This study is a literary analysis of Charlotte Brontë’s Jane Eyre, which focuses on how female and male characters approach religion. A stark contrast is presented between the two approaches - differing according to gender - which point to two different forms of religion. The novel highlights one form, the religion of the heart, as the superior form as it empowers women to achieve spiritual, mental and physical independence. The analytical approach is based upon Sandra Gilbert and Susan Gubar’s theory of imprisonment/escape as well as Carol Gilligan’s discussion of ethic of care and ethic of justice. Through these theories my study shows that the function of religion in the novel is not to discredit it, but to bring to the fore the disadvantages and benefits of religion. In the character Jane a biblical feminism is displayed which challenges the novel's patriarchal society.

Not available / text

The subject of this thesis is criminal justice policy. It focusses on diversion, that is, alternatives to the court system. I argue that the current criminal justice system, which is rooted in retributive principles, has shortfalls which are of such a degree that it makes sense to consider alternatives. A new movement in criminal justice policy, restorative justice, reflects a theory that may provide a framework for new programs. Restorative justice is based on principles that are fundamentally different from retributive ideology and the translation of these ideas results in dramatically different programs. In my thesis I delineate the differences between restorative and retributive principles. The retributive system leads to dissatisfaction among the stakeholders in the criminal process. The purpose of the thesis is to investigate whether implementation of restorative justice principles could lead to more satisfaction and a higher quality of justice. The restorative justice theory has a strong rhetoric, as will be made clear. The implementation of restorative programs, however, does not develop quickly. There are several reasons for the slowness, including the reluctance of criminal justice officials to give new initiatives a chance to develop and to co-operate in their development. I describe three restorative programs that divert criminal cases from the court system, they are: mediation, dading, and family group conferences. On the basis of these programs I make clear which are the strengths and the possible weaknesses of restorative justice. The comparison of different programs from different countries, provides a useful insight in the dynamics of restorative justice in practice. International research and comparison will lead to understanding in how to design a suitable and valuable process. My conclusion is that a truly restorative system is neither a realistic, nor a wished situation. For a variety of cases, though, restorative programs provide a better locus for resolving the problems involved in crime, than the court process does. I therefore advise that the development of restorative programs must go on.

Konfliktų kilmė, priežastys, reikšmė nuteistiesiems ir įkalinimo įstaigoje dirbantiems asmenims. Jų sprendimo būdai. / This master‘s work analyses the problem of conflicts in imprisonment institutions. It reveals the nature of conflicts, the reasons causing conflicts, the approach to the conflicts of convicted ones and persons working in imprisonment institutions.

Šio darbo tikslas yra aptarti mokslinėje literatūroje įvairių autorių pateikiamą požiūrį į laisvės atėmimo bausmę, atlikti dokumentų, statistinių duomenų, susijusių su laisvės atėmimo bausme, analizę bei išsiaiškinti kokybiniame tyrime dalyvavusių ekspertų nuomonę apie laisvės atėmimo bausmės skyrimą, vykdymą Lietuvoje, kitas su laisvės atėmimu susijusias problemas Lietuvoje. Pirmoje magistro darbo dalyje analizuojama ir aptariama norvegų kriminologo N. Christie, prancūzų filosofo ir sociologo M. Foucault, olandų mokslininkų H. Bianchi ir L. Hulsmano, britų mokslininko S. Coheno bei Lietuvos mokslininkų – G. Švedo, G. Sakalausko, A. Gavėnaitės – požiūriai į baudžiamąją sistemą, laisvės atėmimo bausmę, šios bausmės skyrimą bei vykdymą. Pristatomos Lietuvoje veikiančios įkalinimo įstaigos. Analizuojami dokumentai, statistiniai duomenys, susiję su laisvės atėmimo bausmės skyrimu, vykdymu Lietuvoje. Antroje magistro darbo dalyje aptariami savarankiškai atlikto kokybinio tyrimo „Ekspertų požiūris į laisvės atėmimo bausmės skyrimą ir vykdymą Lietuvoje“, kuriuo buvo siekiama išsiaiškinti ekspertų nuomonę apie laisvės atėmimo bausmės skyrimą, vykdymą Lietuvoje, rezultatai ir pateikiama jų analizė. Empiriniam tyrimui atlikti buvo pasirinktas struktūruoto interviu metodas. Tyrimo atranka atlikta remiantis sniego gniūžtės principu. Šio tyrimo metu buvo atlikti 8 interviu su ekspertais, dirbančiais srityje, susijusioje su laisvės atėmimo bausme. Atlikto tyrimo rezultatai parodė, jog... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The aim of this work is to discuss the attitude of various authors towards imprisonment, to analyze documents and statistical data concerning the imprisonment and to find out the opinion of experts who participated in qualitative survey about imprisonment realization in Lithuania and other problems concerning this issue. In the first part of this work there is the analysis and discussion about attitudes of Norwegian criminologist N. Christie, French philosopher and sociologist M. Foucault, Netherlands scientists H. Bianchi and L. Hulsman, British scientist S. Cohen and Lithuanian scientists G. Švedas, G. Sakalauskas, A. Gavėnaitė towards the penalty system, imprisonment and its realization. The confinement institutions working in Lithuania are introduced. Documents and statistical data concerning imprisonment realization in Lithuania are analyzed. In the second part of this work the results of self-dependent made qualitative survey „The Critical Analysis of Imprisonment in Lithuania“ are discussed that should help to find out the opinion of experts about imprisonment realization in Lithuania and the analysis of these results is presented. Structured interview method was chosen to do an empirical survey. The survey sample was done applying the principles of „snowball“. Throughout this survey 8 interviews with experts who work in the sphere of imprisonment were taken. The results of this survey showed that experts think imprisonment is necessary, however the degree of... [to full text]

This research conducts a conceptual and qualitative investigation into the practices, rationales and functions of imprisonment in NSW. A specific system of imprisonment, in this case the prisons operated by the NSW Department of Corrective services, is explored in order to examine the practices, processes and justifications for incarceration. The various purposes, theories, rhetorics, practices and contradictions of the prison system in NSW and the ways in which the people who are responsible for the administration of this system make sense of its operations and its incoherencies, are central to this analysis. This research utilises a hybrid methodology involving aspects of content analysis and grounded theory. At the centre of this research are eight interviews with senior NSW Corrective Services staff. This analysis is supplemented by interview with ex-prisoners, and other people familiar with, but not working for Corrective Services. In addition a documentary analysis of both Corrective Services documents, and external literature examining NSW prison is carried out. The findings of these analyses are then explored with reference to both their internal coherency, as well as their relationship to a range of theoretical frameworks. The thesis connects abstract and philosophical questions of punishment and penalty with the logistics of running the prison system in NSW. This research found a diversity of practices, understandings and justifications of imprisonment which connected to particular cultural, social philosophical and structural trends. These included victimary discourses, the rhetoric of progress, the influence of managerialism, the faith in ???objective??? professionals, the increasing emphasis on empiricism, the conflicts between coercive practices and individual responsibility, the construction of prisoners as dangerous, and an ongoing struggle for purpose. Imprisonment in NSW was found to be characterised by discrepancies between the intentions of its administrators and pragmatics of its practice, conflicts between internal explanations of its purpose, as well as contradictions between internal Corrective Services accounts and external expectations about the roles, functions and practices of imprisonment. Theoretical perspectives explaining why these characterise imprisonment in NSW were developed. These perspective include the ???ought/is??? confusion of penal administrators, the inhumanity of humane containment, the myth of technocratic amorality, and the sedimentation of purpose.

This research conducts a conceptual and qualitative investigation into the practices, rationales and functions of imprisonment in NSW. A specific system of imprisonment, in this case the prisons operated by the NSW Department of Corrective services, is explored in order to examine the practices, processes and justifications for incarceration. The various purposes, theories, rhetorics, practices and contradictions of the prison system in NSW and the ways in which the people who are responsible for the administration of this system make sense of its operations and its incoherencies, are central to this analysis. This research utilises a hybrid methodology involving aspects of content analysis and grounded theory. At the centre of this research are eight interviews with senior NSW Corrective Services staff. This analysis is supplemented by interview with ex-prisoners, and other people familiar with, but not working for Corrective Services. In addition a documentary analysis of both Corrective Services documents, and external literature examining NSW prison is carried out. The findings of these analyses are then explored with reference to both their internal coherency, as well as their relationship to a range of theoretical frameworks. The thesis connects abstract and philosophical questions of punishment and penalty with the logistics of running the prison system in NSW. This research found a diversity of practices, understandings and justifications of imprisonment which connected to particular cultural, social philosophical and structural trends. These included victimary discourses, the rhetoric of progress, the influence of managerialism, the faith in ???objective??? professionals, the increasing emphasis on empiricism, the conflicts between coercive practices and individual responsibility, the construction of prisoners as dangerous, and an ongoing struggle for purpose. Imprisonment in NSW was found to be characterised by discrepancies between the intentions of its administrators and pragmatics of its practice, conflicts between internal explanations of its purpose, as well as contradictions between internal Corrective Services accounts and external expectations about the roles, functions and practices of imprisonment. Theoretical perspectives explaining why these characterise imprisonment in NSW were developed. These perspective include the ???ought/is??? confusion of penal administrators, the inhumanity of humane containment, the myth of technocratic amorality, and the sedimentation of purpose.

This research conducts a conceptual and qualitative investigation into the practices, rationales and functions of imprisonment in NSW. A specific system of imprisonment, in this case the prisons operated by the NSW Department of Corrective services, is explored in order to examine the practices, processes and justifications for incarceration. The various purposes, theories, rhetorics, practices and contradictions of the prison system in NSW and the ways in which the people who are responsible for the administration of this system make sense of its operations and its incoherencies, are central to this analysis. This research utilises a hybrid methodology involving aspects of content analysis and grounded theory. At the centre of this research are eight interviews with senior NSW Corrective Services staff. This analysis is supplemented by interview with ex-prisoners, and other people familiar with, but not working for Corrective Services. In addition a documentary analysis of both Corrective Services documents, and external literature examining NSW prison is carried out. The findings of these analyses are then explored with reference to both their internal coherency, as well as their relationship to a range of theoretical frameworks. The thesis connects abstract and philosophical questions of punishment and penalty with the logistics of running the prison system in NSW. This research found a diversity of practices, understandings and justifications of imprisonment which connected to particular cultural, social philosophical and structural trends. These included victimary discourses, the rhetoric of progress, the influence of managerialism, the faith in ???objective??? professionals, the increasing emphasis on empiricism, the conflicts between coercive practices and individual responsibility, the construction of prisoners as dangerous, and an ongoing struggle for purpose. Imprisonment in NSW was found to be characterised by discrepancies between the intentions of its administrators and pragmatics of its practice, conflicts between internal explanations of its purpose, as well as contradictions between internal Corrective Services accounts and external expectations about the roles, functions and practices of imprisonment. Theoretical perspectives explaining why these characterise imprisonment in NSW were developed. These perspective include the ???ought/is??? confusion of penal administrators, the inhumanity of humane containment, the myth of technocratic amorality, and the sedimentation of purpose.

Thesis (M.A.)--Georgia State University, 2007. / Title from file title page. Denise Donnelly, committee chair; Dawn Baunach, Charles Gallagher, committee members. Electronic text (86 p.) : digital, PDF file. Description based on contents viewed Feb. 25, 2008. Includes bibliographical references (p. 74-77).

Thesis (M.A.) - Carleton University, 2005. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 108-114). Also available in electronic format on the Internet.