Research now shows that the Individual Educational Programs (IEP) are dominated by individual- oriented actions. This despite the fact that the school`s policy documents advocate that IEP should be viewed in context of the school`s activities. Support must be seen from a holistic perspective and the student`s difficulties will be related to the whole school environment. In an attempt to understand why the individual- oriented actions are still there, I have studied how specific IEP are formulated, and how it relates to the school`s policy documents. In the study, I used discourse theory as a method. By examining the I E P in educational activity, I wanted to find the meaning with which the concept of individual, group and organizational level were filled. The results show that the IEP in comparison with the policy documents mainly differ on the definition of group and organizational level. The three levels individual, group and organizational level do appear as headlines in all IEP. But the prominent fact is that the measures are formulated so that in practice they still get individualized no matter on which level they are described. / Forskningen idag visar att åtgärdsprogrammen domineras av individinriktade åtgärder. Detta trots att skolans styrdokument förordar att arbetet med åtgärdsprogram ska ses i ett sammanhang till skolans hela verksamhet. Stödet ska ses ur ett helhetsperspektiv och elevens svårigheter ska sättas i relation till hela skolmiljön. I ett försök att förstå varför de individinriktade åtgärderna fortfarande råder har jag studerat hur konkreta åtgärdsprogram är formulerade, och hur den formuleringen förhåller sig till skolans styrdokument. I studien använde jag mig av diskursteori som metod. Genom att undersöka åtgärdsprogram i pedagogisk verksamhet ville jag få syn på vilken innebörd individ – grupp - samt organisationsnivå fyllts med. Resultatet visar att åtgärdsprogrammen i jämförelse med styrdokumentens riktlinjer främst skiljer sig åt vad gäller definitionen av grupp- och organisationsnivå. De tre nivåerna individ - grupp - och organisationsnivå finns visserligen med som rubrikform i samtliga åtgärdsprogram. Men det framträdande är att åtgärderna formuleras så att de i praktiken ändå blir individinriktade oavsett under vilken nivå de beskrivs.

Darbe atlikta teorinė ugdymo turinio individualizavimo samprata, nurodyti individualios programos rengimo principai ir etapai. Iškelta hipotezė, kad ugdydami vidutinius ir didelius specialiuosius ugdymosi poreikius patiriančius mokinius, mokytojai moko tų pačių temų, tik nustato skirtingą jų įsisavinimo laiką ir skirtingus mokymo būdus, o rengdami individualias kulinarijos pradmenų ugdymo programas vidutinius ir didelius specialiuosius ugdymosi poreikius patiriantiems mokiniams mokytojai derina bendrąsias ir specialiąsias programas. Anketinės apklausos metodu bei mokyklos dokumentų analize buvo atliktas tyrimas, kurio tikslas- ištirti ko ir kaip pedagogai moko aukštesniųjų lavinamųjų klasių mokinius ugdydami jų kulianrijos pradmenų gebėjimus. Parengtos rekomendacinės kulinarijos pradmenų ugdymo temos vidutinius ir didelius specialiuosius ugdymosi poreikius patiriantiems mokiniams, pravestas eksperimentinis mokymas, įvertinti ir palyginti mokinių gebėjimai gaminti valgį iki eksperimentinio mokymo ir po jo. Siekiama nustatyti, kokiais kriterijais remdamiesi mokytojai nustato, kokiu lygiu mokiniai įsisavino programą. Tyrime dalyvavo 30 specialiosios mokyklos aukštesniųjų lavinamųjų klasių mokinių technologijų mokytojų ir 60 5 - 10 lavinamųjų klasių mokinių. Empirinėje dalyje nagrinėjamas mokytojų suvokimas apie lavinamųjų klasių mokinių gebėjimą gaminti valgį, nustatomi trys mokinių gebėjimų lygiai: gebančių savarankiškai gaminti, gebančių gaminti su pagalba ir negebančių... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Development of cookery basics should help those children to accomplish the objective to be grown-ups, independent and able to take care of themselves. Schoolchildren, having acquired food preparation skills will have a greater freedom of choice and more possibilities to live a more independent life. Hypothesis: it is likely that poor cooking skills impede children independent functioning in social environment, therefore suggested topics for development of cookery program will satisfy the needs of children with extensive and extremely extensive educational needs and will benefit solution of this problem. 30 crafts teachers of upper grades of specialized school and 60 schoolchildren of extensive and extremely extensive special educational needs of upper grades (5-10) from specialized schools participated in the research. The most significant conclusions of empirical research: ● Data from teachers’ questionnaires reveal that all of them follow the program of “Cookery basics” and examine all of the recommended topics, least of their attention dedicating to the topics, such as “Essence of diet” and “Menu”. According to respondents, these topics do not meet children needs with extensive and extremely extensive special educational needs as well as possibilities to acquire them. ● Only fifth of participants are able to cook independently, about two fifths cook with the supervision of a teacher and two fifths do not prepare food at all. This confirms our hypothesis that poor... [to full text]

Diploma thesis Education of Practical school pupils is focused on observation pupils school achievements in two key subjects, it is Food preparation and Health education. Pupils take the final theoretical and practical exams. They obtain a certificate of studies completion and food preparation for auxiliary work qualifications. The target of this work is monitoring and recording the course of the lessons and performance of these pupils. There are two pupils who are the main participants of the study. The aim of the task is to refer about possibility of rising problems and its solutions. It is about the pupils tuition with autism, moderate mental retardation and speech development by one of them and with Asperger syndrome and mild mental retardation. Through the long-term observation of both pupils in the educational process the thesis offers possible solutions and prevention of failures or complications, in getting the required key competencies pointing towards passing the final exam and getting involved in a working process or to continue at a vocational school. In the theoretical part are recorded and described the both pupils diagnosis and anamnesis, defined the terms autism, Asperger syndrome, mild and moderate mental retardation, multiple disability and structured teaching. The theoretical...

This master thesis deals with the questions of teaching the small school children to read. Particularly, there is paid attention to teaching children with reading disorders. The theoretical part of the thesis specifies the reading disorders and the methods of work which lead to the succesful training of the reading abilities. The practical part of the thesis subsumes working with children of the small school "ZŠ Josefa Suka" and the kindergarten "MŠ Křečovice,preparing materials for teaching reading to either children without any learning disabilites or those with disabilites and verifying the materials in practical training.