Bakgrund: I samband med att näringslivet och samhället i stort strävar mot en hållbar utveckling blir kraven på ett ekonomiskt, socialt och miljömässigt ansvarstagande större. För att lyckas driva på en hållbar utveckling är det relevant att stora samhällsaktörer visar på engagemang. Viktiga aktörer som med hänsyn till att de verkar i en förtroendekänslig bransch är banker. I bankens strävan mot att bedriva hållbart företagande och visa engagemang i arbetet mot en hållbar utveckling upprättas det en hållbarhetsredovisning. En hållbarhetsredovisning är bred i sitt innehåll och har ett flertal användningsområden varav den fyller olika syften inom ett företag och därmed kan den inneha ett antal interna roller. Syfte: Syftet med denna studie är att utforska hållbarhetsredovisningens interna roller i form av att verka som en hållbarhetsmotor, uppföljning- och profileringsdokument,utifrån en banks interna perspektiv i relation till en förbättringsprocess av en banks hållbarhetsredovisning.  Metod: För att undersöka detta används bankens hållbarhetsredovisningar samt en kvalitativ metod med semistrukturerade intervjuer. Dessa intervjuer har genomförts med en hållbarhetsredovisningschef och två hållbarhetsspecialister inom en stor, svensk bank. Resultat: Studiens resultat visar att Banken uppfattar tre interna roller som hållbarhetsredovisningen innehar varav dessa är hållbarhetsmotor, uppföljning- och profileringsdokument. Hållbarhetsmotor i den aspekt att hållbarhetsredovisningen tillsammans med ett företags strategi, mål och visioner hjälper till att driva hållbarhetsarbetet framåt. Rollen som uppföljningsdokument innebär att den verkar som ett underlag för banken att använda till kontroller och utvärdering. Hållbarhetsredovisningen kan också ses som ett profileringsdokument i syfte att stärka ett företags identitet och visa upp både internt och extern vad som genomförs och planeras inom hållbarhetsarbetet. Resultatet från intervjuerna avslöjar också svårigheter för banken med att nå ut internt med hållbarhetsredovisningens syfte och att kommunikation är ett sätt att motverka den utmaningen. Utöver de tre nämnda rollerna visar studien även på att ramverk, däribland Principle for Responsible Banking (PRB) and Task force on Climate-related Financial Disclosure (TCFD) är av stor betydelse för bankens hållbarhetsredovisnin / Background: In connection with the business community and society as a whole striving for sustainable development, the demands on economic, social and environmental responsibility become greater. In order to succeed in driving sustainable development, it is relevant that major societal actors show commitment. Important players who, given that they operate in a trust-sensitive industry, are banks. In the bank's efforts to conduct sustainable business and show commitment in the work towards sustainable development, a sustainability report is prepared. A sustainability report is broad in its content and has several areas of use, of which it fulfils different purposes within a company and thus it can have several internal roles. Purpose: Purpose of this study is to explore the internal roles of the sustainability report in the form of acting as a sustainability engine, follow-up and profiling document, from a bank's internal perspective in relation to an improvement process of a bank's sustainability report. Method: To investigate this, the bank's sustainability reports and a qualitative method with semi-structured interviews are used. These interviews were conducted with a sustainability accounting manager and two sustainability specialists within a large Swedish bank. Results: The results of the study show that the Bank perceives three internal roles held by the sustainability report, of which these are the sustainability engine, follow-up and profiling documents. Sustainability engine in the aspect that the sustainability report together with a company's strategy, goals and visions help to drive sustainability work forward. The role as a follow-up document means that it acts as a basis for the bank to use for controls and evaluation. The sustainability report can also be seen as a profiling document in order to strengthen a company's identity and show both internally and externally what is being implemented and planned within the sustainability work. The results from the interviews also reveal difficulties for the bank in reaching out internally with the purpose of the sustainability report and that communication is a way of counteracting that challenge. In addition to the three roles mentioned, the study also shows that frameworks including the Principle for Responsible Banking and Task force 6on Climate-related Financial Disclosure are of great importance for the bank's sustainability reporting.

Despite the unprecedented improvement in child health in last 15 years, burden of stillbirth and neonatal death remain the key challenge in Nepal and the reduction of these deaths will be crucial for reaching the health targets for Sustainable development goal by 2030. The aim of this thesis was to explore the risk factors for stillbirth and neonatal death and change in perinatal outcomes after the introduction of the Helping Babies Breathe Quality Improvement Cycle (HBB QIC) in Nepal. This was a prospective cohort study with a nested case-control design completed in a tertiary hospital in Nepal. Information were collected from the women who had experienced perinatal death and live birth among referent population; a video recording was done in the neonatal resuscitation corner to collect information on the health workers’ performance in neonatal resuscitation.  Lack of antenatal care had the highest association with antepartum stillbirth (aOR 4.2, 95% CI 3.2–5.4), births that had inadequate fetal heart rate monitoring were associated with intrapartum stillbirth (aOR 1.9, CI 95% 1.5–2.4), and babies who were born premature and small-for-gestational-age had the highest risk for neonatal death in the hospital (aOR 16.2, 95% CI 12.3–21.3). Before the introduction of the HBB QIC, health workers displayed poor adherence to the neonatal resuscitation protocol. After the introduction of HBB QIC, the health workers demonstrated improvement in their neonatal resuscitation skills and these were retained until six months after training. Daily bag-and-mask skill checks (RR 5.1 95% CI 1.9–13.5), preparation for birth (RR 2.4, 95% CI 1.0–5.6), self-evaluation checklists (RR 3.8, 95% CI 1.4–9.7) and weekly review and reflection meetings (RR 2.6, 95% 1.0–7.4) helped the health workers to retain their neonatal resuscitation skills. The health workers demonstrated improvement in ventilation of babies within one minute of birth and there was a reduction in intrapartum stillbirth (aOR 0.46, 95% CI 0.32–0.66) and first-day neonatal mortality (aOR 0.51, 95% CI 0.31–0.83).  The study provides information on challenges in reducing stillbirth and neonatal death in low income settings and provides a strategy to improve health workers adherence to neonatal resuscitation to reduce the mortality. The HBB QIC can be implemented in similar clinical settings to improve quality of care and survival in Nepal, but for primary care settings, the QIC need to be evaluated further.

United Nations has lately stated ambitious health targets for 2030 in the Sustainable Development Goal agenda, following the already achieved progress between 1990 and 2015 when the number of children dying before the age of five was reduced by more than half. However, the mortality reduction in the first month of life after birth has not kept the same pace. Furthermore, a large number of stillbirths have previously not been accounted for. The aim of this thesis was to evaluate the impact of clinical training in neonatal resuscitation, and to identify strategies for an effective implementation at a maternal health facility in Nepal. Focus group discussions were used to explore the perceptions of teamwork among staff working closest to the infant at the facility. A prospective cohort study with nested referents was applied to determine effect on birth outcomes after an intervention with Helping Babies Breathe, a simplified protocol for neonatal resuscitation. Sustainability of the acquired skills after training was addressed by employing a quality improvement cycle. Video recordings of health workers performance were collected to analyse adherence to protocol. Midwives described the need for universal protocols in neonatal resuscitation and management involvement in clinical audit and feedback. There was a reduction of intrapartum stillbirth (aOR 0.46, 95% CI 0.32–0.66) and neonatal mortality within 24 hours of life (aOR 0.51, 95% CI 0.31–0.83) after the intervention. Ventilation of infants increased (OR 2.56, 95% CI 1.67–3.93) and potentially harmful suctioning was reduced (OR 0.13, 95% CI 0.09–0.17). Neonatal death from intrapartum-related complications was reduced and preterm infants survived additional days in the neonatal period after the intervention. Low birth weight was not found to be a predictor of deferred resuscitation in the studied context. This study confirmed the robustness of Helping Babies Breathe as an educational tool for training in neonatal resuscitation. Accompanied with a quality improvement cycle it reduced intrapartum stillbirth and mortality on the day of delivery in a low-income facility setting. Improved postnatal care is needed to maintain the gains in survival through the neonatal period. Increased management involvement in audit and quality of care could improve clinical performance among health workers.

Eco-design is relatively new and fast growing field of research due to its vital importance to the manufacturing industry and its related environmental issues such as reducing waste, and CO2 emission. A major EU programme relating to the environment is the waste of Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) directive. The (WEEE) directive specifies ten categories and a voltage range which is up to 1.000 volts AC or 1.500volts DC. The developed framework came for the implementation of Eco-design principles that helps to take into account the adaption of the (WEEE) directive and the restriction of hazard substances (RoHS) used in electrical and electronic equipments. As a result of identify gaps and needs such as a lack of a comprehensive Eco-design framework and the need to integrate it to the normal business operation. In this research the PDCA framework for Eco-design and WEEE directive will be discussed. The framework will encompass all of the Eco-design¿s implementation and integration factors and activities such as WEEE and RoHS directives, Eco-design management, Environmental legislations, Eco-design tools and considerations. The literature review covers the topic of Eco-design¿s related issues, and WEEE and RoHS directives rules. Based on comprehensive questionnaire survey of Eco-design, WEEE and RoHS issues and activities among a sample of environmentally aware companies, statistical analysis is carried out using SPSS software. Then the findings of the survey triangulated with the findings of the literature review formed the basis of the design and implementation plan of the proposed framework