of inflammatory bowel disease is currently based on the use of aminosalicylates, corticosteroids and immunomodulators, which can control flares of disease but are not curative. Blockade of endothelial adhesion molecules involved in the recruitment of leukocytes from the vascular bed to the inflammatory site might be a useful therapeutic strategy in this disease.AIM: To assess the usefulness of modulation of endothelial adhesion molecules with monoclonal antibodies, trefoil peptides (TFF2), and cyclosporin A (CsA) as a therapeutic strategy for experimental colitis. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Dextran sulphate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis, a murine model that mimics human ulcerative colitis, was used. Cell adhesion molecule expression was measured by the dual radiolabeled antibody technique. Leukocyte-endothelial cell interactions were determined in colonic venules by fluorescence intravital microscopy.RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: 1. VCAM-1 plays a central role in leukocyte recruitment in colitis since blockade of this adhesion molecule has a higher therapeutic effect than immunoneutralization of ICAM-1 or MAdCAM-1 in this experimental model.2. TFF2 is useful in the treatment of colitis, and topical administration is superior to the systemic route. Indirect reduction in adhesion molecule expression and leukocyte recruitment into the inflamed intestine contributes to the beneficial effect of TFF2 treatment.3. CsA A ameliorates DSS-induced colitis in mice. Reduced adhesion molecule expression resulting from diminished pro-inflammatory cytokine production and from a direct effect of CsA in endothelial cells decreases leukocyte recruitment into the inflamed intestine, contributing to this protective effect. SUMMARY: 1. VCAM-1 is the most important endothelial adhesion molecule in an experimental model of colitis that mimics human ulcerative colitis. 2. VCAM-1 immunoblockade, in contrast to ICAM-1 or MAdCAM-1, can attenuate the inflammatory response without altering the physiological immune mechanisms since this molecule is not involved in the physiological recirculation of leukocytes. 3. The results of this Doctoral Thesis constitute the rationale to investigate the effects of anti-VCAM-1 antibodies in patients with ulcerative colitis.

Thèse (M.Sc.)--Université Laval, 2004. / Bibliogr.: f. 105-110. Publié aussi en version électronique.

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