Wireless power and data transfer systems are experiencing an ever-growing consumer and industrial adoption. Its use in common devices has made the technology more accessible to people, but seldomly does it replace a physical connection inside a product. When two parts of an assembly are to be electrically connected, the solution has traditionally been connectors or wires. However, typical connection methods using physical connectors between two devices can be fragile and sensitive to dust and debris. In this degree project, a wireless power and data connection between two parts of an industrial nutrunner are evaluated. A very compact nutrunner encasement calls for a minimal wireless interface with high efficiency. Additional complications are met when the nutrunner body is made of metal, which introduces losses. Electromagnetic simulations of a flexible PCB transformer with ferrite film backing are performed in the simulation software Finite Element Method Magnetics (FEMM), and electrical performance is evaluated in the circuit simulator LT-Spice. From the best performing solution, a physical model is constructed and evaluated. The final implementation uses a flyback converter for power transfer, and amplitude modulated data for bi-directional data transfer. Results indicate the potential for excellent performance with 1 W power transfer with more than 50 % efficiency whilst simultaneously transferring data at a rate greater than 1 Mbit/s. / Trådlös effekt och dataöverförings system ser allt fler tillämpningar i konsument och industriella sektorn. Dess implementation i vardagliga enheter har gjort teknologin mer tillgänglig för människor, men den ersätter sällan fysiska kontakter inuti produkter. När två delar av en produkt skall sammankopplas elektriskt har den traditionella lösningen varit kontakter eller sladdar. Däremot så kan typiska anslutningsmetoder med fysiska kontakter vara ömtåliga samt känsliga för damm och smuts. I detta examensarbete undersöks ett trådlöst effekt och data gränssnitt mellan två delar av en industriell mutterdragare. En väldigt kompakt mutterdragrinkapsling medför ett väldigt kompakt trådlöst gränssnitt med hög verkningsgrad. Ytterligare komplikationer uppstår när mutterdragaren är gjord av metall, vilket medför förluster. Elektromagnetiska simuleringar av en flexibel kretskorts transformator utförs i simuleringsprogrammet Finite Element Method Magnetics (FEMM) och elektrisk prestanda undersöks i kretssimulatorn LT-Spice. En prototyp konstrueras från den lösning som presterat bäst och denna utvärderas. Den slutgiltiga implementationen använder en flyback omvandlare för effektöverföring och amplitud modulerade data för dubbelriktad datakommunikation. Resultat indikerar god prestanda med 1 W effekt överfört vid mer än 50 % verkningsgrad samtidigt som data överförs med en hastighet mer än 1 Mbit/s.

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This thesis details the development and experimental evaluation of a Controller Area Network (CAN) to Time-Sensitive Networking (TSN) gateway. As modern vehicles incorporate increasingly complex functionalities, the traditional CAN system falls short in terms of data handling capacities and transmission speeds. This study explores the integration of CAN with TSN. Experimental setups evaluate various gateway forwarding strategies, which are different in the number of CAN frames encapsulated into a single TSN frame and the methods of this mapping, to assess their impact on system performance, including response times and bandwidth utilization. Through a series of controlled experiments, the gateway's performance is analyzed across different TSN switch configurations and additional network traffic scenarios to understand their effects on data transmission. The experimental evaluation, conducted within an unsynchronized network environment, proved  that encapsulation and transmission of a single CAN frame over the TSN network most effectively minimizes end-to-end delays. However, this strategy results in poor network bandwidth utilization due to significant TSN frame overhead, and it should be carefully considered when dealing with CAN domains that handle a large number of messages, especially with larger payloads that are introduced with CAN Flexible Data-Rate (FD). Additionally, we investigated the use of Time-Aware Shaper (TAS) and Weighted Round Robin (WRR) scheduling under unsynchronized conditions in TSN. Our findings highlight the advantages of employing WRR as a traffic scheduler, offering enhanced performance in scenarios lacking synchronization between network devices. Challenges were identified with TAS, which may arise from its dependence on precise time synchronization.

In previous years, there has been an increase in demand for new functionalities in the automotive and machinery domains. To meet these requirements, deploying more powerful single-core Electronic Control Units (ECUs) became necessary. However, single-cores may soon reach their limit in satisfying current performance and functionality needs. A promising solution lies in the use of multi-core ECUs. Although multi-cores are widely used in consumer electronics, their application in real-time systems has not yet been fully realized. This challenge stems from the fact that real-time systems impose strict timing requirements, making the transition to using multi-cores in real-time applications more challenging. This thesis investigates and analyzes methodologies to ensure that multi-core systems meet their real-time requirements. An extensive review of the state of the art is performed to determine different analysis approaches. Moreover, the thesis revises existing analyses, proposing refinements to enhance their correctness. Furthermore, the analyses are expanded to preemptive scheduling, as the majority of related work considers non-preemptive scheduling for multi-cores. Another scope of this thesis considers core interconnects. With that said, this thesis investigates two types of interconnects: bus and crossbar. An extensive analysis with evaluation is provided to compare the two. Furthermore, in order to investigate arbitration among cores for shared resources, two interconnect arbitration policies are used: First Come First Served and Round Robin. Theoretical considerations are laid out, and the evaluation of proposed approaches is presented. The proposed theories are tested against a typical automotive benchmarks and an industrial use case provided by Volvo Construction Equipment. The work culminates in assembling the analyses in a software tool developed in the C programming language. The tool is capable of running the aforementioned analyses and providing output based on the feasibility of the task set provided as input. Finally, the thesis discusses possibilities for refining the performed work and provides directions for future work.

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Over the past few years, the interest of remote wireless sensor networks has increased with the growth of Internet of Things technology. The wireless sensor network applications vary from tracking animal movement to controlling small electrical devices. Wireless sensors deployed in remote areas where the grid is unavailable are normally powered by batteries, inducing a limited lifespan for the sensor. This thesis work presents a solution to implement solar energy harvesting to a wireless sensor network. By gathering energy from the environment and using it in conjunction with an energy storage, the lifetime of a sensor node can be extended while at the same time reducing maintenance costs. To make sensor nodes in a network energy efficient, an adaptive controller of the nodes energy consumption can be used. A network consisting of a client node and a server node was created. The client node was powered by a small solar cell in conjunction with a capacitor. A linear-quadratic tracking algorithm was implemented to adaptively change the transmission rate for a node based on its current and previous battery level and the energy harvesting model. The implementation was done using only integers. To evaluate the system for extended run-times, the battery level was simulated using MATLAB. The system was simulated for different weather conditions. The simulation results show that the system is viable for both cloudy and sunny weather conditions. The integer linear-quadratic algorithm responds to change very abruptly in comparison to a floating point-version.

The goal of the master thesis is to investigate the feasibility ofhaving distributed machine learning on embedded devices and toanalyse how the architecture of such a system can look like. A systemis proposed which enables machine learning running on multipleembedded devices to communicate with an end application. Theapplication communicates with the distributed machine learning via agateway, which decouples the application. The proposed system isimplemented as a proof of concept system, which utilizes distributedmachine learning to achieve gesture recognition. The Intel Curiemodule was selected as the embedded device, as it provides a hardwareaccelerated implementation of the machine learning algorithmsK-Nearest Neighbour and Radial Basis Function. This module alsoprovides accelerometer/gyroscope sensors for collecting gesture dataas well as Bluetooth Low Energy, which enables wireless communicationwith other devices. The implemented system shows that it is feasibleto implement distributed machine learning on embedded devices if themachine learning is hardware accelerated. If a hardware acceleratorwas not used the computational load on the embedded device willincrease, which will increase the overall power consumption. For alow powered and constrained devices, hardware accelerated machinelearning is likely the best approach to implement edge intelligence.

Unique customizations (options) of features in forklifts are often requested by customers. When new options are created or existing options have to be modified in the main software the complexity increases, the firmware revision pool gets large and with the increasing code size the memory limit is threatened. This affects the software development since the frequent modification of the option handler software is very resource consuming. Therefore it is desirable to have a highly modular system for the option handler to simplify the development process. Although the market value of this improvement is negligible the possible long term savings is the desirable effect. This thesis explores the possibility of migrating the option handling software to a dedicated hardware module. This helps the development process by increasing the modularity of the system architecture and thus reducing the development scope. The tools and the approach to accomplish this option handler is analyzed. A system model of the resulting approach is designed and a prototype is developed to validate the result.

Model-based design is a powerful design technique for embedded system development. The technique enables virtual prototyping to develop and debug controllers before touching real hardware. There are many tools available covering the distinct steps of the design cycle including modeling, simulation, and implementation. Unfortunately, none of them covers all three steps. This thesis proposes a formalism coupling the model and the implementation of a controller for equation-based simulation tools. The resulting formalism translates defined controller models to platform specific code using a defined set of syntax. A case study of a line-following robot has been developed to illustrate the feasibility of the approach. The prototype has been tested and evaluated using a sequence of test scenarios of increasing difficulty. The final experiments suggest that the behaviors of both modeled and generated controllers are similar. The thesis concludes that the approach of model-implementation coupling of controllers in the simplest form is feasible for equation-based tools. This allows it to conduct the whole model-based design cycle within a single environment.

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