Submitted by CARLA MARIA GOULART DE MORAES (carlagm) on 2015-04-01T20:11:18Z No. of bitstreams: 1 RosanaGandiniGeologia.pdf: 4608662 bytes, checksum: 062ac1345c53f4c87b0c0423e27c5022 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-01T20:11:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 RosanaGandiniGeologia.pdf: 4608662 bytes, checksum: 062ac1345c53f4c87b0c0423e27c5022 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-11-04 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Ambientes marginais marinhos são áreas em constante transição que limitam o desenvolvimento das biotas. Fatores ecológicos limitantes da vida bentônica como salinidade, oxigenação, energia e exposição do substrato, condicionam o comportamento dos organismos. A salinidade atua nestes meios como um regulador natural na distribuição da fauna e sua flutuação, combinada aos demais fatores ambientais, resulta em condições fisiologicamente estressantes para muitos organismos. Os depósitos de subsuperfície da sucessão sedimentar Rio Bonito no bloco central da jazida carbonífera de Iruí (Cachoeira do Sul, RS) contêm as icnofábricas de Chondrites, Chondrites-Helmintopsis-Planolites, Cylindrichnus-Thalassinoides, Helminthopsis, Macaronichnus, Ophiomorpha, Palaeophycus, Planolites, Thalassinoides, Thalassinoides-Palaeophycus e Thalassinoides-Palaeophycus-Helminthopsis, distribuídas em associações de fácies representativas de depósitos costeiros e marinhos rasos. As icnofábricas presentes nos depósitos costeiros são caracterizadas pelo baixo índice de bioturbação, pelo tamanho reduzido das escavações e pela baixa icnodiversidade, enquanto que a de depósitos marinhos rasos apresenta moderado a alto índice de bioturbação e maior icnodiversidade. O padrão de cada icnofábrica, sua distribuição estratigráfica e seus vínculos faciológicos permitiram reconhecer quatro assinaturas icnológicas principais, três indicativas de estresse por salinidade e uma substrato-controlada. As icnofábricas de Helmithopsis, Palapeophycus e Planolites presentes na litofácies SiltArg sugerem o domínio de águas oligoalinas a doces. As icnofábricas de Thalassinoides-Palaeophycus e Cylindrichnus-Thalassinoides refletem domínio de águas mesoalinas, representando, respectivamente, uma suíte de ambientes mais estáveis e com menor energia (suíte empobrecida de Icnofácies Cruziana) e uma suíte de ambiente com maior energia (suíte de Icnofácies mista Skolithos-Cruziana). A icnofábrica Thalassinoides-Palaeophycus-Helminthopsis caracteriza uma suíte marinha rasa de Icnofácies Cruziana arquetípica; o tamanho reduzido das escavações, contudo, sugere domínio de águas polialinas, e a ocorrência pontual das icnofábricas, deposição em enseadas, que mimetizariam as condições ambientais encontradas na zona de shoreface inferior/transição ao offshore. A icnofábrica de Thalassinoides é substratocontrolada e ocorre em contexto de Icnofácies Glossifungites, demarcando superfícies estratigráficas autocíclicas nas seqüências C e D e uma superfície estratigráfica alocíclica que separa as seqüências basais da seqüência E. A análise integrada da sedimentologia e da icnologia dos depósitos estudados, em alta resolução, permitiu refinar as interpretações paleoambientais e estratigráficas pré-existentes para a sucessão sedimentar Rio Bonito na área de estudo. / Marginal-marine environments are permanently transitional areas, constraining the biocoenosis development. Ecological features such as salinity gradient, available oxygen content, energy in biotope and substrate consistency and exposure control the animal behavior and impact in the establishment of benthic life. In these environments, the salinity gradient works as a natural regulator of faunal distribution and its fluctuation, combined with the afore mentioned features, results in stressing physiological conditions for many organisms. Thus, the biogenic sedimentary structures produced by the endobenthic fauna in these environments commonly reflect this stress. The subsurface deposits of the Rio Bonito sedimentary succession in the central block of the Iruí coal mine (Cachoeira do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul State, southern Brazil) is composed of sedimentary facies associations that represent deposition in dominantly marginal marine and shallow marine settings, the later in minor scale. Ichnofabrics of Chondrites, Chondrites-Helmintopsis-Planolites, Cylindrichnus-Thalassinoides, Helminthopsis, Macaronichnus, Ophiomorpha, Palaeophycus, Planolites, Thalassinoides, and Thalassinoides-Palaeophycus occur in the marginal marine settings, while the Thalassinoides-Palaeophycus-Helminthopsis ichnofabric is present in the shallow marine deposits. The marginal-marine ichnofabrics are characterized by the low bioturbation index, the reduced size of burrows, and the low ichnodiversity, whereas the marine ones show a moderate to high degree of bioturbation and ichnodiversity. The ichnofabric pattern, its stratigraphic distribution, and its sedimentological relationships allow recognizing four ichnological signatures, three suggesting stress caused by changes in the salinity gradient, and one substratecontrolled. Ichnofabrics of Helmithopsis, Palapeophycus, and Planolites in lithofacies SiltArg suggest the dominance of oligohaline to freshwater conditions. Ichnofabrics of Thalassinoides-Palaeophycus and Cylindrichnus-Thalassinoides reflect the dominance of mesohaline conditions, each one representing, respectively, more calm and stable environments (impoverished Cruziana Ichnofacies suite), and moderate to high energy settings (mixed Skolithos-Cruziana Ichnofacies suite). The Thalassinoides-Palaeophycus-Helminthopsis ichnofabric represents an arquetypical Cruziana Ichnofacies suite, indicating shallow marine settings. The reduced size of the burrows, however, suggests dominance of polyhaline rather than stenohaline conditions and its local distribution allow infer deposition in embayments, which mimic the environmental conditions found in the lower shoreface/offshore transition zones. The Thalassinoides ichnofabric is substrate controlled, representing Glossifungites Ichnofacies suítes. It demarcates autocyclic stratigraphic surfaces in sequences C and D, and an allocyclic stratigraphic surface (sequence boundary) that separates the basal sequences from the sequence E. The integrated analysis of the ichnology and sedimentology of the studied deposits, in high resolution scale, allowed refine the pre-existent paleoenvironmental and stratigraphic interpretations of the Rio Bonito sedimentary succession in the study area.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-21T18:15:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Daniel Sedorko.pdf: 3293325 bytes, checksum: a80d5f67a70047c7f66c42ee02fa6b3f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02-24 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The present study has as main objective to confront the ichnological and taphonomic interpretations aiming to characterize the paleoenvironmental context represented by one section of the Devoanian (Emsian) of the Paraná Basin (Southern Brazil). Six ichnofabrics were diagnosed, namely: Planolites-Palaeophycus, Skolithos, Asterosoma-Teichichnus, Chondrites, Asterosoma-Zoophycos and Asterosoma-Chondrites. Ichnofabrics of Skolithos and Chondrites, respectively, represent changes in hydrodynamic energy and oxygenation. Amendments in these parameters permitted the opening of the "colonization window ", resulting in momentary suppression of resident ichnofauna by an opportunistic ichnofauna. It also identified three taphofacies to the section (TA, TB and TC). TA occurs with the predominance of fossils with bivalves bodies, disarticulated, entire and concordanting to bedding plane in parautoctonous to aloctonous context; The TB is the expression of bivalves bodies, articulated, in apparent life position in context of autochthony; and the TC expressed bivalves bodies, entire, articulated in apparent life position, multielement bodies, entire, disarticulated and concordanting with the bedding plane, and univalves bodies, entire and concordanting to bedding plane, all of them with a predominance of autochthony. The TA is associated with Planolites-Palaeophycus, Chondrites, Asterosoma-Zoophycos and Asterosoma-Chondrites ichnofabrics, suggesting depositional conditions at transitional offshore. The TB is associated with the Skolithos ichnofabric, expressing shoreface conditions. The taphofacies C occurs in beds with BI 0 probably relating with a maximum of anoxia represented in these layers. Was diagnosed three main peaks of hydrodynamic energy in the section, representing oscillations influenced by storm events (the curve of relative paleobathymetry follows this parameter). As regards the oxygenation, occur five moments of dysoxic to anoxic conditions. The salinity rate not changed, featuring normal situation for the marine environment. The sedimentation rate is moderate, but at certain levels becomes high. From the dominance of the conditions expressed by the TA and the Archetypal Cruziana Ichnofacies, it was concluded that the deposition of sediments occurred in the transitional offshore context, influenced by storm. The levels of occurrence of TB associated with Proximal Cruziana Ichnofacies, has identified a depositional context of shoreface, influenced by storm. Finally, the layers when were diagnosed the TC, even though no associated bioturbações, register the maximum of anoxia at the section, under offshore conditions. / O presente trabalho tem como principal objetivo confrontar interpretações icnológicas e tafonômicas almejando a caracterização do contexto paleoambiental representado por uma seção do Devoniano (Emsiano) da Bacia do Paraná. Foram dianosticadas 6 icnofábricas na seção, sendo elas: Planolites-Palaeophycus, Skolithos, Asterosoma-Teichichnus, Chondrites, Asterosoma-Zoophycos e Asterosoma-Chondrites. As ocorrências das icnofábricas de Skolithos e de Chondrites representam alterações, respectivamente, na energia hidrodinâmica e oxigenação do meio. Mudanças nesses parâmetros possibilitaram a abertura da “janela de colonização”, resultando na substituição momentânea da icnofauna residente por uma icnofauna oportunista. Também foram identificadas três tafofácies para a seção (TA, TB e TC). A TA ocorre com o predomínio de fósseis com esqueleto tipo bivalve, inteiros, desartilados e concordantes ao plano de acamamento, em contexto de parautoctonia a aloctonia; A TB expõe fósseis de organismos com esqueleto bivalve, articulados, inteiros e em aparente posição de vida em contexto de autoctonia; A TC apresenta fósseis de organismo com esqueleto bivalve, articulados, inteiros e em aparente posição de vida, além de organismos com esqueleto univalve inteiros e concordantes ao plano de acamento e multielemento desarticulados, inteiros e concordantes ao plano de acamamento, todos com predomínio de autoctonia. A tafofácies A é associada com as icnofábricas de Planolites-Palaeophycus, de Chondrites, de Asterosoma-Zoophycos e de Asterosoma-Chondrites, sugerindo deposição em condições de transição ao offshore. A tafofácies B associa-se com a icnofábrica de Skolithos, expressando condições de shoreface. A tafofácies C ocorre em camadas com IB 0 provavelmente relacionando-se ao pico de anoxia presente nessas camadas. Diagnosticou-se três picos principais de energia hidrodinâmica na seção, representando oscilações influenciadas por eventos de tempestade (a curva de paleobatimetria relativa acompanha esse parâmetro). Quanto à oxigenação, ocorrem cinco momentos de disaerobia a anoxia. A taxa de salinidade não sofre alteração, caracterizando condições normais para o ambiente marinho. A taxa de sedimentação é moderada, mas em certos níveis torna-se elevada. A partir do predomínio das condições expressas pela tafofácies A e da Icnofácies Cruziana arquetípica na seção analisada, concluiu-se que a deposição dos sedimentos se deu em contexto de transição ao offshore, influenciado por tempestade. Nos níveis de ocorrência da tafofácies B, associada à Icnofácies Cruziana Proximal, identificou-se um contexto deposicional de shoreface, influenciado por tempestade. Por fim, nas camadas em que foi diagnosticada a tafofácies C, ainda que sem bioturbações associadas, registrou-se o pico de anoxia da seção, sob condições de offshore.

Bibliography: leaves [206]-244.

Bibliography: leaves [206]-244. / xxviii, 244 leaves, [31] leaves of plates : ill. (some col.) ; 30 cm. / Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Geology and Geophysics, 2001

The Upper Devonian-Lower Mississippian Bakken Formation has recently become a prolific producer of light gravity oil in southeastern Saskatchewan since the advent of horizontal drilling and multi-stage hydraulic fracture technologies, which has resulted in an increase in geological studies within the area. However, the Bakken Formation of west-central Saskatchewan has been producing heavy oil since the 1950s, and has comparatively received much less attention than its southeastern counterpart. The Bakken Formation is the youngest member of the Three Forks Group and unconformably overlies the Big Valley Formation. In west-central Saskatchewan, the Bakken Formation can be conformably overlain by the Mississippian carbonates of the Madison Group or unconformably overlain by the Lower Cretaceous Mannville Group. A tripartite subdivision is applied to the Bakken Formation, with a mixed clastic/carbonate Middle Member deposited between Lower and Upper Black Shale Members. Based on detailed core description, eight facies have been defined for the Bakken Formation of west-central Saskatchewan: Facies 1 (Lower and Upper Black Shale members), Facies 2 (bioturbated siltstone/sandstone), Facies 3 (wave-rippled sandstone), Facies 4 (bioclastic grainstone), Facies 5 (interbedded mudstone, siltstone, and very fine-grained sandstone), Facies 6 (very fine- to fine-grained sandstone), Facies 7 (bioturbated siltstone/sandstone), and Facies 8 (massive and brecciated siltstone). Deposition of the Bakken Formation in west-central Saskatchewan occurred under either open-marine or marginal-marine conditions. Facies association 1 (open-marine interval), which is made up of F1 through F4, is characterized by the distal Cruziana Ichnofacies. It was deposited within a wave-dominated shallow-marine depositional environment. Facies association 2 (marginal-marine interval), which is comprised of F5 through F8, shows scarce biogenic structures, most likely as a result of brackish-water conditions. Geological mapping (structure surface and isopach) of the facies and facies associations has aided in illustrating their lateral distribution. However, mapping of the overlying Mississippian carbonates and sub-Mesozoic unconformity shows that post-Mississippian erosion was a controlling factor in the distribution and preservation of Bakken Formation deposits, which creates uncertainty when interpreting geological maps and stratigraphic cross-sections. Although post-Mississippian erosion causes problems when reconstructing the depositional history and stratigraphic architecture of the Bakken Formation, it illustrates the importance of not performing stratigraphic studies within a vacuum, only focusing on the formation of interest. Rather, underlying and overlying units must be studied to see whether or not the unit of interest’s deposition and distribution has been affected by pre- and post-depositional events.

Bibliography: leaves [206]-244. / xxviii, 244 leaves, [31] leaves of plates : ill. (some col.) ; 30 cm. / Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Geology and Geophysics, 2001

Integrada às análises faciológica, o estudo de icnofósseis vem sendo cada vez mais aplicado em interpretações paleoambientais e estratigráficas de estratos sedimentares. No caso particular de ambientes costeiros, esta ferramenta possibilita refinar reconstituições da dinâmica de variação da linha de costa durante ciclos transgressivos-regressivos. No caso de depósitos sedimentares caracterizados por conteúdo fossilífero escasso ou inexistente, o estudo de icnofósseis tem papel fundamental em reconstituições paleoambientais por fornecerem informações sobre condições de deposição, como salinidade, energia do fluxo, oxigenação e consistência do substrato. Publicações prévias revelaram uma abundância de icnofósseis junto à Formação Barreiras (Mioceno) e aos Sedimentos Pós-Barreiras (Quaternário) expostos no litoral norte e nordeste do Brasil. Dada a ampla distribuição geográfica por mais de 5.000 km no litoral brasileiro, esses estratos são de grande interesse para o registro de eventos neógenos e quaternários no continente sulamericano. Apesar dessa importância científica, a reconstituição paleoambiental e estratigráfica, tanto da Formação Barreiras, quanto dos Sedimentos Pós-Barreiras, em várias áreas da costa nordeste do Brasil, permanece por ser documentada. O objetivo principal desta tese de doutorado foi a reconstituição paleoambiental de depósitos neógenos e quaternários tardios na Bacia Paraíba dentro do contexto de variações do nível do mar e da neotectônica. A metodologia empregada foi a análise faciológica e icnológica. Para o caso dos depósitos quaternários, essas análises foram integradas com dados cronológicos obtidos a partir de datação por luminescência opticamente estimulada. Os resultados obtidos para a Formação Barreiras revelaram uma variedade de estruturas sedimentares comuns em associação a correntes de maré tais como sucessões de superfícies de reativação e filmes de argila, estratos cruzados em sentidos opostos e estratos cruzados contendo pares de foresets alternadamente mais delgados e mais espessos relacionados à flutuações cíclicas (diurnas) da maré. Além disto, essas estruturas ocorrem em depósitos contendo uma assembleia icnológica representativa de ambientes de alta energia com influência marinha e predomínio de condições de água salobra, particularmente exemplificados pelas ocorrências das icnofábricas de Ophimorpha, Planolites-Palaeophycus-Thalassinoides e Thalassinoides-Planolites-Palaeophycus. Estes resultados, somados ao reconhecimento de ambientes deposicionais transicionais, incluindo canal estuarino, baía central estuarina, canal de inlet/canal de maré, delta de maré/leque de transbordamento, planície/baixio de maré e antepraia, levaram à interpretação de um sistema deposicional do tipo estuarino com domínio de ondas. Um aspecto importante derivado dessa pesquisa foi que o predomínio de deposição sedimentar em vales estuarinos como proposto para a Formação Barreiras na área de estudo amplia a extensão da transgressão miocênica ao longo da costa nordeste do Brasil. Nesse sentido, o uso de icnofósseis foi de importância fundamental para completar a reconstituição paleoambiental desses depósitos, particularmente considerando a ausência de organismos fósseis. Da mesma forma, a integração de dados faciológicos e icnológicos foi de grande relevância para a reconstituição dos paleoambientes de deposição dos Sedimentos Pós-Barreiras, até então pouco conhecidos. Assim, os depósitos dessa unidade foram relacionados com ambientes marinho raso, que é uma interpretação compatível com o registro predominante da icnofabrica Thalassinoides. Além disso, os dados cronológicos indicaram deposição dos Sedimentos Pós-Barreiras entre 60.0 (± 1.4) e 15.1 (±1.8) ka. Um fato de destaque é a ocorrência desses estratos em altitudes de até 38 m acima do nível do mar atual na área de estudo, que é um posicionamento topográfico incompatível com a tendência de queda progressiva do nível do mar correspondente à última glaciação, particularmente no Último Máximo Glacial, quando se estima que o nível do mar esteve várias dezenas de metros abaixo do atual. Este fato, adicionado ao contexto neotectônico da área de estudo, sugere que o posicionamento elevado desses depósitos costeiros se deu por soerguimento tectônico. Os dados apresentados nessa pesquisa permitiram calcular uma taxa de soerguimento dos Sedimentos Pós-Barreiras de cerca de 0,63 a 1,97 mm/ano. Este valor indica que, pelo menos localmente, houve reativação tectônica mais intensa que aquela previamente reconhecida no estágio pós-rifte para a margem leste da placa sul-americana. / The study of trace fossils integrated with sedimentological analysis has been increasingly applied in paleoenvironmental and stratigraphic interpretations of sedimentary strata. In the particular instance of costal environments, this tool allows refine reconstructions on the dynamics of shoreline changes during transgressive-regressive cycles. In the case of sedimentary deposits characterized by scarce or no fossil content, studies of ichnological assemblages play a fundamental role in paleoenvironmental reconstructions, because they provide information about the conditions at the time of deposition, as salinity, flow energy, oxygenation and substrate consistency. Previous publications revealed an abundance of trace fossils in the Barreiras Formation (Miocene) and Post-Barreiras Formation (Quaternary) exposed in the northern and northeastern coast of Brazil. These strata have great interest to the record of Neogene and Quaternary events in the South American continent, due to their wide geographical distribution along more than 5.000 km of the Brazilian littoral. Despite this scientific interest, the paleoenvironmental and stratigraphic reconstitutions of both the Barreiras Formation and the Post-Barreiras Sediments remain to be documented in several areas of the northeastern Brazilian coast. The main goal of this doctoral thesis was the paleoenvironmental reconstitution of Neogene and late Quaternary deposits in the Paraíba Basin within the context of sea level changes and neotectonics. The methodological approach consisted of faciological and ichnological analyses. In the instance of Quaternary strata, these analyses were integrated with chronological data obtained by optically stimulated luminescence. The results obtained for the Barreiras Formation revealed a variety of tidal sedimentary structures commonly associated with tidal currents, such as reactivation surfaces and mud drapes, herringbone cross-stratification and alternating thicker/thinner foreset packages generally marked by reactivation surfaces bounded by mud layers (i.e., tidal bundles) that are related to cyclic (diurnal) tidal fluctuation . Furthermore, these structures occur in deposits containing an ichnological assemblages representative of high energy environments with marine influence and predominance of brackish water conditions, which are particularly exemplified by Ophiomorpha, Planolites-Palaeophycus-Thalassinoides e Thalassinoides-Planolites-Palaeophycus. These results, added to the recognition of coastal depositional environments, including estuarine channel, estuarine central bay, tidal inlet/tidal channel, tidal delta/washover, tidal flat/shoal and foreshore, led to propose a wave-dominated estuary as the depositional system. One important aspect derived from this research is that the predominance of deposition in estuarine valleys as proposed for the Barreiras Formation in the study area expands the extent of the Miocene transgression along to the northeastern Brazilian coast. It follows that the use of trace fossils played a fundamental role to complete the paleoenvironmental reconstitution of these deposits, particularly considering the lack of fossil organisms. Similarly, the integration of faciological and ichnological data was of great importance to the reconstitution of depositional paleoenvironments of the Post-Barreiras Sediments, still poorly known up to now. . Hence, the deposits of this unit were related to a shallow marine setting, which is an interpretation compatible with the predominant record of the Thalassinoides ichnofabric. Furthermore, the chronological data indicated deposition of the Post- Barreiras Sediments between 60.0 (± 1.4) and 15.1 (±1.8) ka. It is remarkable the record of these strata in altitudes up to 38 m above the modern sea level in the study area, which is a topographic position incompatible with the progressive trend of sea level fall corresponding to the last glaciation, particularly in the Last Glacial Maximum, when the sea level was several tens of meters below the present sea level. This fact, added to the neotectonic context of the study area, suggests that the high altitude of these coastal deposits may have been caused by tectonic uplift. The data showed in this research allowed calculating an uplift rate of as much as 1.97 mm/year during the deposition of the Post-Barreiras Sediments. This value indicates that, at least locally, tectonic reactivation was more intense during the post-rift stage in the eastern margin of the South American plate than previously recognized.

No description available.

ABSTRACT The Eocene Roda Formation in northern Spain documents the deposits from a range of coastal depositional environments. These include alluvial plains, distributary channels, mouth bars, upper to lower-shorefaces, and tidal shelf ridges. Eighteen progradational sand tongues that are interpreted as parasequences compose two third-order sequences. Sequence 1 accumulated in an environment with strong tidal currents and high rates of progradation, while Sequence 2 was deposited under relatively weaker currents and higher rates of aggradation, which produced a higher mudstone:sandstone ratio. The stratigraphy highlights the transgressive origin of six tidal shelf ridges, three in each sequence, that overlie regressive deltaic tongues. Sequence 1 shelf ridges are composed almost entirely of cross-bedded sandstones, whereas Sequence 2 ridges are composed of a mixture of cross-bedded and ripple-laminated deposits. Ridges in both sequences contain bioturbation that is typical of the Cruziana Ichnofacies, and that indicates a marine origin. The tidal ridges are stratigraphically located at or near the point of maximum third-order regression, and are not found within early highstand or late transgressive deposits― times of high relative sea level when the deltaic shoreline did not protrude significantly. Tidal currents were accentuated at the coast when the delta complex had prograded several kilometres into the basin, while during times of high relative sea level, the basin was wider and tidal currents were weaker, consequently leading to a lack of tidal deposits. The tidal ridges are, thus, interpreted as being headland-associated deposits. / Thesis (Master, Geological Sciences & Geological Engineering) -- Queen's University, 2011-04-29 17:10:10.008

No description available.