This thesis describes a new dynamic network model for imbibition which is based on a physically realistic description of the complex dynamics of corner film flow, swelling and snap-off. The model shows that film flow is a capillary driven non-linear diffusive process and that the competition between snapoff and frontal displacements is rate dependent and results in rate dependent relative permeabilities and residual saturations. In contrast to previously published models in which length scales for snap-off are either specified a priori or calculated assuming steady-state film flow and constant film conductivities, in the present model, snap-off arises as a natural consequence of the fully transient nature of film flow and swelling. The network model is used to analyse the complex interaction between displacement rate, contact angle, aspect ratio and pore and throat shape on relative permeability and residual saturation. Computed relative permeabilities and residual saturations are compared with laboratory measurements reported in the literature. It is concluded that the magnitude of the rate effect on imbibition relative permeabilities and residual saturations for a particular rock microstructure and wettability condition depends largely on the pore-throat aspect ratio. Higher aspect ratios result in stronger rate effects than do smaller aspect ratios.

This thesis presents an axisymmetric numerical model to simulate interfacial flows near a sharp corner, where contact line pinning occurs. The method has been used to analyze drop imbibition into a capillary. To evaluate the performance of the numerical method, for a liquid drop initially placed partially within a capillary, a thermodynamic model has also been developed, to predict equilibrium states. The first part of this thesis presents an axisymmetric VoF algorithm to simulate interfacial flows near a sharp corner. (1) A new method to exactly calculate the normals and curvatures of any circle with a radius as small as the grid size is presented. This method is a hybrid least squares height function technique which fits a discretized osculating circle to a curve, from which interface normals and curvature can be evaluated. (2) A novel technique for applying the contact angle boundary condition has been devised, based on the definition of an osculating circle near a solid phase. (3) A new flux volume construction technique is presented, which can be applied to any split advection scheme. Unlike the traditional approach where the flux volumes are assumed rectangular, the new flux volumes can be either trapezoidal or triangular. The new technique improves the accuracy and consistency of the advection scheme. (4) Explicit PLIC reconstruction expressions for axisymmetric coordinates have been derived. (5) Finally, a numerical treatment of VoF for contact line motion near a sharp corner is presented, base on the idea of contact line pinning and an edge contact angle. The second part of the thesis is on the imbibition of a drop into an open capillary. A thermodynamic analysis based on minimization of an interfacial surface energy function is presented to predict equilibrium configurations of drops. Based on the drop size compared to the hole size, the equilibrium contact angle, and the geometry of the capillary, the drop can be totally imbibed by the capillary, or may not wet the capillary at all. The thesis concludes with application of the numerical scheme to the same problem, to examine the dynamics of wetting or dewetting of a capillary. All of the simulations yield results that correspond to the equilibrium states predicted by the thermodynamic analysis, but offer additional insight on contact line motion and interface deformation near the capillary edge.

This thesis presents an axisymmetric numerical model to simulate interfacial flows near a sharp corner, where contact line pinning occurs. The method has been used to analyze drop imbibition into a capillary. To evaluate the performance of the numerical method, for a liquid drop initially placed partially within a capillary, a thermodynamic model has also been developed, to predict equilibrium states. The first part of this thesis presents an axisymmetric VoF algorithm to simulate interfacial flows near a sharp corner. (1) A new method to exactly calculate the normals and curvatures of any circle with a radius as small as the grid size is presented. This method is a hybrid least squares height function technique which fits a discretized osculating circle to a curve, from which interface normals and curvature can be evaluated. (2) A novel technique for applying the contact angle boundary condition has been devised, based on the definition of an osculating circle near a solid phase. (3) A new flux volume construction technique is presented, which can be applied to any split advection scheme. Unlike the traditional approach where the flux volumes are assumed rectangular, the new flux volumes can be either trapezoidal or triangular. The new technique improves the accuracy and consistency of the advection scheme. (4) Explicit PLIC reconstruction expressions for axisymmetric coordinates have been derived. (5) Finally, a numerical treatment of VoF for contact line motion near a sharp corner is presented, base on the idea of contact line pinning and an edge contact angle. The second part of the thesis is on the imbibition of a drop into an open capillary. A thermodynamic analysis based on minimization of an interfacial surface energy function is presented to predict equilibrium configurations of drops. Based on the drop size compared to the hole size, the equilibrium contact angle, and the geometry of the capillary, the drop can be totally imbibed by the capillary, or may not wet the capillary at all. The thesis concludes with application of the numerical scheme to the same problem, to examine the dynamics of wetting or dewetting of a capillary. All of the simulations yield results that correspond to the equilibrium states predicted by the thermodynamic analysis, but offer additional insight on contact line motion and interface deformation near the capillary edge.

The Steam-Assisted Gravity Drainage (SAGD) Process involves the injection of steam through a horizontal well and the production of heavy oil through a lower horizontal well. Several authors have tried to model this process using analytical, semi-analytical and fully numerical means. In this dissertation, we improve the predictive ability of previous models by accounting for the effect of anisotropy, the effect of heat transfer on capillarity and the effect of water-in-oil (W/O) emulsion formation and transport which serves to enhance heat transfer during SAGD. We account for the effect of anisotropy during SAGD by performing elliptical transformation of the resultant gravity head and resultant oil drainage vectors on to a space described by the vertical and horizontal permeabilities. Our results, show that unlike for the isotropic case, the effect of anisotropy is time dependent and there exists a given time beyond which it ceases to have any effect on SAGD rates. This result will impact well spacing design and optimization during SAGD. Butler et al. (1981) derived their classical SAGD model by solving a 1-D heat conservation equation for single phase flow. This model has excellent predictive capability at experimental scales but performs poorly at field scales. By assuming a linear saturation -- temperature relationship, Sharma and Gates (2010b) developed a model that accounts for multiphase flow ahead of the steam chamber interface. In this work, by decomposing capillary pressure into its saturation and temperature components, we coupled the mass and energy conservation equations and showed that the multi-scale, multiphase flow phenomenon occurring during SAGD is the classical Marangoni (or thermo-capillary) effect which can be characterized by the Marangoni number. At low Marangoni numbers (typical of experimental scales) we get the Butler solution while at high Marangoni numbers (typical of field scales), we approximate the Sharma and Gates solution. The Marangoni flow concept was extended to the Expanding Solvent SAGD (ES-SAGD) process and our results show that there exists a given Marangoni number threshold below which the ES-SAGD process will not fare better than the SAGD process. Experimental results presented in Sasaki et al. (2002) demonstrate the existence of water-in-oil emulsions adjacent to the steam chamber wall during SAGD. In this work we show that these emulsions enhanced heat transfer at the chamber wall and hence oil recovery. We postulate that these W/O emulsions are principally hot water droplets that carry convective heat energy. We perform calculations to show that their presence can practically double the effective heat transfer coefficient across the steam chamber interface which overcomes the effect of reduced oil rates due to the increased emulsified phase viscosity. Our results also compared well with published experimental data. The SAGD (and ES-SAGD) process is a short length-scaled process and hence, short length-scaled phenomena (typically ignored in other EOR or conventional processes) such as thermo-capillarity and in-situ emulsification should not be ignored in predicting SAGD recoveries. This work will find unique application in predictive models used as fast proxies for predicting SAGD recovery and for history matching purposes. / text

La compagnie Technicolor est née en novembre 1915 et vientde fêter ses cent ans d’existence. Le procédé de reproductionnaturelle de couleurs Technicolor fut d’abord un procédébichrome, qui connut trois évolutions, avant de devenir un procédétrichrome, autrement désigné procédé n° 4.Le procédé trichrome était techniquement révolutionnairepuisqu’il nécessitait l’utilisation d’une caméra à trois négatifsséparant les trois couleurs primaires rouge, vert, bleu. Latechnique de tirage par imbibition a aussi permis de créer descopies aux qualités intrinsèques équivalentes à celles deslithographies et dont les couleurs ne se modifient pas avec letemps. L’équipement complexe nécessaire aux tournages enTechnicolor a exigé de nouveaux protocoles de travail, ainsi que laformation des équipes des plateaux habituées au noir et blanc.Technicolor a également proposé les services du color consultingafin d’aider à mieux contrôler le rendu des couleurs à l’écran.Cette thèse se propose d’aborder les dimensions historique ettechnique du Technicolor trichrome et d’interroger les techniquesutilisées jusqu’à aujourd’hui afin de restaurer les films tournésavec ce procédé. En raison de l’obsolescence des outils quipermettaient de produire un film en Technicolor, des questions seposent aujourd’hui sur les procédures de restauration des filmstournés entre 1932 et 1955, à l’ère de la technologie ditetrichrome. Il s’agit de la première étude approfondie, en français,portant sur le procédé Technicolor trichrome, ouvrant sur uneréflexion plus élargie sur l’importance de la restauration descouleurs d’origine d’un film. / The Technicolor Company has celebrated its hundredyears of existence, since it was born in November 1915.Technicolor was, at first, a two-color natural color processthat has been modified three times before becoming a threecolorprocess, also known as the process number four.The three-color process was revolutionary since it impliedthe construction of a three-strip camera, which separated theprimary colors red, blue and green with three negatives. Thelaboratory created also dye transfer printing, a technic thatwas able to create projection prints with visual qualitiesequivalent to lithography. Consequently, the dyes of theTechnicolor prints haven’t fade throughout the years. Inaddition, the three-color equipment included a newworkflow during the film shooting. The crew working onthe film set, used to black and white shooting, had to betrained to work with this medium. Technicolor created aswell the color consulting in order to help the crew tomanage better the color composition.This dissertation is an in depth analysis of the historicaland technical issues of the three-color Technicolor processand interrogates the technical devices that have been used torestore the films. In this way, different questions about theprocedures of restoration of the films, shot between 1932and 1955, are addressed throughout the study. Due to theobsolete status of the three color Technicolor process, thequestion of its reproduction can be problematic. This is thefirst thorough study, written in French, dedicated to thethree-color Technicolor process with an opening to theimportance of restoring the original colors of a film.

No description available.

Asphaltenic crude oil is a complex fluid containing various components with different chemical properties. When it comes in contact with water, its polar components adsorb at the oil/water interface, reducing the interfacial tension and eventually developing viscoelastic films. The interfacial films impact emulsion stability and adhere to the oil-bearing reservoirs rocks, altering their wettability and thus hindering oil mobilization. Here, we investigate the formation of crude oil/water interfacial films. We measure both the time-dependent shear and extensional interfacial rheology moduli, and we relate it to the chemical composition of the films, highlighting the role of polar aromatic molecules in film formation. Varying chemical composition of the aqueous phase, we show that the properties of the interfacial films depend not only on the concentration of ionic species in water but also on their chemical nature. In particular, we highlight the role of sulfate salt in promoting interfacial viscoelasticity and in altering the composition of fully developed films. To study the rock/fluid interaction, we fabricate mixed-wet capillaries with angular cross-sections inspired by the naturally occurring primary drainage of pore-filling brine by invading crude oil. After employing our novel coating procedure, we experimentally investigate water invasion in mixed-wet capillaries and compare it with predictions of dynamic and quasi-static (Mayer-Stowe-Princen (MSP)) meniscus-invasion models. None of the dynamic models built for uniformly-wet pores can fully describe our experimental data in mixed-wet capillaries. However, the experimental results agree with predictions of MSP theory. To our knowledge, this is the first direct experimental validation of MSP theory under mixed-wet conditions. We confirm the possibility of spontaneous piston-type imbibition with high ($> 90^{\circ}$) advancing contact angles into mixed-wet pores, given that the contact angle is lowered below a critical value that is a function of pore geometry and residual water saturation. In oil reservoirs, injection of specific brines would be required to change the contact angle to values below the imbibition threshold. Finally, we extend our study and introduce a powerful 3D high-speed laser imaging of dynamic fluid flow in angular capillaries and investigate its capability to capture non-equilibrium shapes of fluid interfaces.

L’imbibition est d’une importance fondamentale dans de nombreuses applications technologiques et intervient par ailleurs dans de nombreux phénomènes naturels (industrie textile, industrie pharmaceutique, érosion des sols ….). Malgré l’importance de ce phénomène, la description et la modélisation des mécanismes d’imbibition sont encore sujettes à discussion dans la littérature, en particulier, la prédiction des cinétiques d’imbibition à partir de la connaissance de la topographie du milieu poreux. L’objectif de ce travail de thèse a été de relier les cinétiques d’imbibition à la structure du milieu poreux imbibé. Pour cela, nous avons étudié l’imbibition capillaire (ou spontanée) en suivant une démarche expérimentale dans laquelle nous avons utilisé des substrats poreux modèles dont nous contrôlons le volume et la structure de pores. La configuration d’imbibition choisie dans ce travail est celle d’une goutte sessile (ou posée).Ces travaux ont permis de mettre en œuvre une technique de construction de pastilles macroscopiques, autosupportées et cohésives, par assemblage de microbilles de polymère. Ces systèmes modèles ont été utilisés pour étudier les cinétiques d’imbibition capillaire de liquides dans des supports tridimensionnels à structure de pores complexe en fonction de la taille des microbilles constituant la pastille poreuse, de la reconstruction thermique, de la perméabilité pour une structure poreuse bicouches et de la force capillaire. Ces études ont permis entre autres de mettre en évidence des régimes cinétiques et des transitions d’imbibition inattendues dans ces systèmes (régimes visqueux et inertiel). / Imbibition is of fundamental importance in many technological applications, and is also involved in many natural phenomena (textile industry, pharmaceutical industry, soil erosion ....). Despite the importance of this phenomenon, the description and modelling of imbibition mechanisms are still subject to discussion in the literature, in particular, the prediction of the kinetics of imbibition from the knowledge of the morphology of the porous medium.The aim of this thesis was to relate the imbibition kinetics with the structure of a model porous medium. For this, we studied the capillary imbibition (or spontaneous) following an experimental approach in which we used a model porous substrate with both a controlled porous volume and pore structure. The experimental configuration for studying this imbibition was that of a sessile drop. In this work we developed a technique for the fabrication of self-supported and cohesive macroscopic pellets of polymer microbeads. These model porous systems have been characterized for their internal structure and used to study the capillary imbibition kinetics as a function of i) the size of the microbeads, ii) the temperature of the thermal annealing, iii) the permeability in the case of bilayered porous structures and iv) the capillary force (concentration of ethanol in water, nature of the liquid). This approach allowed observing and discussing unexpected imbibition regimes and transitions (inertial and viscous regimes).

Le séchage et l’imbibition sont des phénomènes physiques indispensables, de nos jours, à la formulation de nombreux matériaux en milieu industriel. Ces phénomènes, comme on peut l’observer avec l’apparition de fissures lors du séchage d’une peinture fraichement appliquée, peuvent affecter de manière irréversible l’aspect, l’intégrité ou la durabilité du matériau concerné. De plus, dans l’industrie, la connaissance des mécanismes physiques mis en jeu lors de ces étapes de séchage ou d’imbibition reste fréquemment empirique, conduisant à de fortes consommations d’énergie. La compréhension fondamentale de ces phénomènes représente donc un enjeu industriel majeur.En utilisant des techniques de mesure telles que l’Imagerie à Résonnance Magnétique (IRM) ou la microscopie électronique, nous nous sommes intéressés à la physique des écoulements fluides dans des milieux poreux modèles, déformables ou non-déformables, dont la taille caractéristique des pores varie de l’échelle du millimètre à celle de quelques nanomètres.Le résultat essentiel de ces travaux de thèse est la démonstration que l’évolution de la distribution de liquide dans ces milieux modèles, lors du séchage, provient de la compétition entre deux phénomènes physiques, quelle que soit la taille des pores, et que le matériau fissure ou subisse du retrait. Ces phénomènes physiques sont : le ré-équilibrage capillaire, ayant lieu lors de la substitution de l’eau par l’air dans le milieu poreux, provoquant un écoulement fluide selon la direction du gradient des pressions de Laplace imposé au liquide par l’évaporation, et le développement d’une région sèche apparente depuis la surface libre de l’échantillon.Plus précisément, nous montrons que le phénomène de ré-équilibrage capillaire est permanent lors du séchage et permet de maintenir une saturation homogène dans les régions humides de l’échantillon quel que soit le régime de séchage rencontré ou la taille des pores de cet échantillon. Pour des pores de dimension supérieure à quelques nanomètres, nous montrons que le séchage s’opère en deux étapes : une première période à fort taux de séchage dont la durée décroit avec la réduction de la taille des pores, cette étape est suivie d’une seconde période présentant le développement d’une région sèche depuis la surface de l’échantillon provoquant une chute du taux de séchage. Nous démontrons aussi que les phénomènes de fracturation et de retrait peuvent influer de façon significative sur la durée de cette première période.Quand la taille des pores devient inferieure à quelques nanomètres, nous montrons que l’infime rayon de courbure de l’interface eau-air développant dans les pores du milieu poreux tend à limiter le taux d’évaporation de l’échantillon et entraine sa décroissance progressive au cours du séchage. De manière surprenante, dans ce cas particulier, la distribution d’eau à travers l’échantillon reste homogène tout au long du séchage. Cette dernière observation nous renseigne sur le fonctionnement du mécanisme de ré-équilibrage capillaire dans les nano-pores et montre que les propriétés d’écoulement liquides en milieux confinés diffèrent grandement de celles rencontrées dans des milieux plus grossiers / Drying and imbibition are widely used in industry to formulate and process materials. Familiar to anyone who ever filled a sponge with water and left it to dry, or spread a coat of paint, fluid to solid transitions may affect the aspect, the integrity and the durability of the material processing. Moreover, in industry this transitional steps frequently relies on empirical techniques for the control of both of these phenomena, resulting in an overconsumption of energy. The understanding of the mechanisms behind drying and imbibition are therefore of crucial industrial stakes.Using measurement techniques such as MRI imaging or electron microscopy, we studied the physics of fluid flow within model deformable and non-deformable porous media with pore sizes ranging from a couple of millimiters to a few nanometers, during imbibition or drying.A fundamental discovery our work features is the demonstration that during convective drying, in any case, namely even down to a nanometric pore size, and even if the material shrinks or fracture during the process, the liquid distribution within a sample evolves from the competition between two phenomena. Particularly, capillary re-equilibration caused by capillary effects inducing liquid flow to equilibrate Laplace pressure throughout the partially saturated regions of the samples, and, the inward development of an apparent dry region from the surface of the sample exposed to the airflow.In details, this manuscript shows that at all time capillary-equilibration enables to maintain a homogeneous saturation within the wet region of the porous sample and two regimes may be distinguished from considerations on the drying rate and the pore size of the material. Namely, for pore sizes superior to a couple of nano meters, a first regime exhibits a high drying rate down to lower saturation with increasing pore size, followed by a second regime where a dry region develops from the sample free surface, resulting in a falling rate period. Note that deformation such as shrinkage and crack may convey the extension of the period of high rate. However, in smaller pores the small curvature of the air-water interface limits the evaporation rate from the very beginning of the process and gives rise to a progressively decreasing drying rate while a homogeneous distribution of water is maintained throughout the sample. This last piece of information emphasizes that in nano-pores capillary equilibration still occurs in a series of instantaneous scattered rearrangements of liquid throughout the sample and finally that the flowing properties of the liquid strongly differ from standard unidirectional liquid flow

Submitted by Sandra Pereira (srpereira@ufrrj.br) on 2016-08-31T18:29:21Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2011 - Ludmila Fonseca da Silva.pdf: 418709 bytes, checksum: 3fdbea46dfe13f8e8414fea7b84fbd88 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-31T18:29:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2011 - Ludmila Fonseca da Silva.pdf: 418709 bytes, checksum: 3fdbea46dfe13f8e8414fea7b84fbd88 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-02-25 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico - CNPq / Two experiments were installed. The first experiment was conducted to evaluate the physiological quality of sunflower seeds after hydration by the methods of humid atmosphere and soak substrate combined to 10 and 20?C to increase the water content of seeds for 15, 20 and 25%. For this, the initial physiological quality and after the moistening of the seeds was determined by germination tests and vigor. The second experiment was conducted to evaluate the precocity of the primary root emission of sunflower seeds as a vigor test. For this, four seed lots were tested for germination and vigor, among them, the primary root emission aiming percentage of emission and precocity index. From the results it was concluded that the method of soak substrate at 10?C to increase the water content at 15 and 20% was positive for moistening the seeds of high quality, although it has seen little reduction in seedling vigor. The test root emission after 48 hours was effective in classifying different levels of vigor lots of sunflower seeds / Foram instalados dois experimentos. O primeiro foi realizado com o objetivo de avaliar a qualidade fisiol?gica das sementes de girassol ap?s a hidrata??o pelos m?todos da atmosfera ?mida e substrato ?mido combinados a 10 e 20?C para elevar o teor de ?gua das sementes para 15, 20 e 25%. Para isto, a qualidade fisiol?gica inicial e ap?s o umedecimento das sementes foi determinada pelos testes de germina??o e de vigor. O segundo experimento foi realizado com o objetivo de avaliar a precocidade da emiss?o de raiz prim?ria de sementes de girassol como teste de vigor. Para isto, quatro lotes de sementes foram submetidos a testes de germina??o e vigor, entre eles, o de emiss?o de raiz prim?ria, visando a porcentagem de emiss?o e o ?ndice de precocidade. Pelos resultados foi poss?vel concluir que o m?todo do substrato ?mido a 10?C visando aumentar o teor de ?gua a 15 e 20% foi favor?vel para o umedecimento das sementes de elevada qualidade, embora tenha sido observado pequena redu??o do vigor das pl?ntulas. O teste de emiss?o de raiz prim?ria ap?s 48 horas foi eficiente na classifica??o de distintos n?veis de vigor dos lotes de sementes de girassol.