Submitted by (edna.saturno@ufrpe.br) on 2017-02-07T12:52:48Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Ana Patricia Souza de Lima.pdf: 977295 bytes, checksum: 33939fc8bb3c79d0da66b07e710666b5 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-02-07T12:52:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ana Patricia Souza de Lima.pdf: 977295 bytes, checksum: 33939fc8bb3c79d0da66b07e710666b5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-02-07 / Although Brazil has an an important position in the world shrimp farming industry scenario, information on the genetic basis of the most important species, the exotic Litopenaeus vannamei, still scarce. The Brazilian shrimp industry has been facing difficulties, such as US antidumping action against shrimp products, unfavorable currency exchange rate impacts and viruses outbreaks. Shrimp resistant to viral diseases, as well as with better growth rates are wanted in breeding programs for this species in Brazil. A Federal Normative Instruction, instituted in 1997, prohibited shrimp importation into Brazil as a sanitary precaution to prevent the spread of shrimp diseases, and since then, all shrimp broodstock rely on the domesticated stocks. This fact raises questions about the success of a breeding program on this species, because one can not know if the genetic variability is enough to guarantee selection response. The objective of this study was to genetically characterize the broodstock of two shrimp hatcheries and to monitor the genetic variability of one of them after three consecutive broodstock replacements in the state of Pernambuco, Northeast Brazil. Genetic characterization of the two hatcheries was carried out using 5 microsatellite loci and pleopods tissue samples taken from 100 shrimp (50 of each broodstock). For the monitoring 3 microsatellite loci were used in 150 shrimp samples (50 of each broodstock replacement). Our results showed that there is sufficient genetic variability in both hatcheries based on the alleles frequency, inbreeding coefficient, FIS (Larv. A = 0,380 e Larv. B = 0,250), and observed and expected heterozygosities ranging from Ho= 0,190 to 0,810 and He= 0,460 to 0,870,respectively. The monitoring results showed that in closed systems, broodstock replacement does not interfer in the genetic variability, based on the alleles frequency, observed and expected heterozygosities (Ho= 0,460 and He= 0,660 in first sample collection, Ho= 0,420 and He= 0,620 in the second sample collection and Ho= 0,600 and He= 0,660 in the third sample collection), inbreeding coefficient, FIS (0,37 for the 1st, 0,39 for the 2nd and 0,13 for the 3rd sample collection). Our results suggested that genetic variability is high, thus reflecting the history of the shrimp activity in Brazil, where broodstock from different origins were introduced in the country up to 1997. / Desde 1997 a introdução de novos reprodutores de Litopenaeus vannamei está proibida pelo o Instituto Brasileiro do Meio Ambiente e dos Recursos Naturais Renováveis (IBAMA), Portaria de nº. 119, o que levanta questões sobre a viabilidade de programas de melhoramento no Brasil, uma vez que não há mais renovação dos plantéis. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi caracterizar geneticamente duas larviculturas de Litopenaues vannamei e monitorar a variabilidade genética de uma das larviculturas, com reposição de matrizes, em três períodos sucessivos, ambas, localizadas no estado de Pernambuco, Nordeste do Brasil. A caracterização genética foi feita usando 5 loci de microssatélites e um total de 100 amostras teciduais de reprodutores, para o monitoramento foram utilizados 3 loci de microssatélites e um total de 150 amostras teciduais de reprodutores. Foi evidenciado que há variabilidade genética suficiente nas duas larviculturas, para subsidiar programas de melhoramento genético, baseado na freqüência dos alelos, nos coeficientes de endogamia FIS (Larv. A = 0,380 e Larv. B = 0,250) e heterozigosidades que variaram de Ho= 0,190 a 0,810 e He= 0,460 a 0,870, respectivamente. Os resultados do monitoramento mostraram que a reposição de matrizes no sistema de ciclo fechado não interferiu na variabilidade genética desta larvicultura, o que pode ser evidenciado através da freqüência dos alelos, nas heterozigosidades obtidas que foram de Ho= 0,460 e He= 0,660 na primeira coleta, de Ho= 0,420 e He= 0,620 na segunda coleta e de Ho= 0,600 e He= 0,660 na terceira coleta, e nos valores do coeficiente de endogamia FIS (0,37 para a primeira coleta, 0,39 para a segunda coleta e 0,13 para a terceira coleta) encontrados. Os resultados aqui relatados podem ser considerados bons, refletindo a história da atividade no Brasil que se destacou pela introdução de reprodutores de diversas origens.

Inbreeding can have profound negative effects on individuals by reducing fertility and viability. In populations, inbreeding depression can reduce growth rates and increases extinction risk. The aims of this thesis are to investigate inbreeding depression in male guppies (Poecilia reticulata) and to study the evolution of mechanisms for inbreeding avoidance in females, using guppies from a feral population in Queensland, Australia. Male guppies are highly polymorphic in their sexual ornamentation, indeed they show one of the most extreme polymorphisms observed in nature. Female guppies exhibit complex mate choice based on preferences for ornamentation, as well as social context. I aim is to examine how these factors of inbreeding avoidance alter sexual selection. In male guppies I found strong inbreeding depression in male sperm numbers, which is amplified under semi-natural compared to laboratory conditions (Chapter 2). Moreover, inbreeding depression results in low fertility under sperm competition: an experiment using artificial insemination techniques reveals that highly inbred males are heavily disadvantaged in gaining paternity (Chapter 3). On population level, inbreeding depression is manifest in reduced growth rates, predominantly in the early stages of inbreeding (Chapter 4). Population growth at inbreeding coefficients f=0.375-0.59 did not seem to lead to inbreeding depression, whereas lower levels of inbreeding reduced population growth. Although the growth rates in inbred populations appear normal, severe inbreeding depression is uncovered after outbred immigrants are added. Specifically, male immigrants are most efficient in short-term genetic rescue, probably due to insemination of large numbers of females whereas females are limited in the number of eggs they can produce (Chapter 4). Male ornamental traits show significant inbreeding depression in semi-natural conditions only (Chapters 2 & 3). Inbreeding avoidance mechanisms seem to have evolved in females: they prefer courtship displays of non-inbred males (Chapter 2), unfamiliar males (Chapter 5) and males with rare patterns (Chapter 6). This preference might increase the mating success of immigrants, and may have evolved to facilitate the avoidance of inbreeding. Together with context-independent preferences for ornament combinations (Chapter 6), it also offers an explanation for the maintenance of polymorphism in this species.

Inbreeding can have profound negative effects on individuals by reducing fertility and viability. In populations, inbreeding depression can reduce growth rates and increases extinction risk. The aims of this thesis are to investigate inbreeding depression in male guppies (Poecilia reticulata) and to study the evolution of mechanisms for inbreeding avoidance in females, using guppies from a feral population in Queensland, Australia. Male guppies are highly polymorphic in their sexual ornamentation, indeed they show one of the most extreme polymorphisms observed in nature. Female guppies exhibit complex mate choice based on preferences for ornamentation, as well as social context. I aim is to examine how these factors of inbreeding avoidance alter sexual selection. In male guppies I found strong inbreeding depression in male sperm numbers, which is amplified under semi-natural compared to laboratory conditions (Chapter 2). Moreover, inbreeding depression results in low fertility under sperm competition: an experiment using artificial insemination techniques reveals that highly inbred males are heavily disadvantaged in gaining paternity (Chapter 3). On population level, inbreeding depression is manifest in reduced growth rates, predominantly in the early stages of inbreeding (Chapter 4). Population growth at inbreeding coefficients f=0.375-0.59 did not seem to lead to inbreeding depression, whereas lower levels of inbreeding reduced population growth. Although the growth rates in inbred populations appear normal, severe inbreeding depression is uncovered after outbred immigrants are added. Specifically, male immigrants are most efficient in short-term genetic rescue, probably due to insemination of large numbers of females whereas females are limited in the number of eggs they can produce (Chapter 4). Male ornamental traits show significant inbreeding depression in semi-natural conditions only (Chapters 2 & 3). Inbreeding avoidance mechanisms seem to have evolved in females: they prefer courtship displays of non-inbred males (Chapter 2), unfamiliar males (Chapter 5) and males with rare patterns (Chapter 6). This preference might increase the mating success of immigrants, and may have evolved to facilitate the avoidance of inbreeding. Together with context-independent preferences for ornament combinations (Chapter 6), it also offers an explanation for the maintenance of polymorphism in this species.

Inbreeding can have profound negative effects on individuals by reducing fertility and viability. In populations, inbreeding depression can reduce growth rates and increases extinction risk. The aims of this thesis are to investigate inbreeding depression in male guppies (Poecilia reticulata) and to study the evolution of mechanisms for inbreeding avoidance in females, using guppies from a feral population in Queensland, Australia. Male guppies are highly polymorphic in their sexual ornamentation, indeed they show one of the most extreme polymorphisms observed in nature. Female guppies exhibit complex mate choice based on preferences for ornamentation, as well as social context. I aim is to examine how these factors of inbreeding avoidance alter sexual selection. In male guppies I found strong inbreeding depression in male sperm numbers, which is amplified under semi-natural compared to laboratory conditions (Chapter 2). Moreover, inbreeding depression results in low fertility under sperm competition: an experiment using artificial insemination techniques reveals that highly inbred males are heavily disadvantaged in gaining paternity (Chapter 3). On population level, inbreeding depression is manifest in reduced growth rates, predominantly in the early stages of inbreeding (Chapter 4). Population growth at inbreeding coefficients f=0.375-0.59 did not seem to lead to inbreeding depression, whereas lower levels of inbreeding reduced population growth. Although the growth rates in inbred populations appear normal, severe inbreeding depression is uncovered after outbred immigrants are added. Specifically, male immigrants are most efficient in short-term genetic rescue, probably due to insemination of large numbers of females whereas females are limited in the number of eggs they can produce (Chapter 4). Male ornamental traits show significant inbreeding depression in semi-natural conditions only (Chapters 2 & 3). Inbreeding avoidance mechanisms seem to have evolved in females: they prefer courtship displays of non-inbred males (Chapter 2), unfamiliar males (Chapter 5) and males with rare patterns (Chapter 6). This preference might increase the mating success of immigrants, and may have evolved to facilitate the avoidance of inbreeding. Together with context-independent preferences for ornament combinations (Chapter 6), it also offers an explanation for the maintenance of polymorphism in this species.

Inbreeding can have profound negative effects on individuals by reducing fertility and viability. In populations, inbreeding depression can reduce growth rates and increases extinction risk. The aims of this thesis are to investigate inbreeding depression in male guppies (Poecilia reticulata) and to study the evolution of mechanisms for inbreeding avoidance in females, using guppies from a feral population in Queensland, Australia. Male guppies are highly polymorphic in their sexual ornamentation, indeed they show one of the most extreme polymorphisms observed in nature. Female guppies exhibit complex mate choice based on preferences for ornamentation, as well as social context. I aim is to examine how these factors of inbreeding avoidance alter sexual selection. In male guppies I found strong inbreeding depression in male sperm numbers, which is amplified under semi-natural compared to laboratory conditions (Chapter 2). Moreover, inbreeding depression results in low fertility under sperm competition: an experiment using artificial insemination techniques reveals that highly inbred males are heavily disadvantaged in gaining paternity (Chapter 3). On population level, inbreeding depression is manifest in reduced growth rates, predominantly in the early stages of inbreeding (Chapter 4). Population growth at inbreeding coefficients f=0.375-0.59 did not seem to lead to inbreeding depression, whereas lower levels of inbreeding reduced population growth. Although the growth rates in inbred populations appear normal, severe inbreeding depression is uncovered after outbred immigrants are added. Specifically, male immigrants are most efficient in short-term genetic rescue, probably due to insemination of large numbers of females whereas females are limited in the number of eggs they can produce (Chapter 4). Male ornamental traits show significant inbreeding depression in semi-natural conditions only (Chapters 2 & 3). Inbreeding avoidance mechanisms seem to have evolved in females: they prefer courtship displays of non-inbred males (Chapter 2), unfamiliar males (Chapter 5) and males with rare patterns (Chapter 6). This preference might increase the mating success of immigrants, and may have evolved to facilitate the avoidance of inbreeding. Together with context-independent preferences for ornament combinations (Chapter 6), it also offers an explanation for the maintenance of polymorphism in this species.

Inbreeding can have profound negative effects on individuals by reducing fertility and viability. In populations, inbreeding depression can reduce growth rates and increases extinction risk. The aims of this thesis are to investigate inbreeding depression in male guppies (Poecilia reticulata) and to study the evolution of mechanisms for inbreeding avoidance in females, using guppies from a feral population in Queensland, Australia. Male guppies are highly polymorphic in their sexual ornamentation, indeed they show one of the most extreme polymorphisms observed in nature. Female guppies exhibit complex mate choice based on preferences for ornamentation, as well as social context. I aim is to examine how these factors of inbreeding avoidance alter sexual selection. In male guppies I found strong inbreeding depression in male sperm numbers, which is amplified under semi-natural compared to laboratory conditions (Chapter 2). Moreover, inbreeding depression results in low fertility under sperm competition: an experiment using artificial insemination techniques reveals that highly inbred males are heavily disadvantaged in gaining paternity (Chapter 3). On population level, inbreeding depression is manifest in reduced growth rates, predominantly in the early stages of inbreeding (Chapter 4). Population growth at inbreeding coefficients f=0.375-0.59 did not seem to lead to inbreeding depression, whereas lower levels of inbreeding reduced population growth. Although the growth rates in inbred populations appear normal, severe inbreeding depression is uncovered after outbred immigrants are added. Specifically, male immigrants are most efficient in short-term genetic rescue, probably due to insemination of large numbers of females whereas females are limited in the number of eggs they can produce (Chapter 4). Male ornamental traits show significant inbreeding depression in semi-natural conditions only (Chapters 2 & 3). Inbreeding avoidance mechanisms seem to have evolved in females: they prefer courtship displays of non-inbred males (Chapter 2), unfamiliar males (Chapter 5) and males with rare patterns (Chapter 6). This preference might increase the mating success of immigrants, and may have evolved to facilitate the avoidance of inbreeding. Together with context-independent preferences for ornament combinations (Chapter 6), it also offers an explanation for the maintenance of polymorphism in this species.

Submitted by HELSI MARIA ISIDRO CRISTOBAL null (helmar2009@live.com.mx) on 2017-10-25T12:25:09Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_Helsi_final.pdf: 975344 bytes, checksum: bb2e31aa42ebcacbcd49b7790b75ac33 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Monique Sasaki (sayumi_sasaki@hotmail.com) on 2017-10-31T15:36:17Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 cristobal_hmi_me_jabo.pdf: 975344 bytes, checksum: bb2e31aa42ebcacbcd49b7790b75ac33 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-10-31T15:36:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 cristobal_hmi_me_jabo.pdf: 975344 bytes, checksum: bb2e31aa42ebcacbcd49b7790b75ac33 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-09-26 / Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACYT) / Os programas de melhoramento em espécies aquícolas apresentam, no geral, um número restrito de famílias e um pequeno tamanho efetivo populacional, levando ao acasalamento de animais aparentados e, consequentemente, ao aumento da endogamia. Por sua vez, maiores níveis de endogamia tendem a ocasionar queda no desempenho dos animais causada pela depressão endogâmica. O objetivo deste estudo foi estimar os níveis de endogamia e depressão endogâmica sobre as características de peso à despesca, comprimento à despesca e resistência a Piscirickettsia salmonis em uma população de salmão coho. A resistência a Piscirickettsia salmonis foi definida como o dia da morte de cada peixe após desafio conduzido em dois anos, com média de 42 dias em 2012 e 14 dias no ano de 2014. Foi utilizado um banco de dados composto por 53.504 observações, provenientes de nove gerações e 930 famílias. A estimação dos componentes de variância e endogamia foram obtidas utilizando o programa computacional AIREMLF90 e os valores de depressão endogâmica foram estimados a partir de um modelo animal. Os valores observados para o coeficiente de endogamia foram crescentes ao longo das gerações, com uma taxa média máxima de 8,75% no ano de 2014. A depressão endogâmica afetou em maior nível as características de peso à despesca e dia de morte, com redução de 6,4 e 9,2% no desempenho dos animais, respectivamente, para o nível máximo de endogamia observado (30%). Os resultados indicam a necessidade de uso de estratégias mais efetivas de controle da endogamia para a manutenção do progresso genético do programa de melhoramento de salmão coho. / Aquaculture breeding programs present, in general, low number of families and reduced effective population size, resulting in mating of related animals and, consequently, increased level of inbreeding. High inbreeding coefficient may negatively impact the animals’ performance due to inbreeding depression. The objective of this study was to estimate inbreeding coefficient and inbreeding depression on growth traits and resistance against Piscirickettsia salmonis in a coho salmon population. Resistance against P. salmonis was defined as days to death of each fish after being challenged in two different years, with an average of 42 days in 2012 and 14 days in 2014. Data of 53,504 animals from 930 families was analyzed. Variance components were estimated using the software AIREMLF90, and inbreeding depression was estimated under an animal model. An increasing rate of inbreeding was observed, attaining an average of 8.75% in 2014. Inbreeding depression was more pronounced for harvest weight (PD) and days to death (DM), in comparison with harvest length. At the highest observed inbreeding level (30%), the estimated reduction caused by inbreeding depression was equal to 6,4% for PD and 9,2% for DM. The results indicate the necessity to control inbreeding more effectively for the studied coho salmon population, to guarantee genetic progress in the long term. / CONACYT: 579741/410470

Orientador: Ricardo da Fonseca / Resumo: As raças ovinas deslanadas são parte do patrimônio genético do Brasil, formado por animais adaptados ao semiárido nordestino e com potencial de produção de carne e pele. No entanto tratam-se de raças de recente formação, ainda com poucos programas de melhoramento genético, e consequentemente, carente de estudos da estrutura populacional, variabilidade genética, endogamia e grau de conservação. Diante disso este trabalho teve dois objetivos: 1) analisar a variabilidade genética da raça Santa Inês no Brasil com base em informações de pedigree utilizando registros de animais da raça Santa Inês, provenientes da Associação Sergipana de Criadores de Caprinos e Ovinos (ASCCO) criados na Região Nordeste do Brasil e 2) avaliar a estrutura genética e variabilidade genética do núcleo de conservação da Embrapa Caprinos e Ovinos, localizada na cidade de Sobral, região do norte do estado do Ceará, controlado pelo Sistema de Gerenciamento de rebanho (SGR) dentro do dentro do programa de melhoramento genético de caprinos e ovinos de corte – GENECOC®. O arquivo de pedigree da raça Santa Inês (ASCCO) continha 29080 animais e os arquivos de dados genealógicos pertencentes ao GENECOC 904 indivíduos da raça Santa Inês, 972 indivíduos da raça Somalis e 1372 indivíduos da raça Morada Nova. Para a primeira análise dos animais Santa Inês a média da integridade do pedigree nas últimas quatro gerações foi maior que 50% e o número de gerações completas equivalente foi igual a 4,89. O valor do coeficient... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The wooless sheep breeds are part of the genetic heritage of Brazil, formed by animals highly adapted to semi-arid Northeast and high capacity of production of meat and skin. However it is of recent formation breeds, still few breeding programs, and consequently lacking in studies of population structure, genetic variability, inbreeding and degree of conservation. Therefore this study had two objectives: 1) to analyze the genetic variability of Santa Ines in Brazil based on pedigree information using animal records Santa Ines, from the Goat Breeders of Sergipana Association and Sheep (ASCCO) created in Northeast of Brazil and 2) evaluate the genetic structure and genetic variability conservation nucleus of Embrapa goats and sheep, located in Sobral, northern region of the state of Ceará, compiled by Management System for Livestock, part of the within the Breeding Program of Goats and sheep - GENECOC® . Santa Inês breed pedigree file (ASCCO) contained 29080 animals and genealogical data files belonging to GENECOC 904 individuals Santa Ines, 972 individuals of Somalis breed and 1372 individuals of Morada Nova breed. For the first analysis of animal Santa Inês the average pedigree integrity in the last four generations was greater than 50% and the number of full generations equivalent was equal to 4.89. The value of endogamic coefficient (F) was 0.32% and the obtained relationship coefficient was 3.1%. The generation interval was 5.75 years. For the results of the parameters bas... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

O bioma Mata Atlântica tem sofrido com a fragmentação florestal e como forma de reestabelecer ambientes florestais são realizados plantios de restauração. Porém, por muito tempo houve preocupação somente com a composição florística das áreas e a diversidade genética foi negligenciada. Além disso, muitas áreas são implantadas a partir de sementes coletadas em áreas florestais geralmente pouco conservadas, pequenas e isoladas, o que pode comprometer a qualidade genética das mudas, produzindo indivíduos menos adaptados em decorrência da depressão endogâmica. Assim este trabalho teve como objetivo principal analisar o aspecto genético em áreas de restauração na região do Pontal do Paranapanema e área natural de referência, o Parque Estadual Morro do Diabo (PEMD), utilizando o jatobá (Hymenaea courbaril L.) como espécie modelo. No capítulo 1 com o objetivo de verificar a diversidade genética de H. courbaril em áreas de restauração florestal, foram selecionadas duas áreas de plantio com espécies nativas. Nestas áreas e no PEMD foram coletadas amostras foliares de indivíduos adultos que foram genotipadas para oito locos microssatélites. No PEMD ainda foram coletados frutos em 12 matrizes para caracterização do sistema reprodutivo. As três áreas estudadas apresentaram diversidade genética e níveis de endogamia similares. Nas três áreas de estudo foi identificada baixa estruturação genética espacial. Houve predomínio de fecundação cruzada para a produção de frutos na área natural, porém a taxa de cruzamentos entre indivíduos aparentados foi até dez vezes maior que a observada em outras populações da espécie. No capítulo 2 com o objetivo de verificar se há depressão endogâmica em progênies provenientes do PEMD foram selecionadas 320 sementes de 12 matrizes. Estas e seus frutos foram medidos. As plântulas a que deram origem também foram mensuradas, mensalmente, durante 15 meses. Todos os indivíduos foram genotipadas para oito locos microssatélites. A coancestria, foi estimada e os indivíduos separados em: não aparentados (tu), aparentados (tr) e autofecundação (s). Foi verificada diferença entre as métricas das plantas de acordo com o nível de coancestria entre indivíduos. Também foram estimados os valores de depressão endogâmica (ID). A quantidade de indivíduos irmãos de autofecundação foi muito pequena, sendo a maioria proveniente de cruzamento entre indivíduos não aparentados. A depressão endogâmica por autofecundação foi mais evidente no peso e tamanho dos frutos, e amena ou inexistente para os demais caracteres. Isto provavelmente por estas sementes terem sido coletadas em um fragmento grande e bem conservado e que ainda não sofre as consequências da depressão endogâmica. Assim, nosso trabalho mostrou que áreas de restauração florestal que seguiram as recomendações genéticas de implantação, apresentam diversidade genética suficiente para H. courbaril, podendo estas áreas serem fonte de coleta de sementes no futuro. E que os indivíduos provenientes de sementes do PEMD não apresentaram efeito de depressão endogâmica até 15 meses de desenvolvimento em viveiro. / The Brazilian Atlantic Forest was severely deforested and restoration initiatives are necessary to reestablish environments. However, for a long time there is only concern over floristic composition and the genetic diversity has been neglected. In addition, several restoration areas are planted from seeds collected in forest areas that are generally poorly preserved, small and isolated, which may compromise the genetic quality of the seedlings, producing less adapted individuals due to inbreeding depression. The aim of this work was to analyze the genetic aspects of Hymenaea courbaril L. in restoration areas in Pontal do Paranapanema region, and a natural reference forest, the Morro do Diabo State Park (PEMD), where seeds were also collected. In Chapter 1, to verify the genetic diversity of H. courbaril in areas of forest restoration, using eight microsatellites, two restoration areas were selected. In these areas and in the PEMD, leaf samples from adult individuals were collected. In the PEMD, fruits were collected in 12 seed trees for mating system characterization. The three areas presented similar genetic diversity and levels of inbreeding. Low spatial genetic structure was identified in the three studied areas. In the natural forest, fruits were mainly produced through outcrossings, but the rate of mating among relatives was up to ten times higher than the observed in other H. courbaril populations. In Chapter 2, to verify the inbreeding depression in the PEMD were selected 320 seeds from eight seed trees. The seeeds and their fruits were measured. The seedlings were also measured monthly, during 15 months. All seedlings were genotyped with eight microsatellite loci. From the pairwise coancestry the seedlings were separated into three categories: outcrossing among unrelated individuals (tu), outcrossing among related individuals (tr), and selfing (s). We verified differences among groups in the metrics of seedlings according to the level of coancestry among individuals. The values of inbreeding depression (ID) were also estimated. The number of selfed seedlings were very small, and the majority were from outcrossing among unrelated individuals. Inbreeding depression by selfing was more evident in weight and size fruit, and was insignificant or non-existent for other characters. This is probably because these seeds were collected in a large and preserved forest fragment, that does not suffer the consequences of inbreeding depression yet. Thus, our work showed that forest restoration areas that followed the genetic recommendations present enough genetic diversity for H. courbaril, and these areas may be a source of seeds for collection in the future. Besides that, seedlings from seed trees in PEMD did not present inbreeding depression effect up to 15 months of nursery development.

Os objetivos do presente trabalho se dirigem ao estudo da variabilidade genética e da depressão por endogamia em sete populações de milho de ampla base genética, visando ao melhoramento de populações e obtenção de linhagens endogâmicas promissoras. Foram instalados onze experimentos em blocos casualizados em um local (Anhembi, SP), com diferentes conjuntos (N) de progênies S1 obtidos de sete populações (GO-D: dentado, GO-F: flint, GO-L: espiga longa, GO-G: espiga grossa; e compostos G3, G4 e GO-S). Foram estimadas a variância genética entre médias de progênies (2G), a variância fenotípica entre médias de progênies?^ (2F?^) e o coeficiente de herdabilidade (sentido amplo) para médias de progênies (2X). As estimativas de h 2Xhforam altas para peso de espigas (PE: 0,89 a 0,94), comprimento da espiga (CE: 0,77 a 0,88) e diâmtero da espiga (DE: 0,77 a 0,92); e menores para altura da planta (AP: 0,58 a 0,80) e altura da espiga (AE: 0,54 a 0,84), demonstrando alto potencial das populações para seleção recorrente com progênies S1. A variável PE nas populações base usadas como testemunha, mostrou valores variando de 11200 kg.ha-1 (GO-D) a 12800 kg.ha-1 (G3). As médias de progênies S1 entre populações variaram de 6070 kg.ha-1 (GO-F) a 7380 kg.ha-1 (G4); a depressão por endogamia nas progênies S1 variou de 37,5% (G4) a 48,0% (G3) em relação à população base. Os estudos sobre endogamia envolvendo as sete populações foram conduzidos com amostras da população original não endógama (S0) e das gerações S1 e S2 de autofecundação. Os experimentos foram conduzidos em Londrina (PR) e Piracicaba (SP) em blocos casualizados com parcelas subdivididas, com as populações representadas nas parcelas e as gerações de endogamia nas sub-parcelas. A estimação da depressão por endogamia foi obtida pelo modelo de regressão linear Y = µ0 + ?, sendo ? a depressão por endogamia para 100% de homozigose. A depressão esperada para 50% de homozigose é ?/2, cujo valor em percentagem variou de 25,4% a 41,4% em Piracicaba e de 23,1% a 39,3% em Londrina. Para os demais caracteres, os efeitos depressivos foram menores, geralmente <25% para AP e AE e <15% para DE e CE. / The objectives of the present work were directed for the study of genetic variability and inbreeding depression in seven maize populations of broad genetic base, as a guide for population improvement and development of promising inbred lines. The field evaluation was in eleven experiments (randomized complete blocks) in one location (Anhembi, SP) with different groups (N) of S1 progenies obtained of seven populations (GO-D: dent type, GO-F: flint type, GO-L: long ear, GO-G: thick ear; and composites G3, G4 e GO-S). Estimates were obtained for genetic variance (?^: progeny mean basis), phenotypic variance of progeny means (2G2F?^), and coefficient of heritability (broad sense) for progeny means (2Xh). Estimates of 2Xhwere high for ear weight (PE: 0.89 to 0.94), ear length (CE: 0.77 to 0.88) and ear diameter (DE: 0.77 to 0.92); and lower for plant height (AP: 0.58 to 0.80) and ear height (AE: 0.54 to 0.84), thus showing the high potential of the populations for recurrent selection based on S1 progenies. Ear yield (PE) in the base populations used as ckecks varied from 11200 kg.ha-1 (GO-D) to 12800 kg.ha-1 (G3). The means of S1 progenies varied from 6070 kg.ha-1 (GO-F) to 7380 kg.ha-1 (G4); the inbreeding depression in S1 progenies varied from 37.5% (G4) to 48.0% (G3) relative to the non-inbred population. For the studies on inbreeding in the seven populations samples of the original non-inbred populations (S0) and S1 and S2 generations of inbreeding were used. Filed experiments were carried out in Londrina (PR) and Piracicaba (SP) in randomized blocks with spli-plots, where populations were in the whole plots and inbreeding generations in the sub-plots. The estimates of inbreeding depression were obtained by the linear regression model Y = µ0 + ?, where ? is the iinbreeding depression for 100% homozygosity. The expected inbreeding depression for 50% homozygosity is ?/2, and the estimates in percentage varied from 25.4% to 41.4% in Piracicaba and from 23.1% to 39.3% in Londrina. For the other traits the inbreeding effects were lower, in general <25% for AP and AE and <15% for DE and CE.