The lack of Indigenous cultural knowledge and perspectives in the school curriculum has been identified as a significant factor in school failure amongst Indigenous students. This thesis includes a literature review of Indigenous education, as articulated by Indigenous scholars. Issues of identity, self-determination, local control, community, culture and a return to a traditional-holistic model of education are investigated. An analysis of experiential and place-based educational models is taken as these alternative practices have shown success in addressing Indigenous students needs. The fundamental significance story, narrative and the concept of place has in Indigenous culture and knowledge development is explored, as well as the effects colonial influences have had on Indigenous story, voice and sense of place. Using self-study methodologies and the formation of a "narrative identity" through reflexive writings, the author attempts to uncover his motives and reasoning as a non-Indigenous educator and researcher in pursuing research in Indigenous education and to develop principles that understand, are respectful and conducive to Indigenous thought.

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Cette étude utilise la base de données à 100% du recensement de 1901, rendue disponible par le projet Le peuple canadien, pour faire une analyse descriptive des arrangements résidentiels des Autochtones du Canada au début du 20e siècle. La province du Manitoba a été sélectionnée pour une étude de cas. Le premier objectif de cette étude est d’évaluer la capacité du recensement de 1901 à représenter la réalité des ménages autochtones et son deuxième objectif est de faire une analyse descriptive des arrangements résidentiels des ménages autochtones, pour l’ensemble de la province ainsi que selon le district de résidence et l’âge et le sexe des individus. Une comparaison est aussi faite avec les ménages non-autochtones. Les principaux résultats sont que le recensement de 1901 permet aux chercheurs de représenter des ménages autochtones, mais représente seulement partiellement la population autochtone et peut tendre à moins bien représenter les ménages complexes. De plus, le ménage nucléaire est le plus important arrangement résidentiel, pour les Autochtones comme pour les non-Autochtones. Cependant, parmi les autres ménages, ceux comprenant de la famille étendue restent plus communs pour les Autochtones. Plusieurs facteurs laissent tout de même penser que le ménage nucléaire est surreprésenté chez les Autochtones, en raison notamment de biais de la source de données dans sa couverture de la population autochtone et dans sa représentation de leurs ménages. / This research exploits the 1901 Census 100% database, made available by the project The Canadian Peoples, to do a descriptive analysis of the living arrangements of the Indigenous Peoples of Canada at the beginning of the 20th century. The province of Manitoba has been selected for a case study. This research first aims to assess the capacity of the 1901 census to represent the reality of Indigenous households and also aims to do a descriptive analysis of the living arrangements of Indigenous households, for the whole province as well as for the district of residence and the age and sex of the individuals. A comparison is also made with non-Indigenous households. The main results are that the 1901 census allows researchers to represent Indigenous households, but only partially covers the Indigenous population and can tend to represent less accurately complex households. Moreover, the nuclear family household is the most common living arrangement, both for Indigenous and non-Indigenous people. Nonetheless, among other households thosethat include extended family are more common for Indigenous people. Other factors do, however, seem to indicate that the nuclear family household is overrepresented for Indigenous people, notably because of the bias of the data source in its coverage of the Indigenous population as well as its representation of their households.

Much of the scholarly literature on Indigenous media relations frames Indigenous peoples as passive players in the mainstream media, and focuses on negative elements such as stereotypes. This thesis challenges this view, finding that Indigenous peoples in Canada actively and strategically engage with mainstream and social media as they forward their social and political agendas. This thesis provides an analysis of the counter-colonial narrative in Canada by offering a new perspective on Indigenous media relations, focusing as a case on the Idle No More movement. Emphasizing three dimensions of communication--the mainstream print media, social media, and individuals involved in Indigenous media relations--I examine the ways in which Indigenous agency and empowerment have the potential to change discourses in the media. As sources of insight I draw on a discourse analysis of mainstream news media, a qualitative analysis of social media and on interviews with those who have significant experience in Indigenous media relations. Interviews with prominent media personalities and individuals involved in media relations (including CBC’s Duncan McCue and Janet Rogers; Four Host Nations CEO Tewanee Joseph, and others) illustrate the novel and impactful ways indigenous peoples in Canada are actively and strategically shaping the mainstream media. These representations create a more complex picture of Indigenous peoples as they counter the stereotyped or victimized media narratives within which Indigenous peoples have historically been placed. / Graduate / 0327 / 0708 / 0391 / tiahiltz@uvic.ca