O fenômeno de hysteresis, originalmente estudado pela física, foi utilizado em economia na área de comércio internacional a fim de formular um modelo teórico que explicasse as diferentes reações do mercado a variações da taxa de câmbio. O objetivo desse trabalho é dar continuidade a literatura sobre o assunto e testar a hipótese de histerese para o mercado de importações brasileiro.Fez-se o uso da metodologia de painel com valores limiares a fim de testar se essa hipótese é válida para esse mercado analisando a equação de demanda brasileira por importações. Chegamos a conclusão que existem indícios de histerese nesse mercado quando analisamos os dados desagregados para os diferentes países que fazem parte da pauta de importação brasileira. / The hysteresis, originally studied by physics, has been used in economics in the area of international trade in order to formulate a theoretical model to explain the different market reactions to changes in the exchange rate. The aim of this work is to continue the literature on the subject and teste the hypothesis of hysteresis in the import market. It was used the panel with threshold values effect model in order to teste whether this hypothesis is valid. It is concluded that there is evidence of hysteresis in this market when analysing disaggregated data for different countries that are part of the Brazilian import agenda.

Este trabalho estuda o desempenho do comércio externo brasileiro no período 1999-2005, especialmente a evolução do saldo comercial, das exportações e das importações de vários produtos da indústria nacional. Além de fazer uma análise da composição do saldo, estimam-se as funções valor das exportações e valor das importações de produtos industriais, de acordo com a classificação por produto do Sistema de Contas Nacionais do IBGE, através da técnica econométrica de painel. Os principais resultados mostram a importância do ambiente internacional e da demanda doméstica para explicar os resultados comerciais brasileiros, o primeiro com influência positiva e o segundo, negativa. A taxa de câmbio é considerada uma variável relevante apenas para explicar o valor das importações. / This thesis investigates the performance of the Brazilian foreign trade in the period 1999-2005, particularly the evolution of the trade balance, the exports and the imports of several national industrial products. Apart from performing an analysis of the trade balance, it estimates the exports value and the imports value of industrial goods through econometric panel data, according to the IBGE (Brazilian Bureau of Data) classification sector. The main results show the importance of the international commerce and of the domestic demand so as to explain the Brazilian trade results, the former with positive influence and the latter with negative. The exchange rate is significative only to explain the imports value.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2017-05-15T18:10:30Z No. of bitstreams: 1 lucasdossantoslourenco.pdf: 1777135 bytes, checksum: 9ea683067b756747ab7f334b95f5262a (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2017-05-17T16:03:11Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 lucasdossantoslourenco.pdf: 1777135 bytes, checksum: 9ea683067b756747ab7f334b95f5262a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-17T16:03:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 lucasdossantoslourenco.pdf: 1777135 bytes, checksum: 9ea683067b756747ab7f334b95f5262a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-14 / Pesquisas macroeconômicas recentes tem advogado em favor da possibilidade da existência de ajustes assimétricos em variáveis econômicas diversas. Dessa forma, técnicas econométricas têm evoluído no sentido de abarcarem a ideia de cointegração não linear. O presente trabalho busca, portanto, investigar sob o ponto de vista não-linear os efeitos da taxa de câmbio sobre as exportações e importações brasileiras desagregadas em capítulos do Sistema Harmonizado referentes a cinco parceiros comerciais, no período de 1999 a 2015. Para tal, foi utilizada a metodologia NARDL de Shin et. al. (2014), seguida de testes de cointegração e não linearidade. O estudo permite que se diferencie o impacto do câmbio sobre o comércio em apreciações e depreciações e em pequenas e grandes variações, em que é testada a hipótese de histerese da taxa de câmbio. A desagregação aqui empregada contribuiu para a estimação mais realista do efeito do câmbio sobre exportações e importações, em especial para o caso brasileiro, em que ainda há escassez de estudos nessa linha. Os resultados apontam, dentre outros aspectos, que as importações possuem melhor aderência ao modelo não linear do que as exportações. Além disso, a não linearidade cambial apresenta melhor resposta nos modelos – em termos de significância dos coeficientes - quando possui impacto negativo sobre o comércio. Assim, apreciações tendem a ter um impacto maior sobre as exportações e depreciações sobre as importações. Uma das conclusões no que concerne política cambial é que um incentivo às exportações causado por uma taxa de câmbio subvalorizada pode, na verdade, ter um impacto maior sobre as importações, desencorajando-as. / Recent macroeconomic research has advocated in favor of the possibility of asymmetrical adjustments in various economic variables. Indeed, econometric techniques have evolved to encompass the idea of nonlinear cointegration. Thus, this study aims to investigate under a nonlinear fashion the effects of the exchange rate nonlinearities on the flow of international trade on disaggregated Brazilian exports and imports for five trading partners, from 1999 to 2015. For this purpose, the NARDL methodology (Shin et. al. 2014) was applied, followed by cointegration and non-linearity tests. The study enables the differentiation between the impact on trade of the exchange rate appreciations and depreciations, as well the impact of small and large variations of the exchange rate, in which the hysteresis hypothesis can be tested. The disaggregation applied here contributed to a more realistic estimation of the effect of the exchange rate on exports and imports, especially for the Brazilian case, where there is still few studies in this line. The results, among others, showed that imports adhear more closely to the nonlinear model than exports. Moreover, the exchange rate non-linearities showed a better response to the models (in terms of statistical significance) when they have a negative impact on trade; exchange rate appreciations tend to have a larger impact on exports and depreciation on imports. One of the conclusions concerning exchange rate policy is that an incentive to the exports resulting from an over depreciated exchange rate may actually have more impact over the imports, discouraging them.

M.Ing. (Engineering Management) / The purpose of this dissertation was to compare the local manufacturing of liquid pumps in South Africa against the importation of pumps manufactured on the international markets as well as also investigate the capacity limitations of the local pump manufacturers; the technologies available on overseas markets (in terms of electric, solar and wind-powered liquid pumps) and comparing the technologies to those available in South Africa. Five of the leading pump manufacturers were researched in this dissertation namely: KSB; Grundfos; Howden Pumps; Sulzer Pumps Africa and Warman Pumps. South African pump manufacturers are importing most of their pumps from international markets with the primary reason being to meet demands. By comparison, South African pump manufacturers are finding it difficult to produce pumps with equivalent or lower costs than the pumps which are produced on the international markets. Pump manufacturers on international markets offer greater cost savings for South African pump manufacturers which ultimately results in financial savings and a higher yield in profits. Many international pump manufacturers use advanced technology which makes the production costs of pump components as much as twenty percent (20%) less as compared to the South African pump industry. The importation of pumps is a method used to increase the local supply of pumps as the cost of the pump, including import costs, are not as costly as actually manufacturing the pumps in South Africa. While South African pump manufacturers manufacture pumps of relatively high energy consumption and monetary costs; they also produce standard conventional pumps which are required to supply the local demand. Local pump manufacturers were approached to find out exactly how they cope with these stringent requirements by the South African markets, yet still achieve the profits in the industry to remain afloat. Various pump forms were researched specifically relating to the pumps used on the South African markets with regards to their production costs, advantages and disadvantages (wind and solar pump technologies). Standard conventional pumps are preferred on local markets by as much as fifteen percent (15%) with newer technologies (solar and wind powered pumps) being preferred on the international markets. South Africa continues to demand standard conventional pumps (electric-driven pump) although demands for newer technology is on the increase. The international market’s production lines are mature and well established which results in a lower cost of production which leads to these pumps being of more demand as compared to newer pumps which are currently the preference. Local pump manufacturers can satisfy the demand and benefit from the lower importation cost of standard conventional pumps. The preliminary results suggest that the importing of pumps from international markets aid local manufacturers in keeping up with the demand and accquiring sufficient profits. Modern technologies such as solar and wind power is a growing maket in South Africa and is becoming increasingly common. The research approach used in this study involved targeting five of the local pump manufacturers in South Africa. Each manufacturer was asked a series of questions relating to the research questions in order to draw up conclusions regarding the problem statement and hypothesis. Findings from the conducted surveys were compared to the literature which is currently published. Findings show that local pump manufacturers are dependent on imports in order to satisfy the demand for standard conventional pumps rather than manufacturing their own and the use of newer technologies are increasing in the local pump industry.

The purpose of the thesis is to analyse the phenomenon of parallel imports, define the pros and cons of parallel trade for respective entities and also society as a whole as well as describe how the trademark law may influence parallel importation of trademarked goods. In addition, the thesis analyses individual means of legal protection against parallel imports identified as illegal. After the introduction summarizing why it is appropriate to deal with the parallel importation phenomenon, the second part of the thesis describes the basic concepts in the context of parallel import issues: trademarks, parallel imports and exhaustion of trademark rights. The second part also describes the positive and negative impacts of parallel trade and why the doctrine of exhaustion of trademark rights appears to be the most appropriate way how to solve the difficulties in the relationship between trademark owners and parallel importers. The third part of the thesis aims to provide a reader with the basic sources of law which affect the phenomenon of parallel importation from the trademark law's point of view. As it follows from the third part of the thesis and also the whole work, the key legal source for the European region, including the Czech Republic, is the law of the European Union together with the case...

Master of Agribusiness / Department of Agricultural Economics / Andrew P. Barkley / The impact of agricultural trade liberalization on welfare is a major concern to the Government of Morocco. Several agricultural sectors and sub-sectors that are suffering from severe inefficiencies have been protected by the Government mainly through prohibitive import tariffs as a mean to support the income of domestic producers. Although the rhetoric in Morocco is of trade liberalization, the farm sector, with few exceptions, has largely escaped the general tendency. The livestock sector in general and the bovine meat production in particular figure among the most protected goods in the country. Bovine meat imports are imposed a prohibitive tariff rate of 254 percent. In addition, several technical barriers to trade exist in the form of rigid sanitary regulations. It is strategically important for Morocco's trade partners and those that are planning to negotiate different forms of trade agreements to understand the economic argument behind Moroccan protectionist policy in agriculture. The bovine meat market in Morocco is of high interest to major exporters given the growing size in domestic and tourist populations, the high domestic prices, as well as the increase in consumer awareness. Given its good sanitary status, Australia is a strong candidate for negotiating an agreement that will include bovine meat within a general agricultural package. The objective of this study is to evaluate economic evidence and determine whether or not opening up trade of bovine meat will have a net positive impact on welfare. Such evidence can become a strong argument in the hands of trade negotiators for major exporting nations such as Australia. This study uses data from the United Nations Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO), the Ministry of Agriculture of Morocco and Meat and Livestock Australia (MLA) to construct a partial equilibrium model for the bovine meat market. The model simulates different trade policies: closed market, free trade, quota and TRQ. Using the theory of comparative advantage and the concepts of consumer and producer surpluses, gains and losses are assessed and the net impact on welfare is evaluated. The empirical analysis suggests that total free trade in the bovine meat market results in the highest gain in social welfare when compared to protectionism (USD 246.62 million), followed by the TRQ (USD 206.11 million) and quota policy (USD 4.92 million). As hypothesized, the protectionist policy results in large losses in consumers' surplus. The results of the analysis converge with the economic theory and are compelling evidence for the benefits brought by openness in the bovine meat trade.

This thesis describes the early modern agricultural history of Germany and its relation to Nazi agricultural policies.

El presente trabajo de investigación tiene como objetivo desarrollar como la certificación OEA (Operador Económico Autorizado) es herramienta que beneficia los procesos de la cadena logística de las importaciones en el Perú en el periodo del 2013 al 2018. Por lo cual, se elaboró la presente investigación en cinco capítulos. En el primer capítulo, se elabora el estado de cuestión donde se investiga y elabora los diversos conceptos OEA, logística, sus características, teorías relacionadas y conceptos. En el segundo capítulo, se elabora el planteamiento del problema y la relevancia de la investigación, en el cual se plantea el problema, los objetivos y las hipótesis relacionadas al presente trabajo. En el tercer capítulo, se desarrolla la metodología de investigación donde se determinaron los actores claves y las técnicas para la recolección de datos. En el cuarto capítulo, se abordar el desarrollo del trabajo y el perfil de los entrevistados que engloba importadores y expertos. En el quinto capítulo, se realiza el análisis de objetivos y validación de hipótesis de la información obtenida de todo lo relacionado con la certificación de operador económico autorizado y la logística en empresas importadoras peruanas. Y por último, se detallan conclusiones y recomendaciones generadas a partir de la información obtenida. / This research work aims to develop how the AEO (Authorized Economic Operator) certification is a tool that benefits the processes of the logistics chain of imports in Peru in the period since 2013 to 2018. Therefore, this was developed Research in five chapters. In the first chapter, the state of the matter is elaborated where the various AEO concept concepts, logistics, their characteristics, related theories and concepts are investigated and elaborated. In the second chapter, the problem statement and the relevance of the research are elaborated, in which the problem, the objectives and the hypotheses related to the present work are raised. In the third chapter, the research methodology is developed where the key actors and the techniques for data collection were determined. In the fourth chapter, the development of the work and the profile of the interviewees that include importers and experts will be addressed. In the fifth chapter, the objective analysis and hypothesis validation of the information obtained from everything related to the certification of authorized economic operator and logistics in Peruvian importing companies is made. And finally, conclusions and recommendations generated from the information obtained are detailed. / Tesis

La papa es el tercer cultivo más importante del mundo, después del arroz y el trigo. El Perú es considerado como el principal productor de papas en Latinoamérica. A pesar de ello, en los últimos años se ha registrado un incremento en la demanda de importaciones de papas prefritas congeladas, motivo por el cual la presente investigación tiene como principal objetivo determinar los factores que influyen en las importaciones de papas prefritas congeladas, subpartida nacional 2004.10.00.00, desde Estados Unidos en el período 2015 - 2018, dentro de los cuales se determinan como los principales: costo de importación, requisitos no arancelarios, tipo de cambio y producto bruto interno. El estudio tuvo un enfoque mixto, el cual se basó en la técnica de entrevistas semiestructuradas realizadas a actores pertenecientes al sector público, sector privado, gremios y organismos relacionados. Mientras que, para el análisis cuantitativo, se utilizó el modelo de regresión lineal. Finalmente, el resultado obtenido en el estudio determina que el costo de importación y los requisitos no arancelarios son los factores que influyen significativamente en las importaciones de papas prefritas congeladas desde Estados Unidos. / Potatoes are the third most important crop in the world, after rice and wheat. Peru is considered the main producer of potatoes in Latin America. Despite this, in recent years there has been an increase in the demand for imports of frozen pre-fried potatoes. In that sense, the main objective of this research is to determine the main factors influencing imports of frozen pre-fried potatoes, national subheading 2004.10.00.00, from the USA from 2015-2018. For this, different factors have been identified in the chosen theoretical framework which the following are listed: import costs, non-tariff treatment, exchange rate and GDP (Gross Domestic Product). The study has a mixed approach, which was based on the technique of semi-structured interviews, carried out with actors from the public sector, from the private sector, from business associations and related organizations. While, for the quantitative analysis, the linear regression model was conducted. Finally, the results obtained in the following study determines that import costs, and non-tariff treatment are the main factors that influence on imports of frozen pre-fried potatoes from the United States of America from 2015-2018. / Tesis

En el Perú las importaciones de medicamentos oncológicos y VIH han venido creciendo en durante los años, a pesar de su alto valor. Este escenario se debe a la falta de inversión en I+D para la industria local, así como al incremento de pacientes de estas enfermedades. Es por ello, que la presente investigación tiene como fin analizar las principales actividades logísticas y su relación con las importaciones de productos farmacéuticos de la subpartida nacional 3004.90.24.00 durante los años 2014 al 2018 en el sector privado. En primer lugar, se realizó una descripción de las variables en base a sus antecedentes y bases teóricas. En segundo lugar, para poder validar las hipótesis de la investigación se utilizó un enfoque cuantitativo, en base a un diseño no experimental, transversal y correlacional, para lo cual se elaboró una encuesta dirigida a los importadores representativos de medicamentos oncológicos y VIH. Finalmente, bajo resultados estadísticos se determinó que existe una relación positiva moderada fuerte entre las actividades logísticas con las importaciones de la subpartida nacional estudiada; asimismo, se pudo obtener resultados para cada subvariable de las actividades logísticas, es decir, transporte, almacenaje y embalaje, los cuales indicaron tener relación con las importaciones tratadas en la investigación. / Imports of oncological drugs and HIV in Peru have been growing over the years, despite their high value. This scenario is due to the lack of investment in R&D for the local industry, as well as the increase in patients with these diseases. That is why the purpose of this research is to analyze the main logistics activities and their relation with imports of pharmaceutical products of national subheading 3004.90.24.00 during the years 2014 to 2018 in the private sector. First, a description of the variables was made based on their antecedents and theoretical bases. Secondly, in order to validate the research hypotheses, a quantitative approach was used, based on a non-experimental, cross-sectional and correlational design, for which a survey was conducted for representative importers of oncological drugs and HIV. Finally, under statistical results it was determined that there is a strong moderate positive relation between logistics activities with imports of the national subheading studied. Additionally, it was possible to obtain results for each subvariable of the logistical activities, that is, transportation, storage and packaging, which indicated that they were related to the imports treated in the investigation. / Tesis