Thesis (D. Min.)--Catholic Theological Union at Chicago, 2003. / Vita. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 211-223).

Nous étudions dans cette thése la relation entre certaines hauteurs d'Arakelov de cycles de variétés toriques et les caractéristiques arithmétiques des polynômes de Laurent qui les définissent. Pour cela, nous associons _a un polynôme de Laurent des fonctions concaves que nous appelons fonctions de Ronkin et fonctions supérieures. Nous donnons des bornes supérieures pour la hauteur d'une intersection compléte faisant intervenir les fonctions supérieures associées. Dans le cas d'une hypersurface, nous montrons une formule liant sa hauteur _a la fonction de Ronkin de son polynôme de Laurent. Nous proposons une égalité analogue pour des hauteurs moyennes appropriées en codimension supérieure et nous indiquons une stratégie pour la preuve d'un cas particulier. Dans ces travaux, nous utilisons des notions de géométrie convexe telles que les polytopes, les mesures de Monge-Ampére réelles et la dualité de Legendre- Fenchel de fonctions concaves. Nous les présentons dans un cadre algébrique adapté et nous développons l'étude des intégrales mixtes. / We investigate in this work the relation between suitable Arakelov heights of a cycle in a toric variety and the arithmetic features of its defining Laurent polynomials. To this purpose, we associate to a Laurent polynomial certain concave functions which we call Ronkin functions and upper functions. We give upper bounds for the height of a complete intersection in terms of the associated upper functions. For a hypersurfaces, we prove a formula relating its height to the Ronkin function of the associated Laurent polynomial. We conjecture an analogous equality for a suitable average height in higher codimensions and indicate a strategy for the proof of a particular case. In all the treatment, we deal with convex geometrical objects such as polytopes, real Monge-Ampère measures and Legendre-Fenchel duality of concave functions. We suggest an algebraic framework for such a study and deepen the understanding of mixed integrals.

The aim of this thesis was to investigate contrasting pasture management strategies on the foraging behaviour, pasture production, carcass characteristics, herbage intake, faecal gas emissions and methane emission by sheep grazing Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) pastures. The experiment was carried out in 2014 and 2015. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with four replicates and two grazing strategy treatments (traditional rotational stocking method – RT meaning pre- and post-grazing target heights of 25 and 5 cm, respectively and, “rotatinuous stocking” – RN with pre- and post-grazing target heights of 18 and 11 cm, respectively). The grazing management was based on a 1-day strip-grazing regime. Male castrated sheep were used. The actual average sward heights for the RN treatment were 17.9 and 11.1 cm (pre- and post-grazing, respectively) and 27.1 and 7.8 cm for the RT (pre- and post-grazing, respectively). The stocking period in 2014 was 146 and 140 days (RN and RT, respectively) and in 2015 it was 155 and 146 days (RN and RT, respectively). The diurnal animal activities (grazing, ruminating and resting time) did not differ between treatments, with average of 439.6, 166.9 and 85.0 minutes, respectively. The bite rate, feeding station per min and steps per min were greater at the RN than the RT treatment. Grazing time and bite rate were greater in the afternoon than morning in both treatments. Therefore, the daily herbage intake by sheep grazing Italian ryegrass was greater for the RN than the RT treatment (CHAPTER II). The herbage production in the RN was 28% higher than the RT treatment. Individual average daily gain and live weight gain per hectare were greater in the RN than the RT treatment (CHAPTER III). RN treatment presented greater final live weight, carcass and commercial cut weights from grazing sheep than RT treatment (CHAPTER IV). RN treatment had a faecal chemical quality greater than RT treatment, resulting in a greater daily nitrogen excretion per animal and greater faecal CH4 and N2O emissions (CHAPTER VI). The “rotatinuous stocking” (RN) was the better grazing management strategy for mitigation of CH4 emissions by sheep grazing Italian ryegrass, emitting 64% less CH4 per unit area and 170% less CH4 per unit of animal product than the traditional rotational stocking method (RT) (CHAPTER V).

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:54:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 1127884 bytes, checksum: 9ced8e8e8bfb9e086f884cfcfc1dc9da (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-02-17 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / The objective of this study was to evaluate morphogenetic and structural characteristics of Andropogon gayanus cv. Planaltina and Brachiaria brizantha cv. Xaraés submitted to three cutting heights when the sward reached 95 % of light interception during the regrowth time. The experiment was carried out at Animal Science Department at UFV, in Viçosa/MG, from November 2007 to November 2008, and it was allocated in a completed randomised block design with three replications, in a total of nine experimental units. The evaluations of Andropógon grass started in November 2007 and finished in November 2008, and its treatment corresponded to three cutting heights 20, 27 and 34 cm. Concerning Xaraés palisade grass, its evaluation time happened between January 2008 and November 2008, and its cutting heights were15, 20 and 25 cm. The height of the pasture in the pre-cut time presented itself stable, and its values were about 50 and 30 cm for Andropógon grass and Xaraés palisade grass respectively. It revealed itself as a good practical and efficient parameter in order to manage the defoliation of these forage plants, since the height is highly related to 95% of light interception. The highest cuts resulted in the lowest angle and the lowest foliage area, so the grasses intercepted more light right after the defoliation time, which possibly promoted faster regrowths in shorter cut intervals. However, independently of the evaluated forage specie, there was no difference in the foliage area index between the treatments or the evaluation times, which was a reflex of fast plastic responses involving adjustments in the structural and morphogenetic characteristics of the plants. The Andropógon grass reduced its final leaf lamina length (FLLL), leaf appearance rate (LAR), number of live leaves (NLL), leaf lifespan (LL), stem elongation rate (SER), and tiller density (TD). When this grass was submitted to the lowest cuts, it elevated the phyllochron and the leaf senescence rate (LSR). Because of Andropógon grass typical blossom time in the fall, it was observed an elevation in the values of SER and LAR in this season. In addition, it was registered the highest NLL and the lowest values for the length of leaf lamina and LS. On the other hand, Xaraés palisade grass presented an increase in the leaf elongation rate (LER) and in the NLL, and a decrease in the values of SER and of the TD when this grass was submitted to the lowest cuts. The fall presented the lowest values of TAIF and of length of leaf lamina, and the highest values of NLL, LL, leaf senescence rate (LSR), and TD. The adequate management of the defoliation in the Andropógon grass and Xaraés palisade grass would be the cutting heights of 50 and 30 cm of tiller during the regrowth time in the heights from 27 to 34 cm and from 15 to 20 cm respectively. / O experimento foi realizado com o objetivo de avaliar as características morfogênicas e estruturais em Andropogon gayanus cv. Planaltina e Brachiaria brizantha cv. Xaraés submetidos a três alturas de corte quando o dossel atingia 95% de interceptação da luz incidente durante a rebrotação. O trabalho foi conduzido em área do Departamento de Zootecnia da Universidade Federal de Viçosa, em Viçosa, Minas Gerais, em um delineamento em blocos completos casualizados com três repetições, totalizando nove unidades experimentais. Para o capim-andropógon, as avaliações iniciaram-se em novembro de 2007 e findaram-se em novembro de 2008, sendo que os tratamentos corresponderam a três alturas de corte de 20, 27 e 34 cm. Já para o capim-xaraés, o período experimental foi de janeiro a novembro de 2008 e as alturas de corte utilizadas foram 15, 20 e 25 cm. A altura do pasto em pré-corte apresentou-se estável, com valores próximos a 50 e 30 cm, para os capins Andropógon e Xaraés, respectivamente, mostrando ser um bom parâmetro, prático e eficiente, para nortear o manejo da desfolhação dessas plantas forrageiras, uma vez que a altura se encontra fortemente relacionada com a interceptação de 95% da luz incidente. Cortes mais altos resultaram em menor ângulo e maior área da folhagem, assim, as plantas interceptaram mais luz logo após a desfolhação, o que possibilitou rebrotações mais rápidas e intervalos entre cortes mais curtos. Todavia, independentemente da espécie forrageira avaliada, não houve diferença no índice de área da folhagem pré-corte entre os tratamentos ou épocas de avaliação, o que foi reflexo de respostas plásticas rápidas envolvendo ajustes nas características morfogênicas e estruturais das plantas. O capim-andropógon reduziu o comprimento final da lâmina foliar (CFLF), a taxa de aparecimento de folhas (TApF), o número de folhas vivas (NFV), a duração de vida da folha (DVF), a taxa de alongamento de colmo (TAlC) e a densidade populacional de perfilhos (DPP) e elevou o filocrono e a taxa de senescência de folhas (TSeF), quando submetido a cortes mais baixos. Devido ao florescimento típico do capim-andropógon no outono, observou-se elevação na TAlC e TApF nesse período. Adicionalmente, foram registrados maiores valores de NFV e menores de CFLF e DVF. Já o capim-xaraés demonstrou uma elevação na taxa de alongamento de folhas (TAlF) e NFV e uma redução na TAlC e DPP, quando submetido a cortes mais baixos. Entre as épocas avaliadas, o outono revelou menores TAlF e CFLF e maiores NFV, DVF, TSeF e DPP. O manejo adequado da desfolhação dos capins Andropógon e Xaraés seria corte aos 50 e 30 cm de altura do dossel durante a rebrotação a uma altura de 27 a 34 cm e 15 a 20 cm, respectivamente.

The aim of this thesis was to investigate contrasting pasture management strategies on the foraging behaviour, pasture production, carcass characteristics, herbage intake, faecal gas emissions and methane emission by sheep grazing Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) pastures. The experiment was carried out in 2014 and 2015. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with four replicates and two grazing strategy treatments (traditional rotational stocking method – RT meaning pre- and post-grazing target heights of 25 and 5 cm, respectively and, “rotatinuous stocking” – RN with pre- and post-grazing target heights of 18 and 11 cm, respectively). The grazing management was based on a 1-day strip-grazing regime. Male castrated sheep were used. The actual average sward heights for the RN treatment were 17.9 and 11.1 cm (pre- and post-grazing, respectively) and 27.1 and 7.8 cm for the RT (pre- and post-grazing, respectively). The stocking period in 2014 was 146 and 140 days (RN and RT, respectively) and in 2015 it was 155 and 146 days (RN and RT, respectively). The diurnal animal activities (grazing, ruminating and resting time) did not differ between treatments, with average of 439.6, 166.9 and 85.0 minutes, respectively. The bite rate, feeding station per min and steps per min were greater at the RN than the RT treatment. Grazing time and bite rate were greater in the afternoon than morning in both treatments. Therefore, the daily herbage intake by sheep grazing Italian ryegrass was greater for the RN than the RT treatment (CHAPTER II). The herbage production in the RN was 28% higher than the RT treatment. Individual average daily gain and live weight gain per hectare were greater in the RN than the RT treatment (CHAPTER III). RN treatment presented greater final live weight, carcass and commercial cut weights from grazing sheep than RT treatment (CHAPTER IV). RN treatment had a faecal chemical quality greater than RT treatment, resulting in a greater daily nitrogen excretion per animal and greater faecal CH4 and N2O emissions (CHAPTER VI). The “rotatinuous stocking” (RN) was the better grazing management strategy for mitigation of CH4 emissions by sheep grazing Italian ryegrass, emitting 64% less CH4 per unit area and 170% less CH4 per unit of animal product than the traditional rotational stocking method (RT) (CHAPTER V).

This paper scrutinizes the development of heights in Peru from the early republican period to the end of the guano era (1820-1880). Studying heights of prisoners from the Lima penitentiary, we find that those of prisoners from the lower classes stagnated throughout the period. We argue that the presence of such a valuable export as guano had no positive effects on the standard of living of the middle and lower classes, not even in Lima, where most of the benefits from guano exports were concentrated. After controlling for ethnic and occupational differences throughout the period under consideration, we find no statistically significant regional disparities in living standards. Moreover, we find that ethnic differences were as pronounced during that time as they would have been if no political change had happened, and that they remained unchanged throughout the entire century. In addition, this study is the first to present data on 19th-century Peruvian women. / Este artículo escudriña el desarrollo de las estaturas en el Perú que va desde los inicios del periodo republicano hasta el fin de la era del guano (1820-1880). Estudiando las estaturas de los prisioneros de una penitenciaria de Lima, encontramos que las estaturas de los prisioneros de clases bajas se estancaron a través del periodo. Argumentamos que la presencia de un bien de exportación con tanto valor como el guano no tuvo efectos positivos en el nivel de vida de las clases medias y bajas, ni siquiera en Lima, donde se concentró la mayoría de beneficios de las exportaciones de guano. Luego de controlar las diferencias étnicas y ocupacionales para todo el periodo en consideración, no encontramos disparidades regionales en los niveles de vida que sean estadísticamente significativas.Además, hallamos que las diferencias étnicas fueron tan pronunciadas durante ese tiempo como lo habrían sido de no haber ocurrido ningún cambio político, y que estas permanecieron sin cambio durante el siglo entero. Adicionalmente, este estudio es el primero en presentar datos sobre la mujer peruana del siglo XIX.Este artículo fue originalmente publicado en Economics & Human Biology, 8(2), 2010, 145-152 con el título The seed of abundance and misery. Peruvian living standards from the early republican period to the end of the guano era (1820-80). La traducción al castellano fue realizada por Stephan Gruber Narváez.

O objetivo desta dissertação é apresentar uma proposta de tradução para as falas das personagens que usam o dialeto de Yorkshire no romance Wuthering Heights. O romance, publicado pela primeira vez na Inglaterra em 1847, já teve nove traduções diferentes no Brasil, bem como diversas reimpressões; e a existência desta proposta se deve ao fato de todas as traduções deixarem de lado a questão dialetal e apresentarem a fala dessas personagens dentro da norma culta da língua portuguesa. Consideramos que é necessário manter nas traduções em português a heterogeneidade existente no original inglês, pois essa é uma característica importante que não deve ser ignorada, principalmente depois que estudos lingüísticos e sociolingüísticos mostraram que dialetos não são formas inferiores de uma língua \"padrão\", correta. Levando em consideração as diferenças lingüísticas existentes entre a Inglaterra e o Brasil, e tendo por base estudos dialetológicos e o uso de elementos da oralidade para a criação das falas, a proposta de tradução pretende mostrar ao leitor brasileiro o fato de algumas personagens do romance não usarem o inglês standard ao falar, bem como uma análise sobre o papel desempenhado pelo uso do dialeto em diferentes momentos da narrativa. / The main purpose of this dissertation is to propose a translation for the speech of the characters that speak Yorkshire dialect in the novel Wuthering Heights. This novel, published for the first time in England in 1847, has already been translated nine times into Brazilian Portuguese; besides, these translations have also been reissued here. This dissertation has as its basis the fact that in all nine Brazilian translations the Yorkshire dialect has been rendered into standard Portuguese. We consider that it is necessary to keep in Portuguese the linguistic diversity found in the original text, since it is a very important characteristic of the novel that cannot be ignored, most of all because linguistic and sociolinguistic studies have shown that dialects are not \"inferior\" forms of a \"standard\", correct, language. Taking into consideration the linguistic differences that exist between English and Brazilian Portuguese, and having as basis dialectological studies and the use of elements of oral language to create the speech of the characters in Portuguese, this work intends to show to Brazilian readers the fact that some characters in the novel do not speak standard English, as well as an analysis about the role played by the use of dialect in different moments of the novel.

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Semi-natural landscapes are recognized as suitable habitats for different plant species and provide ecosystem services that contribute to increased plant biodiversity. At the stand level, plant biodiversity is influenced by vegetation structure, of which vegetation height is an important parameter. Photogrammetry from drone captured images has the potential to provide a quick and cost-effective analysis of vegetation height. In addition, the relation between spectral signatures and species distribution can indicate where higher plant biodiversity can be found, as species can be identified based on their spectral signature. Spectral signatures are thus used in the current study in conjunction with vegetation height as a proxy for plant biodiversity in herbaceous-dominated patches. Two field surveys were conducted to collect drone data and reflectance data in July and August 2019. Twelve plots of ten metres diametre were delimited in the drone-derived orthophotos around the reflectance readings coordinates. In order to assess vegetation height, the difference between the digital surface model derived from the orthophotos and the national digital elevation model was determined. Two statistical indices were calculated: the modified soil-adjusted vegetation index (MSAVI) and the coefficient of variation of heights (CV). The relationship between the two indices was evaluated as a proxy for plant biodiversity. Drone-derived point clouds can be used to measure vegetation height in herbaceous-dominated environments due to the very fine scale of drone imagery. A possible negative correlation was found between MSAVI and CV on both surveyed months (July r2 = 0.675; August r2 = 0.401) if the outlier plots were removed from the analysis. There is not enough evidence to clearly explain the anomalous behaviour of the outlier plots. Further research is needed to confirm the use of the relationship between vegetation height variability and reflectance as a proxy for plant biodiversity assessment in herbaceous-dominated environments.

Uppsatsen granskar två platser i Emily Brontës roman, husen Wuthering Heights och Thruscross Grange. Analysen kretsar kring karaktärerna på dessa platser och relationerna mellan dem med utgångspunkt i Henri Lefebvres teori The Production of Space. Uppsatsen granskar maktperspektiv, äganderätt och olika karaktärers anknytning till hus och hushåll.