Thesis. 1977. M.S.--Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Dept. of Architecture. / MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND ROTCH. / Bibliography : leaves 53-54. / by Martin Peter Moser, Jr. / M.S.

Orientador: João Roberto Gomes de Faria / Banca: Paulo Sérgio Sacarazzato / Banca: Luiz Gonzaga Campos Porto / Resumo: O conforto visual no ambiente de trabalho também é alvo de estudo da ergonomia, e com o auxílio da análise de imagens digitais - HDR (High Dynamic Range) é possível ter um estudo mais rápido e barato contribuindo assim para o bem estar dos trabalhadores, já que uma boa iluminação tornará o ambiente de trabalho mais produtivo e prazeroso. Tem-se por objetivo especificamente, estudar formas de caracterizar o ambiente em relação à possibilidade da ocorrência de ofuscamento a partir de imagens HDR e viabilizar o uso de câmeras fotográficas digitais de uso amador, com lentes padrão, no desenvolvimento de uma sistemática e da correspondente instrumentação para avaliar índices de ofuscamento empregando imagens HDR compostas a partir de fotos obtidas com tais câmeras / Abstract: The visual comfort in the work environment also is white of study of the ergonomics, and with the aid of the analysis of digital images - HDR (High Dynamic Range) is possible to have a cheap study faster e thus constributing it welfare of the workers, science a good illumination will became the environment of more productive and pleasant work. It is had specifically for objective, to study forms to characterize the environment in relation a possibility da ofuscamento occurrence to leave of images HDR and to make possible the use of digital cameras of amoteur use, with leses standard, no development of a systematics and da corresponding instrumentation to evaluate ofuscamento indices being used composed images HDR to leave of photos gotten with such cameras / Mestre

This dissertation argues that the biblical imagery of Gustave Doré (1832-83) successfully conveyed various modern ways of encountering the Bible, in both sacred and secular contexts. Doré was one of the most popular artists in nineteenth-century Europe and America, and his images have continued to be widely reproduced (to date, his Bible illustrations have been incorporated into over 700 publications). Emerging at a time when the Bible was taking on cultural roles beyond the moral and theological, Doré's images negotiated the challenges facing biblical representation, and introduced generations around the world to a new and modern way of understanding Judeo-Christian scripture. From the emergence of the "Bible as literature," to Holy Land archaeology, to the spectacularization of biblical narratives, to modern religious pedagogy, the impact of Doré's biblical pictures was felt on a scale heretofore unknown. More broadly, this project deals with the intersection of art, religion, and modernity through the study of one influential artist. The history of Doré's images extends across temporal, geographical, and denominational boundaries, and is crucial for understanding how the Bible has maintained its sacred and secular functions through the present day. Despite his centrality to the nineteenth-century art world, Doré's work has maintained a relatively marginal place in standard art histories. Art historians and sociologists of religion are becoming increasingly interested in the importance of religious imagery in modernity and Doré's works are often invoked, but there has yet to be a sustained study of the forms, history, and persuasive power of his images. Redressing art history's meager attention to modern religious art, I hope not only to recuperate Doré for art history, but also, more generally, to demonstrate how religious art helped make us modern.

Foi desenvolvido um programa para fusão de imagens médicas para utilização nos sistemas de planejamento de tratamento de radioterapia CAT3D e de radiocirurgia MNPS. Foi utilizada uma metodologia de maximização da informação mútua para fazer a fusão das imagens de modalidades diferentes pela medida da dependência estatística entre os pares de voxels. O alinhamento por pontos referenciais faz uma aproximação inicial para o processo de otimização não linear pelo método de downhill simplex para gerar o histograma conjugado. A função de transformação de coordenadas utiliza uma interpolação trilinear e procura pelo valor de máximo global em um espaço de 6 dimensões, com 3 graus de liberdade para translação e 3 graus de liberdade para rotação, utilizando o modelo de corpo rígido. Este método foi avaliado com imagens de TC, RM e PET do banco de dados da Universidade Vanderbilt, para verificar sua exatidão pela comparação das coordenadas de transformação de cada fusão de imagens com os valores de referência. O valor da mediana dos erros de alinhamento das imagens foi de 1,6 mm para a fusão de TC-RM e de 3,5 mm para PET-RM, com a exatidão dos padrões de referência estimada em 0,4 mm para TC-RM e 1,7 mm para PET-RM. Os valores máximos de erros foram de 5,3 mm para TC-RM e de 7,4 mm para PET-RM e 99,1% dos erros foram menores que o tamanho dos voxels das imagens. O tempo médio de processamento para a fusão de imagens foi de 24 s. O programa foi concluído com sucesso e inserido na rotina de 59 serviços de radioterapia, dos quais 42 estão no Brasil e 17 na América Latina. Este método não apresenta limitações quanto às resoluções diferentes das imagens, tamanhos de pixels e espessuras de corte. Além disso, o alinhamento pode ser realizado com imagens transversais, coronais ou sagitais. / Software for medical images fusion was developed for utilization in CAT3D radiotherapy and MNPS radiosurgery treatment planning systems. A mutual information maximization methodology was used to make the image registration of different modalities by measure of the statistical dependence between the voxels pairs. The alignment by references points makes an initial approximation to the non linear optimization process by downhill simplex method for estimation of the joint histogram. The coordinates transformation function use a trilinear interpolation and search for the global maximum value in a 6 dimensional space, with 3 degree of freedom for translation and 3 degree of freedom for rotation, by making use of the rigid body model. This method was evaluated with CT, MR and PET images from Vanderbilt University database to verify its accuracy by comparison of transformation coordinates of each images fusion with gold-standard values. The median of images alignment error values was 1.6 mm for CT-MR fusion and 3.5 mm for PET-MR fusion, with gold-standard accuracy estimated as 0.4 mm for CT-MR fusion and 1.7 mm for PET-MR fusion. The maximum error values were 5.3 mm for CT-MR fusion and 7.4 mm for PET-MR fusion, and 99.1% of alignment errors were images subvoxels values. The mean computing time was 24 s. The software was successfully finished and implemented in 59 radiotherapy routine services, of which 42 are in Brazil and 17 are in Latin America. This method doesn’t have limitation about different resolutions from images, pixels sizes and slice thickness. Besides, the alignment may be accomplished by axial, coronal or sagital images.

A Shoá (calamidade, em hebraico) é um dos temas mais pesquisados de todos os tempos, seja por seu caráter perverso, seja por ter modificado a maneira segundo a qual a sociedade lida com a violência. Diante disso, há um tópico especial que chama a atenção: as vítimas e as conseqüências sofridas por elas. É nesse universo que surge The Shawl (1989), o aclamado livro da norte-americana Cynthia Ozick. Tendo em vista a grande complexidade do livro, o presente trabalho examinará a maneira que a autora encontrou para representar tal condição de quem foi exposto à loucura e à violência, e que acabou por criar novas relações entre o seu passado e seu presente, principalmente através de símbolos já conhecidos e de imagens que vão além da cristalização. Nossa hipótese é de verificar, através do estudo dos elementos do texto que vão desde as relações entre os elementos lingüísticos, até a composição das personagens como, no caos aparente, a narrativa encontra sua especificidade estética, por meio do caminho inverso que vai do símbolo às imagens na construção do Real. / The Shoah (which means calamity in Hebrew) is one of the most researched topics of all times, either by its perverse character, either because it has modified the way in which society deals with violence. Therefore, there is a special topic that draws societys attention: the victims and the consequences suffered by them. It is in this atmosphere that The Shawl (1989), Cynthia Ozicks acclaimed book, arises. Having in mind the complexity of the book, this work will examine the way the author found to represent the condition of who was exposed to madness and violence, and eventually create new relations between their past and their present, mainly through known symbols and images that go beyond crystallization. Our hypothesis is to verify, through the study of the text elements - from the relationship between the linguistic elements to the composition of the characters - how the narrative finds its aesthetic specificity through the reverse path that goes from symbol to images in the construction of the Real, in the apparent chaos.

Technological advances in image acquisition speeds and new contrast agents, in both clinical and basic research settings, have enabled entirely new approaches to functional imaging in living systems. Analysis of dynamic and multidimensional data requires very different approaches to the classical segmentation and visualization tools developed for purely structural or anatomical imaging. This thesis details the development of two different spatiotemporal analysis approaches for high-speed in-vivo dynamic optical imaging. Optical imaging is a diverse, versatile, and generally inexpensive modality that can take advantage of a wide range of endogenous and exogenous sources of optical contrast within living tissue. While light scattering can limit resolution and sensitivity of imaging in deeper tissues, optical imaging is well suited for small animal studies where it can be used for studies of physiology and disease processes, for pharmaceutical development and as a test-bed for translation to clinical applications. In the first part of this work, we present and apply spatiotemporal analysis techniques which we define as `dynamic contrast enhancement' methods. We apply these methods to in-vivo whole body small animal molecular optical imaging to demonstrate that dynamic analysis can be used for longitudinal assessment of organ function. We then demonstrate the equivalence of our approach to dynamic contrast enhanced magnetic resonance imaging. This optical technique could allow for better informed drug development and longitudinal toxicity evaluation. This technique could also serve as a platform for the development of functional imaging methods using dynamic MRI. We then apply spatiotemporal analysis techniques to high speed optical hemodynamic imaging data acquired on the exposed rodent cortex. The purpose of this work is to develop a mechanistically-based spatiotemporal model of neurovascular coupling, in order to better understand the basis of functional magnetic resonance imaging data in the human brain. Our results also provide new insights into potential links between neurovascular disruption and disease pathophysiology in the brain.

Orientador: Maria Cecília de Oliveira Micotti / Banca: Dair Aily Franco de Camargo / Banca: Denice Bárbara Catani / Resumo: Considerando que o conceito de alfabetização vai muito além do que simplesmente aprender a ler o texto escrito, abrangendo também a compreensão de códigos não-lingüísticos encontrados em diferentes suportes (telas, argila, vinil, disco magnético, película fotográfica), e levando em conta que as mensagens presentes nesses textos devem ser compreendidas pelos indivíduos de maneira crítica, mediante a prática de atividades que envolvam a sua leitura, esta dissertação se propôs a averiguar as concepções de professores de educação infantil sobre esse tipo de leitura e a forma como a empregam em sala de aula. Focaliza, especificamente, o professor como leitor de imagens e como formador de leitores de imagens. Para tanto, foram utilizados diversos procedimentos: entrevistas, análise do processo de leitura de imagens das professoras mediante sessões de leitura, estudos e reflexões compartilhados com as docentes e observação de aulas. Os resultados revelam que os docentes, no cotidiano escolar, embora manifestem curiosidade e interesse sobre o trabalho com textos imagéticos, ainda recorrem às imagens como recursos utilizados de maneira descontextualizada. Tal concepção decorre de vários fatores: falta de conhecimento quanto à inserção dessa modalidade de trabalho no ambiente escolar, receio em romper com as rotinas instaladas, as quais garantem ao docente um caminho linear e seguro; predomínio de uma cultura eminentemente verbal, que privilegia a linguagem escrita em detrimento das demais formas de manifestação do pensamento, ausência de uma reflexão sobre as possibilidades didático-pedagógicas da leitura de imagens no ensino. / Abstract: Considering that the literacy concept goes very in addition only to learn to read the written text, also including the understanding of no-linguistic codes found in different supports (screens, clay, vinyl, magnetic disk, photographic film), and taking into account that the present messages in those texts should be understood by the individuals in a critical way, measure-before the practice of activities that involves reading, this dissertation intended to discover the teachers' of preschool education conceptions on that reading type and the form as they use it in classroom. It focuses, specifically, the teacher as reader of images and as readers' of images former. Several procedures were used: interviews, analysis of the process of reading of images by reading sessions, studies and reflections shared with the teachers and observation of classes. The results reveal that the teachers, in the daily school, although interests and curios about the work with images, still use it as a technical and instrumental resource. Such conception elapses of several factors: few knowledge about the inclusion that this activities in classes, fear in breaking with the installed routines, which guarantee to the teacher a lineal and safe road; prevalence of a culture eminently verbal, that privileges the language written to the detriment of the other forms of manifestation of the thought, absence of a reflection about the didactic-pedagogic possibilities of the reading of images in the teaching. iv Equally they show the need of an appropriate formation of the educator about how use the images in classroom. / Mestre

L'objectif principal de nos travaux de thèse est de construire une batterie de tests haptiques pour enfants et adolescents, voyants et déficients visuels, permettant d'apprécier l'évolution avec l'âge des capacités haptiques en matière de scanning, discrimination, compréhension spatiale, mémoire à court terme et lecture d'images, ainsi que d'apprécier les différences liées au statut visuel des enfants et des adolescents. L'hypothèse qui sous-tend la construction de notre batterie est que les compétences en lecture d'images tactiles se développent de façon concomitante avec la progression (1) des capacités de scanning (lignes et points), (2) des capacités de discrimination haptique (texture, forme, taille), (3) des capacités de compréhension spatiale (orientation et localisation) et (4) des capacités de mémoire tactile à court terme (empan de chiffres et de formes). Le premier chapitre présente une revue de la littérature sur le fonctionnement du sens du toucher actif et des tests psychométriques qui sollicitent cette modalité perceptive. L'enjeu qui motive notre recherche est de se questionner quant à la pertinence d'utiliser la modalité haptique pour apprécier le développement des compétences perceptivo-motrices et cognitives des enfants et des adolescents voyants et déficients visuels. Nous mettons finalement en exergue que la conception d'une batterie développementale haptique 2D permettrait de combler le manque d'outils psychométriques adaptés à l'évaluation des enfants déficients visuels. Le deuxième chapitre est constitué de trois études pilotes dans le cadre desquelles il est demandé à des sujets voyants et déficients visuels d'identifier des images tactiles complètes et incomplètes. L'objectif est de tester les conditions préalables à la mise en place de notre outil. Plus précisément, il s'agit de déterminer si (1) les capacités de compréhension d'images tactiles évoluent avec l'âge, (2) ces capacités sont " comparables " entre enfants voyants et déficients visuels, (3) ces deux groupes d'enfants sont en mesure de comprendre des images tactiles incomplètes. Les résultats obtenus suggèrent que les dessins en relief constituent un matériel adapté pour apprécier les compétences haptiques 2D des enfants et des adolescents voyants et déficients visuels. Le troisième chapitre met en relief que différentes compétences haptiques impliquées dans le traitement de stimuli tactiles en 2D (i.e., capacités de scanning, de discrimination haptique, de compréhension spatiale, de mémoire tactile à court terme et de compréhension d'images tactiles) s'améliorent avec l'avancée en âge chez les sujets voyants. En outre, nous montrons que l'aptitude à discriminer des formes géométriques ainsi que la mémoire à court terme de formes jouent un rôle significatif dans la compréhension d'images tactiles. Le quatrième chapitre a pour objectif de tester l'ensemble des propriétés psychométriques de la batterie auprès de participants voyants et déficients visuels âgés de cinq à 25 ans. Nous montrons que notre outil présente des qualités métrologiques satisfaisantes en termes de sensibilité, de fidélité et de validité. De surcroît, nous n'observons pas de différences significatives inhérentes au statut visuel ainsi qu'à la présence de troubles associés dans les scores à la batterie, suggérant qu'un seul étalonnage peut être utilisé. Le cinquième chapitre présente les résultats et conclusions majeurs de la recherche, ses différents apports dans une visée à la fois fondamentale et appliquée, et ses limites. L'ensemble des résultats met en évidence que la modalité haptique représente une alternative intéressante à la vision pour évaluer les capacités perceptivo-motrices et cognitives des personnes déficientes visuelles. Des perpectives de recherche sont finalement présentées. / The main objective of our thesis work was to design a battery of haptic tests for visually impaired and sighted children and adolescents in order to assess the development of a range of haptic abilities with age, including scanning, discrimination, spatial comprehension, short-term memory and picture comprehension, and to assess differences linked to the visual status of children and adolescents. The theory behind the creation of our tests battery was that tactile picture comprehension skills develop concomittantly with the improvement of (1) scanning abilities (lines and dots), (2) haptic discrimination abilities (texture, shape and size), (3) spatial comprehension skills (orientation and location) and (4) short-term tactile memory capacity (dot span and shape span). The first chapter is a review of the literature on how the sense of active touch functions and on the psychometric tests that use this perceptual modality. The main purpose of our research is to question the relevance of using the haptic modality to assess the development of perceptual-motor and cognitive abilities amongst sighted and visually impaired children and adolescents. We finally emphasize that designing a developmental 2D haptic test battery would fill the lack of psychometric tools suitable for assessing visually impaired children. The second chapter is composed of three pilot studies in which sighted and visually impaired subjects were asked to identify complete and incomplete tactile pictures. The aim was to test the preconditions before creating our tool. More precisely, this entailed determining whether (1) tactile picture comprehension abilities develop with age, (2) these abilities can be compared between sighted and visually impaired children, (3) these two groups of children are able to understand incomplete tactile pictures. The results obtained suggest that raised-line pictures are a suitable material for assessing the 2D haptic abilities of sighted and visually impaired children. The third chapter highlights that a range of haptic abilities used to process 2D tactile stimuli (i.e., scanning, haptic discrimination, spatial comprehension, short-term memory and tactile picture comprehension abilities) improve with age for sighted subjects. In addition, we demonstrate that the ability to discriminate geometric shapes and the short-term memory of shapes play a significant role in tactile picture comprehension. The aim of the fourth chapter was to test all the psychometric properties of the battery with sighted and visually impaired individuals aged 5 to 25 years. We showed that our tool has satisfactory psychometric indices in terms of sensitivity, reliability and validity. What is more, we did not observe any significant differences that were inherent to visual status, or to the presence of associated disorders in the battery scores, suggesting that single calibration may be used. The fifth chapter summarizes the main results and conclusions of the research, its different contributions for both fundamental and applied purposes, and its limitations. Altogether our results suggest that the haptic modality is an interesting alternative to vision to assess the perceptual-motor and cogntive abilities of visually impaired people. Finally, two possible avenues for future research are presented.

Foi desenvolvido um programa para fusão de imagens médicas para utilização nos sistemas de planejamento de tratamento de radioterapia CAT3D e de radiocirurgia MNPS. Foi utilizada uma metodologia de maximização da informação mútua para fazer a fusão das imagens de modalidades diferentes pela medida da dependência estatística entre os pares de voxels. O alinhamento por pontos referenciais faz uma aproximação inicial para o processo de otimização não linear pelo método de downhill simplex para gerar o histograma conjugado. A função de transformação de coordenadas utiliza uma interpolação trilinear e procura pelo valor de máximo global em um espaço de 6 dimensões, com 3 graus de liberdade para translação e 3 graus de liberdade para rotação, utilizando o modelo de corpo rígido. Este método foi avaliado com imagens de TC, RM e PET do banco de dados da Universidade Vanderbilt, para verificar sua exatidão pela comparação das coordenadas de transformação de cada fusão de imagens com os valores de referência. O valor da mediana dos erros de alinhamento das imagens foi de 1,6 mm para a fusão de TC-RM e de 3,5 mm para PET-RM, com a exatidão dos padrões de referência estimada em 0,4 mm para TC-RM e 1,7 mm para PET-RM. Os valores máximos de erros foram de 5,3 mm para TC-RM e de 7,4 mm para PET-RM e 99,1% dos erros foram menores que o tamanho dos voxels das imagens. O tempo médio de processamento para a fusão de imagens foi de 24 s. O programa foi concluído com sucesso e inserido na rotina de 59 serviços de radioterapia, dos quais 42 estão no Brasil e 17 na América Latina. Este método não apresenta limitações quanto às resoluções diferentes das imagens, tamanhos de pixels e espessuras de corte. Além disso, o alinhamento pode ser realizado com imagens transversais, coronais ou sagitais. / Software for medical images fusion was developed for utilization in CAT3D radiotherapy and MNPS radiosurgery treatment planning systems. A mutual information maximization methodology was used to make the image registration of different modalities by measure of the statistical dependence between the voxels pairs. The alignment by references points makes an initial approximation to the non linear optimization process by downhill simplex method for estimation of the joint histogram. The coordinates transformation function use a trilinear interpolation and search for the global maximum value in a 6 dimensional space, with 3 degree of freedom for translation and 3 degree of freedom for rotation, by making use of the rigid body model. This method was evaluated with CT, MR and PET images from Vanderbilt University database to verify its accuracy by comparison of transformation coordinates of each images fusion with gold-standard values. The median of images alignment error values was 1.6 mm for CT-MR fusion and 3.5 mm for PET-MR fusion, with gold-standard accuracy estimated as 0.4 mm for CT-MR fusion and 1.7 mm for PET-MR fusion. The maximum error values were 5.3 mm for CT-MR fusion and 7.4 mm for PET-MR fusion, and 99.1% of alignment errors were images subvoxels values. The mean computing time was 24 s. The software was successfully finished and implemented in 59 radiotherapy routine services, of which 42 are in Brazil and 17 are in Latin America. This method doesn’t have limitation about different resolutions from images, pixels sizes and slice thickness. Besides, the alignment may be accomplished by axial, coronal or sagital images.

The Kalahari San or Bushmen are one of the most researched ethnic groups. As such, multiple images, produced by research, popular literature and films exist of them. Tsumkwe, the administrative centre of what used to be known as 'Bushmanland' during Apartheid, occupies a special place in the context of San image production as it is the site of most visual material produced about San, a popular destination for tourists who want to see San and a successful indigenous governed conservancy that attracts many NGOs and other projects aimed at San. The people living in Tsumkwe are the Ju|'hoansi, a group considered to be part of the 'San' category. This thesis considers ethnographic questions about the Ju|'hoansi and those who visit them, through a framework based on the theory of images. How do the Ju|'hoansi inhabit the multiple images of San-ness which non-San bring to Tsumkwe and how do they navigate the pressures of both San sociality and expectations from outsiders within and outside the structures of knowledge which shape our perception of these images? In addition to general participant observation in Tsumkwe and the surrounding Nyae Nyae conservancy, I make use of ethnographic data from filmmaking workshops I conducted with Ju|'hoan participants. These workshops created important primary data. Further, by inverting the hitherto passive relationship to film into an active one, the engagement with the medium and its production enabled usually invisible concepts and understanding of self and others to become articulated. Additionally, I conducted interviews with tourists, researchers and NGO workers. As Gordon discusses in The Bushman Myth, the label of San or Bushmen is an externally invented and constructed category. Over the course of the 20th century, a multitude of images of the San have emerged, ranging from 'underdeveloped primitives', to no 'noble savages' to 'disempowered minorities'. However outdated, once articulated, remnants of these images have remained and contribute to the body of preconceived ideas outsiders approach the San with. | Inhabiting Images: Ju|'hoansi, vi San, and Others In Tsumkwe, different images exist simultaneously. In interactions with outsiders, Ju|'hoansi informants confirmed and enacted sometimes opposing images, depending on the context, without considering one more 'true' than another. Some Ju|'hoansi were able to switch between different images particularly well. Despite of the Ju|'hoansi community in Tsumkwe being accepting of the various images of San-ness brought in by outsiders, Tsumkwe was overall governed by Ju|'hoan values and sociality which stopped any of the NGOs that tried to establish themselves and their world views in Tsumkwe from becoming too dominant. Egalitarian pressures, however, also affect not only outsiders seeking to establish themselves but also Ju|'hoansi. Additionally, many Ju|'hoansi, experience the multitude of images brought in as a pressure. This double pressure can be somewhat relieved through carefully negotiated play in which caricatures of identities are acted out playfully. Despite possible overlap between San images and Ju|'hoan sociality, it is useful to understand San images as being a reflection on those who construct them. For the Ju|'hoansi, these images are part of the world they inhabit creatively.