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Uso de tecnicas de espectrometria de massas com ionização a pressão atmosferica no estudo de propriedades intrinsecas de liquidos ionicos imidazolios / Study of the intrinsic properties of imidazolium ionic liquids via mass spectrometry with atmospheric pressure ionizationNachtigall, Fabiane Manke 10 May 2009 (has links)
Orientador: Marcos Nogueira Eberlin / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Quimica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-14T14:25:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1
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Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: Com o objetivo de entender as propriedades intrínsecas dos líquidos iônicos imidazólios, foram desenvolvidos trabalhos de investigação dos mecanismos de dissociação e destilação, força intrínseca de ligações de hidrogênio e formação e caracterização de carbenos a partir destes compostos. Tais estudos foram realizados através da espectrometria de massas com técnicas API (Atmospheric Pressure Ionization) como ESI-MS(/MS) (Eletrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry) e APCI-MS(/MS) (Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometry) que são técincas de ionização branda que permitem a análise dos compostos por infusão direta da solução de interesse. Para estes estudos foram escolhidos cátions imidazólios com diferentes substituintes nas posições N-1, N-3 e C-2, além de diferentes ânions como contra-íons. O objetivo do trabalho foi testar como essas modificações na cadeia iriam afetar as porpriedades intrínsecas estudadas. A partir dos resultados obtidos nos trabalhos realizados foi possível propor mecanismos de fragmentação para uma vasta gama de líquidos iônicos imidazólios, e propor um mecanismo de destilação para alguns destes compostos. Foram realizadas medidas onde foi possível ordenar e medir a magnitude intrínseca das ligações de hidrogênio para diferentes cátions. Além disso foram obtidas informações a respeito da formação e caracterização de carbenos a partir de líquidos iônicos di, tri e tetraimidazólios. / Abstract: In order to understand the intrinsic properties of imidazolium ionic liquids, studies of dissociation and distillation mechanisms were developed. The intrinsic strength of hydrogen bonds and formation and characterization of carbenes from these compounds were also investigated. Such studies were conducted by API (Atmospheric Pressure Ionization) mass spectrometry techniques such as ESI-MS(/MS) (Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry) and APCI-MS(/MS) (Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometry) which are soft ionization techniques allowing the analysis of compounds by direct infusion of the solution of interest. For these studies, imidazolium cations with different substituent at positions N-1, N-3 and C-2 and different anions as counter ions were selected. The objective was to test how these changes in the chains would affect the intrinsic properties studied. From the results of the work fragmentation mechanisms for a wide range of imidazolium ionic liquids were proposed, as well as a mechanism for the distillation of some of these compounds. Measurements were made to order the intrinsic strength of hydrogen bonding for different cations. Further information was obtained about the formation and characterization of carbenes from di-, tri-and tetra-imidazolium ionic liquids. / Doutorado / Quimica Organica / Doutor em Ciências
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Functionalized imidazolium salts as components in catalytic systemsGisbert, Patricia 27 September 2019 (has links)
CAPÍTULO I. Sales de Hierro e Imidazolio Sustituidas con Grupo Acilo para el Acoplamiento Oxidativo-Tionación de Aminas. En el capítulo I, se ha llevado a cabo el acoplamiento oxidativo de aminas mediado por un catalizador de hierro, para la preparación de tioamidas, de forma eficiente y selectiva en una reacción multicomponente. En la misma, se han utilizado dos aminas diferentes, fosfato de sodio y azufre elemental, bajo calentamiento por microondas. Durante el estudio se ha observado la importancia del catalizador, formado por tetracloroferratos de imidazolio, en el acoplamiento oxidativo y posterior formación del enlace C-S. Esta metodología ha permitido la utilización tanto de bencilaminas primarias y alquilaminas, con diversas propiedades electrónicas, como de derivados de piperidina, demostrando la importancia de esta ruta sintética en la preparación de importantes intermedios sintéticos de productos naturales. CAPÍTULO II. Sistemas Catalíticos Formados por Paladio y Sales de Imidazolio Sustituidas con Grupos Acilo. En el capítulo II, se han sintetizado diferentes sales de imidazolio mono- y di-funcionalizadas con un grupo amido como precursores de sistemas catalíticos en combinación con acetato de paladio(II), usándolos en la reacción de acoplamiento de Heck-Matsuda. A partir del estudio comparativo, se puede concluir que la presencia de un único grupo amido en el precursor del sistema catalítico, formado con una relación 1:1 metal/ligando, es más beneficioso durante el proceso, tal y como se observa en los análisis por espectroscopía UV/Vis. CAPÍTULO III. Cloruro de 1,3-Bis(carboximetil)imidazolio como Catalizador sin Metales para la Síntesis de Quinolinas y Acridinas. En el capítulo III, se ha utilizado el cloruro de 1,3-bis(carboximetil)imidazolio, como catalizador heterogéneo para la preparación, libre de metales y sin uso de disolventes, de quinolinas y acridinas. Esta metodología, sencilla y eficaz para la síntesis de heterociclos con nitrógeno, ha permitido el empleo de diversas cetonas y 2-aminoarilcetonas como precursores, siendo posible la reacción en escala de multigramo. Asimismo, se ha demostrado la aplicabilidad del proceso llevando a cabo la transformación de algunos compuestos a las correspondientes quinolilchalconas mediante una reacción tándem. Además, se ha llevado a cabo el estudio de reciclabilidad del catalizador (hasta 8 ciclos) en la reacción modelo sin observar pérdida de su actividad, remarcando su robustez. Por último, se ha comprobado la sostenibilidad del proceso calculando el factor-E para la formación de quinolinas y la reacción tándem. CAPÍTULO IV. Formación de Enlaces C-C y C-S Catalizada por Cloruro de 1,3-Bis(carboximetil)imidazolio: Síntesis de Tiofenos. En el capítulo IV, se ha empleado el cloruro de 1,3-bis(carboximetil)imidazolio como catalizador para la síntesis de 2,4-diariltiofenos, a través de una autocondensación sulfurativa de la acetofenona. En este proceso, se han estudiado diferentes acetofenonas y cicloalcanonas como precursores, demostrando la simplicidad y eficiencia del proceso para la formación de tiofenos. Además, se ha podido llevar esta reacción a escala de multigramo, siendo, desde el punto de vista de la sostenibilidad, una ruta sintética atractiva.
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Sustainable catalytic systems based on imidazole derivativesMartos, Mario 24 March 2023 (has links)
This doctoral thesis describes the development of several catalytic systems containing imidazolium salts. It has been divided into four chapters: Chapter 1 describes a novel low transition temperature mixture (LTTM) based on 1-(methoxycarbonylmethyl)-3-methylimidazolium chloride and urea. The LTTM was characterized and then applied to the oxidation of boron compounds (i.e., boronic acids, boronic esters and trifluoroborates) to the corresponding alcohols, obtaining excellent results in short reaction times. The system, which acts as a co-solvent as well as source of oxidizer, achieved three synthetic cycles with a single imidazolium loading, greatly reducing the environmental impact of the protocol. Chapter 2 compiles our findings about the use of a LTTM based on iron(III) and 1-butyl-3-(methoxycarbonylmethyl)imidazolium chloride as a catalyst for the synthesis of quinazolines. The mixture, named IBIS, presents a bifunctional character as both Lewis acid and redox catalyst, affording the desired products in moderate to excellent yields using air as the terminal oxidant in the absence of solvent. In addition, a methodology for the direct synthesis of 2-arylquinazolines from 2-nitrobenzaldehydes is presented and discussed. Chapter 3 details the study of ionic organic solids (IOS) as metal-free heterogeneous catalysts. The IOS 1,3-bis(carboxymethyl)imidazolium chloride effectively catalyzed the C-3 allylation of indoles, providing a single regioisomer in up to quantitative yields and often, pure after simply filtering off the catalyst. The reaction could be performed in gram scale and the catalyst could be reused up to 5 consecutive times without loss of activity. The protocol was then extended to other π-excessive heterocycles, which experienced selective N-allylation. Overall, this methodology proved to be significantly superior in terms of sustainability than those reported in the literature. This chapter also presents the first synthesis of 1,3-bis(sulfomethyl)imidazole and a comparative study of its catalytic activity against carboxy-based IOS in the synthesis of quinolines as well as the allylation reaction discussed above. Chapter 4 describes the synthesis and characterization of a series of metal-organic frameworks based on 1,3-bis(carboxymethyl)imidazole and zirconium salts using a water-based methodology, as well as the preparation and study of a series of metal-organic gels based on the same components. The project is still ongoing, so only preliminary results are discussed. Sustainability metrics were calculated in all the above-mentioned projects, in order to unbiasedly assess the environmental impact of our synthetic protocols, as well as to compare with previously reported methodologies. / This work has been possible thanks to funding from the Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (PGC2018-096616-B-I00), the Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (PID2021-127332NB-I00), the Generalitat Valenciana (AICO/2021/013 and IDIFEDER/2021/013) and the University of Alicante (VIGROB-316, UADIF20-106, UAUSTI21-15). The author wishes to express his gratitude to the Institute of Organic Synthesis, for a research contract (I-PI/57-20), the Institute of Electrochemistry (I-PI 55/19) and to the University of Alicante-Banco Santander consortium for a grant to carry out a three-month research stay at Gothenburg University, Sweden.
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