A dilatação térmica é um problema com o qual os engenheiros de tubulação frequentemente precisam lidar, já que parte do papel destes prossionais é controlar as dilatações lineares totais e minimizar tensões e forças associadas a este fenômeno físico. O projeto de sistemas de tubulação é guiado por normas, sendo a ASME B31.3 (2010) certamente a mais utilizada no Brasil e nos Estados Unidos. Para a referida norma o sistema de tubulação, do ponto de vista térmico, é avaliado com base em uma temperatura de projeto constante e uniforme denida pelos critérios desta norma, temperatura esta normalmente estabelecida com base na temperatura de regime permanente. Estes critérios são sucientes para garantir a integridade estrutural da tubulação em virtude da forma como as tensões admissíveis e atuantes estão estabelecidas, contudo, a norma é omissa em relação ao transiente térmico e a dilatação linear da tubulação durante esse período. Tal dilatação poderá estar associada a forças transmitidas pela tubulação a equipamentos e estruturas, forças essas negligenciadas pela ASME B.31.3 e a literatura em geral. Esse trabalho apresenta as equações envolvidas no problema do transiente térmico de tubulações e, baseando-se nos resultados de simulações numéricas e na mecânica classicamente adotada pela Engenharia de Tubulação para computar forças, faz uma discussão a respeito das forças associadas à dilatação no período do transiente térmico. Vericou-se que quanto maior a velocidade do escoamento, maior o número de Nusselt e maior a difusividade térmica do material do tubo, maior será a taxa de aquecimento da tubulação e que, quanto maior essa taxa de aquecimento e o coeciente de dilatação, maior será a taxa de dilatação linear do tubo. Além disso, a força associada à dilatação linear passa a ser transmitida ao ponto xo (ancoragem ou trava) de forma abrupta e aumenta de forma intermitente até o seu máximo valor, para então cair ao seu mínimo valor de forma extremamente abrupta, sendo este valor mínimo o obtido nas análises usuais de sistemas de tubulação. / Thermal expansion is a problem the pipe engineers often have to deal with, since it is important to control the total linear thermal expansion and minimize stresses and forces associated with this physical phenomenon. The design of pipe systems is guided by standards, being ASME B31.3 (2010) certainly the most used in Brazil and the United States. For this standard the pipe system, from the thermal standpoint, is evaluated based on a constant and uniform design temperature, being this normally referenced by the steady state value. These criteria are sucient to ensure the pipe structural integrity due to the way the admissible and acting stresses are established; however, the standard is silent regarding the thermal transient and the pipe linear thermal expansion during this period. Such thermal expansion may be associated with forces transmitted by the pipe to equipment and structures, neglected by ASME B.31.3 and the literature. This work presents the equations involved in the pipe thermal transient problem. Based on the results of numerical simulations and the procedures normally used by Pipeline Engineering to compute forces, a discussion is made about the forces associated with the thermal expansion in the period of the thermal transient. It was found that the higher the ow velocity, the Nusselt number and the thermal diusivity of the pipe material, the higher the pipe heating rate. Besides, it was found that the higher the heating rate and the thermal expansion coecient, the higher the linear thermal expansion rate of the pipe. Moreover, the force associated with the linear thermal expansion starts to be transmitted to the pipe xed point (anchor or stop) in an abrupt way and increases intermittently until its maximum value, then falls to its minimum value in an extremely abrupt way, being this minimum value the load obtained in the usual pipe load analysis.

The design of polyethylene (PE) pipelines for applications in the gas, water and chemical process industries has been based on data mainly obtained from stress rupture testing pipes only. In practice, installations are composed of both extruded pipe and injection moulded fittings which are joined by a fusion welding technique and are very often subjected to internal pressures of a fluctuating nature. Several makes of PE pipe systems were therefore obtained and work was undertaken to fully characterise mechanical performance in terms of internal pressure loadings. Butt-welded test specimens comprising pipe lengths and fittings were subjected to both static and fluctuating conditions at 80°C, at pressures resulting in brittle fractures (below the knee on stress rupture curves) and at frequencies not exceeding 7.5 cpm (0.125 Hz). Resulting fracture surfaces were examined to identify sources of crack initiation and mechanisms of failure. Mechanical behaviour of the PE pipe samples was found to be markedly influenced by the grade of plastics compound, the pipe system dimensions, mould designs and methods of processing. Fatigue loading was the most aggressive test method and significant reductions in lifetimes were observed in fittings or joints between pipes and fittings with only modest increases in the frequency of pressurisation. It was also demonstrated that improved stress rupture behaviour did not necessarily lead to better fatigue performance. For the square-wave loading profiles used, an idea of the relevant failure mechanisms in any given system was obtained by comparing experimental Nf values with those predicted from cumulative damage principles based on Nf=τSR/τmax. In all types of system, failure was initiated at a defect residual from processing or jointing. Over 95% of all small diameter pipe fractures originated from inclusions at or close to the inside wall. They were geometrically and elementally analysed and suggestions made as to their possible origin and means of elimination. For one PE a reasonable correlation was obtained, between lifetime under stress rupture or fatigue and the inclusion size as measured in the fracture plane.

Implement a high-level model of computationally intensive part of 3D graphics pipe-line. Increasing popularity of handheld devices along with developments in hardware technology, 3D graphics on mobile devices is fast becoming a reality. Graphics processing is essentially complex and computationally demanding. In order to achieve scene realism and perception of motion, identifying and accelerating bottle necks is crucial. This thesis is about Open-GL graphics pipe-line in general. Software which implements computationally intensive part of graphics pipe-line is built. In essence a rasterization unit that gets triangles with 2D screen, texture co-ordinates and color. Triangles go through scan conversion, texturing and a set of other per-fragment operations before getting displayed on screen.

Dans le cadre de cette étude, l’influence de la pré-déformation sur l’anisotropie du comportement plastique et sur la ténacité d’un acier API X100 pour pipeline a été abordée. Une étude expérimentale approfondie de la microstructure, des propriétés mécaniques et de l’endommagement du matériaux a été mise en oeuvre. Un modèle phénoménologique anisotrope combinant les écrouissagesisotrope et cinématique a été développé dans l’objectif de rendre compte du comportement ductile de cet acier à haute résistance. De plus, un modèle d’endommagement anisotrope a été établi pour représenter l’effet de pré-déformation sur la ductilité et la ténacité de cet acier. L’application des modèles à la flexion sous contrainte illustre, par exemple, l’effet négatif de la pré-déformation sur la charge limite (Moment de flexion maximum) supportée avant flambement du pipe. / In this thesis the influence of prestrain on anisotropic ductility and fracture toughness has been evaluated for API grade X100 line pipe steel. A omprehensive experimental investigation of microstructure, mechanical properties and fracture mechanisms has been carried out. A phenomenological model combining isotropic and kinematic hardening with anisotropic yield function has been developed, in order to represent anisotropic hardening behavior of the high strength steel. Additionally, a damage model incorporating anisotropic damage has been established for representation of prestrain effect on ductility and toughness of the X100 steel. The developed models could predict the bending capacity and the ductile fracture toughness of the cold-formed line pipes.

Le caloduc oscillant est étudié depuis plus d'une vingtaine d'années, mais n'est utilisé, pour l'instant,que pour le refroidissement de composants électroniques. Il y a actuellement un engouement pour élargir l'utilisation de cette technologie au refroidissement d'équipements dissipatifs embarqués. Toutefois, malgré de nombreuses études expérimentales et numériques, Je comportement chaotique d'un caloduc oscillant rend difficile la prévision de son fonctionnement dans des conditions encore jamais rencontrées. Avant de pouvoir l'implémenter dans une application liée au transport, il est nécessaire de s'intéresser aux conditions sévères qu'un caloduc oscillant pourrait rencontrer dans un tel contexte.La présente étude porte sur la validation expérimentale de l'utilisation d'un caloduc oscillant sous diverses conditions sévères. Pour cela, un premier dispositif permet l'observation du comportement du caloduc oscillant lors de variations temporelles des conditions opératoires observées durant un trajet aérien type, ou durant La présence de vibrations mécaniques. Le caloduc oscillant prouve ainsi son utilisation possible dans ce contexte. Deux autres dispositifs permettent l'analyse des performances et limites de fonctionnement pour des puissances (8,4 kW) et densités de puissances thermiques (53 W/cm2) bien supérieures à ce qui est observé classiquement dans la littérature. L'eau s'est montrée le fluide. le plus propice à ces niveaux de puissances,comparée au pentane et au méthanol. Ces deux dispositifs permettent également l'observation du comportement lors d'une répartition uniforme ou non de la puissance thermique injectée sur différentes sources chaudes. Des études paramétriques ont été menées sur les différents dispositifs pour les trois fluides de travail, couplées à des visualisations infrarouges, et permettent d'approfondir la compréhension de l'influence des conditions opératoires: le taux de remplissage, la répartition de la puissance et la température de source froide influencent de façon importante non seulement les performances, mais aussi la limite d'assèchement du caloduc oscillant. / The pulsating heat pipe has been studied for more than twenty years, but is, for the time being, only used for the cooling of electronic components. Tbere is currently a keen interest in expanding the use of this technology to the cooling of embedded dissipative equipment. However, despite numerous experimental and numerical studies, the chaotic behavior of an pulsating heat pipe makes it difficult to predict its functioning under conditions never before encountered. Before being able to implement it in a transport-related application,it is necessary to consider the severe conditions that a pulsating heat pipe could encounter in such a context.The present study deals with the experimental validation of the use of a pulsating heat pipe under various severe conditions. For this purpose, a first device is made to observe the behavior of the pulsating heat pipe during temporal variations of the operating conditions observed during a typical flight or during the presence of mechanical vibrations. The pulsating heat pipe thus proves its possible use in this context. Two other devices serve the analysis of performance and operating limits for powers (8.4 kW) and heat flux densities(53 W/cm2) much higher than conventionally observed in the literature. Water is the most favorable fluid at these power levels, compared to pentane and methanol. These two devices also make it possible to observe the behavior during a uniform or non-uniform distribution of the injected thermal power on various hot sources. Parametric studies have been carried out on the various devices for the three working fluids, coupled with infrared visualizations, to deepen the understanding of the influence of the operating conditions: the filling ratio,power distribution and cold source temperature not only significantly influence performance but also the drying limit of the pulsating heat pipe.

Theoretical and experimental studies of particle deposition in turbulent pipe flow have been carried out for over forty years, but some of the most important transport mechanisms are still not well understood. The first part of this thesis is concerned with the calculation of particle density when using Lagrangian methods to predict inertial particle transport in two-dimensional laminar fluid flows. Traditionally, Lagrangian calculations involve integrating the particle equations of motion along particle pathlines, and the particle density is obtained by applying a statistical averaging procedure to those pathlines which intersect a particular computational grid cell. Unfortunately, extremely large numbers of particles are required to reduce the statistical errors to acceptable levels, and this makes the method computationally expensive. Recently, the Full Lagrangian approach has been developed, which allows the direct calculation of the particle density along particle pathlines. This method had previously been applied only to simple analytical flow fields. The application of the method to CFD generated fluid velocity fields was shown to be possible, and the results obtained using the Full Lagrangian approach were compared to those from a traditional Lagrangian approach. It was found that better quality solutions could be obtained with the use of far fewer particle pathlines. An analysis of the manner in which the Full Lagrangian approach deals with particles whose paths cross each other (and the resulting discontinuity in particle density) was also undertaken, and this illustrates the sophistication of the method. The second part of the thesis comprises an experimental and theoretical study of the deposition of small particles in turbulent flows by thermophoresis. Thermophoresis is the phenomenon whereby small particles suspended in a gas in which there exists a temperature gradient experience a force in the direction opposite from that of the temperature gradient. Previous researchers have attempted to impose a radial temperature difference in pipe flow experiments, but have not yet succeeded in attaining a constant thermophoretic force along the length of the pipe. This limits the accuracy and usefulness of the data for the validation of theoretical expressions for the thermophoretic fluxes. An experimental rig has been designed to achieve a constant thermophoretic force. This was done by using an annular geometry with a cold inner wall and hot outer wall. The particle size was varied and the deposition flux was measured for turbulent flow with three temperature differences. The deposition fluxes for small particles were found to be independent of dimensionless particle size, with each increase in temperature difference resulting in an increase in magnitude of the flux. Evidence of a thermophoresis-turbulence coupling was found for intermediate-sized particles, and large particles were not influenced by thermophoresis. A theory of particle deposition, developed for the case of turbulent pipe flow, was modified to study flow in a turbulent annulus, so that theoretical expressions for the thermophoretic fluxes could be included and compared with the experimental results. Agreement with experimental data was quite good, but some deficiencies in a widely used theoretical expression for the thermophoretic flux were exposed. An alternative expression was used, which gave much better agreement with the experimental data, and the mechanisms behind the thermophoresis-turbulence coupling were also investigated. The validation of this expression for the thermophoretic force will allow its inclusion in numerical studies of particle deposition in more complex geometries.

No description available.

Thinner walled (about 6 mm thickness) line pipe steels for smaller diameter pipelines tend to have a relatively high ratio of yield strength to ultimate tensile strength (YS/UTS) of 0.93 or higher. This study focused on the effect of the microstructures, prior deformation in the austenite, cooling rate, coiling simulation and the additions of some micro-alloying elements on the YS/UTS ratio of a currently produced Nb-Ti and some experimental Nb-Ti-Mo line pipe steels. The experimental research included the design of the chemical compositions for five experimental alloys, simulation of the controlled hot rolling process, the determination of the strain-free as well as the strain affected continuous cooling transformation (CCT) diagrams, phase identification and quantitative assessment of the microstructures by optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), the latter especially on shadowed carbon extraction replicas and, tensile tests etc. This study indicated that the transformed microstructures of the alloys were a mixture of acicular ferrite plus polygonal ferrite and the volume fraction of acicular ferrite varied from 46.3 to 55.4%. Molybdenum additions did not markedly affect the formation of acicular ferrite after hot rolling and rapid cooling. The microstructural details of the acicular ferrite were successfully revealed by TEM on shadowed extraction replicas. This technique was useful to distinguish the acicular ferrite from the polygonal ferrite through a more smooth surface relief after etching in 2% Nital of the little etched polygonal ferrite whereas the deeper etched acicular ferrite showed parallel sets of internal striations. This made it possible to measure the volume fraction of acicular ferrite in the mixed microstructures of acicular ferrite and polygonal ferrite. The continuous cooling transformation behaviors of two alloys with no molybdenum and with 0.22% Mo were constructed with no prior deformation as well as with prior deformation of the austenite. Molybdenum additions shifted the strain-free CCT diagram towards longer times and expanded the region in which acicular ferrite formed from a cooling rate range of 0.3 to 5 ºCs-1 (Mo-free) to 0.1 to 15 ºCs-1 (with 0.22% Mo). However, its effect was significantly overshadowed by prior deformation in the austenite. The strain affected CCT diagrams for both alloys appear to be similar. The prior deformation had a stronger effect on the CCT diagram than molybdenum additions and promoted acicular ferrite formation, whereas it suppressed the formation of bainite. The prior deformation had two effects in acicular ferrite formation: it promoted nucleation and suppressed its growth and, therefore, resulted in a finer overall grain size. The effect on the YS/UTS ratio at various cooling rates ranging from 1 to 34, 51, 54 or 60 ºCs-1 was investigated in three cases: (i) without prior deformation and coiling simulation, (ii) with no prior deformation but with coiling simulation at 575 and 600 ºC and, (iii) with prior deformation of 33% reduction in the austenite below the Tnr followed by coiling simulation at 575 ºC for 1 hour. It was determined that the YS/UTS ratio was a function of the microstructure and cooling rate in the case treatment (i)) without any coiling simulation and prior deformation. The coarse bainite or acicular ferrite, which was formed at high cooling rates, raised the YS/UTS ratio under conditions of no deformation prior to the transformation. The yield strength and ultimate tensile strength also increased with an increase in cooling rate. With coiling conditions (treatment (ii)), the ratio was not sensitive to the cooling rate or the microstructure for the reference Mo-free alloy #6 because the coiling allows recovery of dislocations, thereby decreasing the difference in dislocation density that had arisen between a low and a high cooling rate. The YS/UTS ratio ranged from 0.75 to 0.8 after a simulated coiling at 575 ºC and from 0.76 to 0.78 after a coiling simulation at 600 ºC. Prior deformation (treatment (iii)) in the austenite raised the ratio from 0.81 to 0.86. However, the YS/UTS ratio was not sensitive to cooling rate after coiling at 575 ºC for 1 hour in the cases with and without prior deformation in the austenite. Deformation with a 33% reduction below the Tnr prior to the transformation increased the yield strength more than the ultimate tensile strength, leading to a high YS/UTS ratio that ranged from 0.81 to 0.86. The prior deformation, therefore, had a stronger effect on the YS/UTS ratio than the microstructure. Towards cache optimization in finite automata / Thesis (PhD (Metallurgical Engineering))--University of Pretoria, 2007. / Materials Science and Metallurgical Engineering / PhD / unrestricted

Ce mémoire présente l’étude du refroidissement diphasique passif d’un décodeur de télévision par le biais d’un caloduc. Il se décompose en deux grandes parties : une étude numérique des caloducs, afin de déterminer les caractéristiques géométriques et physico-chimiques des calo-ducs dans le but de refroidir de manière optimale le décodeur TV. Deux analyses numériques sont effectuées : une première qui est analytique, qui repose sur des simplifications afin d’établir une formule simple du flux maximal que l’on peut dissiper avec un caloduc dont on connais les caractéristiques demandées. Une vérification est de surcrois effectuée pour déterminer si le ca-loduc déterminé ne rentre pas dans des limitations inhérentes aux écoulements diphasiques. Dif-férents fluides sont testés. Une seconde simulation est effectuée, comportant une étude hydrau-lique couuplée a un modèle hydraulique pour simuler toutes les propriétés à l’intérieur du calo-duc, comme le rayon capillaire, les pressions, les vitesses des fluides. Cette simulation est effec-tuée grace a une méthode Runge-Kutta d’un système d’équations différentielles non linéaires couplées. La partie experimentale comporte elle aussi deux sections distinctes. La première con-siste à tester différents caloducs, afin d’optimiser leur fonctionnement lorsqu’ils sont soumis à des puissances données.Pour ce faire, un banc d’essai a été monté et un système de remplissage a été développé afin de répondre aux enjeux de la mise en place d’un caloduc. Plusieurs taux de remplissages, plusieurs fludies et différentes ailettes sont testées. Enfin, le caloduc présentant les meilleures performances est testé sur le décodeur, après avoir au préalable caractérisé le com-portement de celui-ci en fonctionnement normal. / This report presents the study of a passive two-phase cooling of a television decoder using heat pipe. It is composed into two main parts: a first part concerns the numerical studies and the second an experimentalstudy. Numerical study is conducted in order to determine the geometric and physico-chemicalcharacteristics of heat pipes in order to optimally cool the TV decoder. Two numerical analyses arecarried out: a first one, which is analytical model that is based on the global study of the heat pipe inorder to determine the maximum heat flux that can be dissipated. Different working fluid could bestudied and various architectural design of heat pipe are tested. Different fluids are tested in order todetermine the best configuration of the micro-channel respecting heat pipes working limitations. Asecond model is carried out to characterize the local physical parameters such as: pressure in the liquidand vapour phases, temperature, thermal resistances, capillary radius, etc. This second simulation iscarried out by a Runge-Kutta method to solve differential equations. In the experimental part, an experimentalset up is has been installed in the laboratory to study heat pipes performances under variousexperimental conditions. A filling system has been developed for heat pipes in order to test variousworking fluids and different charges. Finally, the best configuration of the heat pipe is tested to coolOrange decoder. Different tests are conducted previously in order to make characterization of the conventionalcooling system and heat pipe cooling mod.

Philosophiae Doctor - PhD / Adolescent hookah pipe use is a public health concern because it poses several health, environmental, and economic risks. Self-determination theory (SDT) posits that people are motivated to engage in certain behaviours in an attempt to satisfy their basic psychological