A transmissão vertical mãe-recém-nato é a principal fonte de infecção pediátrica. O tratamento antirretroviral vem reduzindo a transmissão vertical, mas também tem elevado o número de infantes expostos não infectados, os quais vêm mostrando maior risco de morbidade e mortalidade. Este dado salienta a importância de avaliar as características imunológicas, relacionadas à resposta inata no binômio mãe e recém-nato. A proposta do trabalho foi avaliar a expressão de fatores antivirais em células mononucleares (CMN), tecido placentário e no colostro de mães infectadas por HIV e cordão umbilical (RN), comparadas com mães-RN controle não infectadas. Os dados mostram que há uma ativa expressão dos fatores antivirais, sejam constitutivos ou induzíveis por IFN, nas mães infectadas por HIV e nos RN expostos. No sítio de interface materno-fetal, decídua e face fetal da placenta, foi detectado um perfil alterado de expressão dos fatores antivirais, especialmente da proteína APOBEC3G. Apesar da relativa imaturidade imunológica dos RNs, a infecção materna por HIV gerou um perfil semelhante de expressão dos fatores antivirais nos RN, por uma complexa interação de fatores relacionados a gestação e a infecção. / Vertical transmission mother-newborn is the main source of pediatric infection. The antiretroviral therapy has reduced vertical transmission, but also has increased the number of exposed uninfected infants, which have shown increased risk of morbidity and mortality. This finding emphasizes the importance of evaluating the immunological characteristics, related to innate response in both the mother and newborn. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the expression of antiviral factors in mononuclear cells (MNC), placental tissue and colostrum of HIV-infected mothers and umbilical cord (RN), compared with control mothers-uninfected infants. The data show that the active expression of antiviral factors, are constitutive or inducible by IFN in HIV-infected mothers and newborns exposed. At the site of maternal-fetal interface, decidua and placental villi, a profile was detected altered expression of antiviral factors, especially the APOBEC3G protein. Despite the relative immunological immaturity of the newborn, maternal HIV infection generated a similar profile of expression of antiviral factors in RN, by a complex interaction of factors related to pregnancy and infection.

A transmissão vertical mãe-recém-nato é a principal fonte de infecção pediátrica. O tratamento antirretroviral vem reduzindo a transmissão vertical, mas também tem elevado o número de infantes expostos não infectados, os quais vêm mostrando maior risco de morbidade e mortalidade. Este dado salienta a importância de avaliar as características imunológicas, relacionadas à resposta inata no binômio mãe e recém-nato. A proposta do trabalho foi avaliar a expressão de fatores antivirais em células mononucleares (CMN), tecido placentário e no colostro de mães infectadas por HIV e cordão umbilical (RN), comparadas com mães-RN controle não infectadas. Os dados mostram que há uma ativa expressão dos fatores antivirais, sejam constitutivos ou induzíveis por IFN, nas mães infectadas por HIV e nos RN expostos. No sítio de interface materno-fetal, decídua e face fetal da placenta, foi detectado um perfil alterado de expressão dos fatores antivirais, especialmente da proteína APOBEC3G. Apesar da relativa imaturidade imunológica dos RNs, a infecção materna por HIV gerou um perfil semelhante de expressão dos fatores antivirais nos RN, por uma complexa interação de fatores relacionados a gestação e a infecção. / Vertical transmission mother-newborn is the main source of pediatric infection. The antiretroviral therapy has reduced vertical transmission, but also has increased the number of exposed uninfected infants, which have shown increased risk of morbidity and mortality. This finding emphasizes the importance of evaluating the immunological characteristics, related to innate response in both the mother and newborn. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the expression of antiviral factors in mononuclear cells (MNC), placental tissue and colostrum of HIV-infected mothers and umbilical cord (RN), compared with control mothers-uninfected infants. The data show that the active expression of antiviral factors, are constitutive or inducible by IFN in HIV-infected mothers and newborns exposed. At the site of maternal-fetal interface, decidua and placental villi, a profile was detected altered expression of antiviral factors, especially the APOBEC3G protein. Despite the relative immunological immaturity of the newborn, maternal HIV infection generated a similar profile of expression of antiviral factors in RN, by a complex interaction of factors related to pregnancy and infection.

Les vaches laitières en transition sont sensibles aux infections utérines en raison de l'immunité compromise autour du vêlage et de la contamination bactérienne importante dans l'utérus immédiatement après le vêlage. Les vaches atteintes d'infections utérines sont plus susceptibles de développer d'autres maladies périnatales, ce qui entraîne une baisse de la production de lait et une diminution de la fertilité. L'infertilité liée aux infections utérines est devenue la principale cause d'élimination d'une vache du troupeau. Jusqu'à présent, il n'y a pas eu d'approches efficaces pour traiter les infections utérines. Environ 90 % des vaches laitières subissent une contamination bactérienne post-partum de l'utérus. La plupart des vaches sont capables d'éliminer l'infection en 8 semaines au cours du processus d'involution, mais jusqu'à 20 % des vaches développent une métrite, qui est une infection de toute la paroi utérine ; et dans certains troupeaux, 30 à 50 % des vaches développent une endométrite, qui est une infection de la paroi interne de l'utérus. Il a été indiqué que le microbiome et les facteurs immunitaires innés de l'appareil reproducteur ont un effet sur la maladie utérine post-partum, mais le microbiome reproducteur bovin et son effet sur la fertilité suivante ne sont pas bien compris. Les maladies sont négativement corrélées aux performances de reproduction et, combinées au taux d'incidence élevé, elles sont coûteuses pour les agriculteurs. Les études traditionnelles basées sur la culture sont biaisées en faveur des bactéries qui se développent dans un environnement de laboratoire. Dans ce projet, la diversité bactérienne vaginale et utérine pendant la période d'attente volontaire a été étudiée par des méthodes de microbiologie moléculaire, principalement l'ARNr 16S et le séquençage de nouvelle génération. L'objectif de cette étude est d'étudier les variations du microbiote et des facteurs immunitaires innés tels que les populations IL1, IL8 et AGP pendant la période d'attente volontaire. L'objectif de la présente étude était de caractériser les communautés bactériennes de l'appareil reproducteur et la quantité de cytokines avant le vêlage et après le vêlage chez les vaches ayant développé ou non une endométrite. . De plus, notre deuxième objectif de la présente étude était de décrire la réponse immunitaire innée locale cellulaire et humorale lors de la cervicite clinique dans l'utérus et les échantillons vaginaux dans les périodes pré et post-partum des vaches laitières. Pour l'étude prospective de cohorte, un total de 61 vaches multipares ont été prélevées avec une cytobrosse dans le vagin 7 jours avant le vêlage (J-7) et dans l'utérus 7 jours (J+7), 21 jours (J+21), et 35 jours (J+35) après vêlage. Des échantillons de vaches en bonne santé (n = 11) et de vaches atteintes d'endométrite (n = 11) ont été traités pour l'extraction d'ADN et les gènes de séquençage de l'ARNr 16S. La diversité alpha du microbiote utérin n'était pas significantment différente entre les groupes sains et malades. La diversité β n'était pas différente au niveau de l'UTO au cours de la même période d'échantillonnage entre les vaches saines et les vaches atteintes d'endométrite, mais le microbiote utérin était différent entre les groupes trois semaines après le vêlage. Les vaches malades avaient une abondance relative moindre de Firmicutes et de Bacteroidetes que les vaches en bonne santé et les vaches atteintes d'endométrite avaient une plus grande abondance relative d'Actinobacteria que les vaches en bonne santé. T. pyogenes, Peptoniphilus et Helcococcus étaient nettement plus abondants chez les vaches atteintes d'endométrite clinique. De plus, les concentrations d'interleukine 1α (IL1), d'interleukine 8 (IL8) et de glycoprotéine acide α1 (AGP) ont été déterminées. Les cas de CC avec des signes cliniques au temps +5w tels que des pertes vaginales purulentes et une endométrite subclinique ont montré la production de cytokines la plus élevée. En conclusion, le post-partum de 3 semaines est un point critique pour évaluer les cytokines et les protéines de phase aiguë ; où la variation d'IL1 et d'IL8 a gardé une relation directe avec le nombre et la fonction des neutrophiles. / Transition dairy cows are more susceptible to uterine infections due to the compromised immunity around calving and substantial bacterial contamination in the uterus immediately after calving. Cows with uterine infections are at higher odds of developing other periparturient diseases, resulting in lower milk production and impaired fertility. Infertility related to uterine infections has become the main reason for a cow to be culled from the herd and therapeutic approaches to treat uterine infections. Currently, about 95 are of limited success. Approximately 90% of dairy cows exhibit contamination in the uterine cavity during the first 2 weeks following calving. Up to 40% of dairy cows still have contamination in the genital tract 3 weeks after calving. When infection or inflammation persists in the uterus beyond 4 weeks postpartum, the infected uterus is associated with infertility. The microbiome and innate immune factors of the reproductive tract have been indicated to have an effect on postpartum uterine disease, however the bovine reproductive microbiome and its effect on fertility is not well understood. Diseases are negatively correlated to reproductive performance, and in combination with the high incidence rate, they are costly for the farmers. Traditional culture based studies are biased towards bacteria that thrive in a laboratory environment. In this project, the vaginal and uterine bacterial diversity during voluntary waiting period (time between parturition and the time at which the cow os first eligible for insemination) were investigated by molecular microbiology methods, primarily 16S rRNA next generation sequencing. The objective of the present study was to characterize the reproductive tract bacterial communities and the number of cytokines before and after calving in cows that developed or not endometritis. Also, the present study aimed to describe the innate immune response such as IL1, IL8 and AGP in the uterus and vaginal in the pre- and post-partum periods of dairy cows with clinical cervicitis. For the cohort prospective study, a total of 61 multiparous cows were sampled with a cytobrush in the vagina 7 days before calving (D-7) and in the uterus 7 days (D+7), 21 days (D+21), and 35 days (D+35) after calving. Samples of healthy cows (n=11) and cows with endometritis (n=11) were processed for DNA extraction and sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene. Alpha-diversity of uterine microbiota was not significantly different between healthy and endometritis groups. Microbiota composition (β diversity) was significantly different between healthy and endometritis cows three weeks after calving. Diseased cows, but not at the other sampling times. Disease cows had lower relative abundance of Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes and greater abundance of Actinobacteria than healthy cows. Trueperella spp, Peptoniphilus spp. and Helcococcus spp. were significantly more abundant in disease dairy cows. Additionally, in three weeks after calving the concentrations of interleukin 1α (IL1), interleukin 8 (IL8) and α1-acid glycoprotein (AGP) were determined. Cows with clinical and subclinical endometritis at time +5w (5 wks after calving) showed the highest cytokine production compared to the other sampling time ( -1week, +1 week and+3 weeks).