This thesis deals with local fees and real estate taxes in the town of Kamenice nad Lipou. The first, theoretic part of thesis describes present legislative adjustments of local fees and taxation of real estate in the Czech Republic. After it given to the situation in the specific town. In this practical part analyzes the development of the individual fees and real estate taxes in the period between 2005 and 2011 and then the predication of development in 2012.

This diploma thesis shows, that higher incomes of American Jewish people are related to specific factors. The question is if there is some kind of specific human capital which influences Jewish incomes and if there is, how it differs from the common human capital. To find out the answer, the earnings of Jewish men and women and earnings of common Americans without connection to religion will be analyzed. Besides proving the importance and influence of education, other factors, which may increase or decrease the incomes, are also mentioned in the text. This thesis adds to the topic by including analyses of the qualitative data gained by the author; it thus should add to completeness of the research.

In this diploma thesis I deal with the analysis of the municipal budget, specifically the budget of the city district Brno-Tuřany. The reporting pertiod for this analysis is 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018 and 2019. The year 2019 is included only as of 31.10. 2019. Inthe monitored period I always analyze the incomes and expenditures of the municipality for each calendar year. The aim of the analysis is to find out whether the municipality manages enonomically effeciently and possibly to propose improvements in the management of the municipality.

Master’s thesis elaborates an evaluation of the management of contributory organization named Business Academy and Language School Entitled to State Exams. The aim of the submitted master’s thesis is, on a base of the evaluation of the management, to propose a set of recommendations which will improve the management and will make the management more efficient.

This thesis analyzes the implementation of the budget of the village Slatina and serves as a basis for a proposal to improve its economical status as well as the environmental issues. The first part contains theoretical basis for understanding of the functioning and financing of the village, the second part includes acquaintance with the municipality, the municipal budget performance analysis in the selected period 2008 - 2011 and the analysis of forecast budget for the period 2012 - 2014. The last part is a proposal for collection and processing of biodegradable municipal waste and calculation of its benefits.

The diploma thesis deals with the evaluation of economic activities of Vlčnov village in the years from 2009 to 2013. The thesis is divided into three parts. There are mentioned theoretical themes in the first part. In the second part, there is basic information about Vlčnov village. Later on, there is the analyses of incomes and expenses of the village. In the end, there is also the evaluation of village´s economic activities. The third part describes the suggestions to improving the economic activities.

Text in Afrikaans / Summaries in English and Afrikaans / The orthodox school's explanation for wage differentials, unemployment and labour market discrimination and the policy measures which they proposed did not offer workable solutions to the problems of the day. During the late 1960s and early 1970s a group of American labour economists conducted field studies in American urban ghettos which resulted in the formulation of the dual labour market theory. In contrast with the orthodox approach, which emphasises free market forces and investment in human capital, the dual labour market theory focuses on the dual structure of the labour market. The labour market is divided between a primary (high-wage) and a secondary (low-wage) sector, with little or no mobility between the sectors. An oversupply of labour in the secondary sector and unemployment are the results. These labour market phenomena and dualism also characterise the South African labour market and should be taken into account when policy measures are formulated. / Loonverskille, werkloosheid en arbeidsmarkdiskriminasie is algemene verskynsels in arbeids· markte wereldwyd. Die ortodokse denkskool se verklaring vir die verskynsels en die beleidsmaatreels wat bulle voorste~ het met verloop van tyd ontevredenheid ontketen omdat dit geen werkbare oplossing vir die probleme van die dag kon hied nie. Gedurende die laat ·1960s en vroee 1970s het 'n groep Arnerikaanse arbeidsekonome verskeie veldstudies in verskillende Arneri· kaanse stedelike ghetto's geloods op soek na 'n meer aanvaarbare verklaring vir hierdie verskyn· sels. Uit hierdie veldstudies is die dualistiese arbeidsmarkteorie geformuleer. In teenstelling met die ortodokse benadering, wat Idem le op die werking van vrye markkragte en investering in menslike kapitaal, benadruk die dualistiese arbeidsmarkteorie die tweeledige struktuur van die arbeidsmark. Die arbeidsmark is verdeel tusssen 'n primere (hoogbesoldigde) en sekondere (laagbesoldigde) sektor, met min of geen mobiliteit tussen die sektore nie. Werkers se toegang tot die primere sektor word beperk, met 'n ooraanbod van arbeid in die sekondere sektor en werkloosheid as die gevolg. Hierdie arbeidsmarkverskynsels en dualisme is ook kenmerkend van die Suid·Afrikaanse arbeidsmark en beleidsmaatreels moet daarmee rekening hou / Economics and Management Sciences / M. Comm. (Economy)

Ce travail se caractérise par une approche territoriale de la précarité et de la pauvreté. Par le biais d'analyses spatiales, le but est d'observer comment et pourquoi celles-ci se manifestent à différents échelons géographiques infra-nationaux, et, in fine, quelles en sont les conséquences. Dans un premier temps, une typologie des espaces selon leurs caractéristiques en matière de précarité et de pauvreté sera établie à partir de l'étude de différents indicateurs (notamment relatifs aux bas-revenus, au sous-emploi ou aux minimas sociaux). Des facteurs socio-économiques seront ensuite dégagés pour expliquer les profils observés. Enfin, le lien entre renouvellement démographique et précarité/pauvreté sera exploré, afin de déterminer dans quelle mesure les difficultés socio-économiques s'accompagnent de comportements démographiques particuliers. Les espaces où le niveau de précarité/pauvreté est le plus important ont généralement des caractéristiques communes, mais le type de territoire (urbain, périurbain, rural) n'est pas non plus sans importance. Que ce soit au niveau des départements de France métropolitaine ou des cantons du département de la Gironde, les zones cumulant les difficultés sont clairement identifiées, même si les facteurs explicatifs des différentes mesures statistiques varient. Certains types d'espaces particulièrement concernés par la précarité et la pauvreté tendent également à présenter des caractéristiques démographiques particulières, avec notamment des niveaux de fécondité et de mortalité plus élevés que la moyenne, et un solde migratoire déficitaire. / This work is based on a territorial approach to precariousness and poverty. Using spatial analyzes, the aim is to study how and why socio-economic difficulties appear on various infranational geographic scales, and, ultimately, what are the consequences. First, a typology of territories based on their characteristics related to precariousness and poverty will be developed, using various indicators (in particular concerning low incomes, non-employment and social welfare). Socio-economic factors explaining these profiles will then be investigated. Lastly, the link between demographic renewal and precariousness/poverty will be studied, in order to see the extent to which socio-economic difficulties are accompanied by particular demographic behaviors. Areas where levels of precariousness and poverty are high generally have common features, but the type of territory (urban, periurban, rural) is important too. Whether at the level of metropolitan France's departments or Gironde's districts, areas cumulating difficulties are clearly identified, even if the factors explaining the statistical measures are different. Some territories in particular affected by precariousness and poverty also tend to show specific demographic features: levels of fertility and mortality can notably be high and migratory balance be in deficit.

The thesis considers two pertinent questions about poverty in Fiji. One is about the accuracy of the poverty measures calculated by the concerned organisations and this relates to the use of equivalence scales and the general style of analysis. The other more intricate question is the disregard for poverty due to intra-family distribution asymmetries. Such miscalculations of poverty arise due use of average household per capita expenditure to represent consumption. This research attempts to answer the question of whether the tendency to underestimate the incidence of poverty by disregarding intra-family inequality is significant. Furthermore, it attempts to determine the causes of these inequalities. The issue is whether the classical method of data analysis (using the family as a unit) is the ideal way of analysing poverty and distribution in societies where large family structures exist and government relief remains minimal. To determine the household inequalities, household expenditures have been disaggregated into individualised expenditures. The individualised consumption expenditure is analysed and compared with the outcomes of aggregate household expenditure data. The analysis provides overwhelming evidence for underestimation of poverty when household consumption expenditures are used.

The thesis considers two pertinent questions about poverty in Fiji. One is about the accuracy of the poverty measures calculated by the concerned organisations and this relates to the use of equivalence scales and the general style of analysis. The other more intricate question is the disregard for poverty due to intra-family distribution asymmetries. Such miscalculations of poverty arise due use of average household per capita expenditure to represent consumption. This research attempts to answer the question of whether the tendency to underestimate the incidence of poverty by disregarding intra-family inequality is significant. Furthermore, it attempts to determine the causes of these inequalities. The issue is whether the classical method of data analysis (using the family as a unit) is the ideal way of analysing poverty and distribution in societies where large family structures exist and government relief remains minimal. To determine the household inequalities, household expenditures have been disaggregated into individualised expenditures. The individualised consumption expenditure is analysed and compared with the outcomes of aggregate household expenditure data. The analysis provides overwhelming evidence for underestimation of poverty when household consumption expenditures are used.