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The thesis analyses the relations of psychology with literature by applying Freudian theories, and brings these relations into light in the novels of Doris Lessing, Yusuf Atilgan and D.M. Thomas. The first chapter clarifies the aim of the study and gives an overview of the relations between psychology and literature in the past and the present. It, then, provides brief background information about the theories of Freud and the relations of these theories with the themes, which are dealt with in the novels of the writers in question. The following chapters treat the novels according to the theories of Freud such as &ldquo / the Oedipus Complex, death and life instincts, unconscious, id, ego and superego&rdquo / , and therefore the thesis primarily focuses on the hidden feelings of the protagonists as well as their struggle in the twentieth century world. Through the analyses of the protagonists, the study asserts that Freud has been influential on the works of different authors in different cultures, which reinforces the idea of the universality of his psychoanalytical theories.

Submitted by Lays Matias Mazoti Correa (laysmm@gmail.com) on 2017-09-24T16:34:54Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese.pdf: 1833518 bytes, checksum: 961817943990f1d8ffb11dd34622cde9 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Monique Sasaki (sayumi_sasaki@hotmail.com) on 2017-09-27T19:46:51Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 correa_lmm_dr_mar.pdf: 1833518 bytes, checksum: 961817943990f1d8ffb11dd34622cde9 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-09-27T19:46:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 correa_lmm_dr_mar.pdf: 1833518 bytes, checksum: 961817943990f1d8ffb11dd34622cde9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-08-31 / Outra / A presente pesquisa resulta-se da investigação estabelecida acerca da trajetória social de Cornélio Pires (1884-1958). Escritor, músico, conferencista, folclorista, diretor, poeta, jornalista, Cornélio Pires foi um artista múltiplo e buscou tratar a cultura caipira em sua diversidade. Suas principais obras nos mais diferentes suportes em que atuou trabalharam sob a ótica de uma regionalidade-nacional militante acerca do rural e das comunidades caipiras. A partir da análise da imaginação criativa do indivíduo na constituição de suas estratégias de subjetivação, isto é, dos elementos que compuseram seu processo de individuação e socialização, objetiva-se compreender as ligações indissolúveis entre indivíduo e sociedade. Ao empregar a perspectiva biográfica articulada ao procedimento etnográfico, mais do que conhecer a vida de Cornélio Pires, este estudo busca desvelar as tramas, os enredos, as interações com pessoas, políticas, culturas, instituições expressas em sua trajetória social, compreendendo, assim, suas aspirações, comportamentos e atitudes no processo civilizador da modernidade paulista. A cronologia é uma aliada, mas não o fim último da pesquisa, já que a atenção se centra na compreensão do processo, os sentidos e significados apreendidos durante a experiência de uma pesquisa científica sobre um indivíduo ordinário. Grande parte da vida de Cornélio Pires se deu numa temporalidade engendrada a partir de antinomias como campo e cidade, atrasado e moderno, rural e urbano, primitivo e civilizado, caipira e cosmopolita. Seu posicionamento diante dessa realidade em convulsão apresentou-se, justamente, no entre-lugar da modernidade, isto é, o lugar social ocupado por Cornélio Pires foi, justamente, os interstícios do processo civilizacional, no qual articulou a transposição de diferentes temporalidades, realidades e identidades que, mesmo contrapostas nos discursos dominantes, se faziam imbricadas e visíveis no meio social. A partir desse estudo, será possível perceber que nem indivíduo, tampouco sociedade apresentam-se enquanto totalidades coerentes e organizadas, pelo contrário, expressam-se em constante configuração, experiências intercambiáveis, elementos processuais entre o vivido e o pensado (ou imaginado). / The present research results from the established research about the social trajectory of Cornélio Pires (1884-1958). Writer, musician, lecturer, folklorist, director, poet, journalist, Cornélio Pires was a multiple artist and sought to treat the countryside culture in its diversity. His main works in the most different media in which he acted worked from the perspective of a militant regionality-national about the rural and the countryside’s communities. From the analysis of the creative imagination of the individual in the constitution of his strategies of subjectivization, that is, of the elements that composed their process of individuation and socialization, aims to understand the indissoluble connections between individual and society. By using the biographical perspective articulated to the ethnographic procedure, more than knowing the life of Cornélio Pires, this study seeks to reveal the plots, the entanglements, the interactions with people, policies, cultures, institutions expressed in their social trajectory. It is only from this apprehension that it will be possible to understand his aspirations, behaviors and attitudes in the civilizing process of the São Paulo modernity. Chronology is an ally, but not the ultimate end of the research because the focus is on understanding the process, the senses and meanings learned during the experience of scientific research on an ordinary individual. Much of Cornélio Pires's life occurred in a temporality engendered by antinomies such as countryside and city, archaic and modern, rural and urban, primitive and civilized, hillbilly and cosmopolitan. His position in the face of this convulsive reality was precisely in the inter-place of modernity. The social place occupied by Cornélio Pires was, precisely, the interstices of the civilizational process, in which he articulated the transposition of different temporalities, realities, and identities that, even when contrasted in the dominant discourses, became imbricated and visible in the social environment. From this study, it will be possible to perceive that neither individual nor society presents themselves as coherent and organized totalities, on the contrary, express themselves in constant configuration, interchangeable experiences, procedural elements between the lived and the thought (or imagined).

This study investigates the characteristics of and the interrelationships between disease, disability, service use and social support in a random sample of 647 community dwellers aged 75 years and over. The two broad objectives of the study are: to examine the physical aspects and manifestations of health by investigating disease and disability and the interrelationships between these two factors, and; to examine the social aspects of health by investigating service use and social support and the interrelationships between these two factors. Given the dramatic population ageing in Australia, particularly in the very old age groups, the health, well-being and quality of life of older Australians are of paramount importance and will be well into the future. The proportion of the population with diseases and disabilities increases significantly with age. As the physical aspects of health are manifested with increasing age the social aspects of health also become increasingly important. Older adults, particularly those in advanced old age, are disproportionately high users of health and community services. Despite the high use of services in this age group, far more older adults living in the community rely on their families, friends and neighbours for social support and many older adults use a combination of formal services and informal social support. Little is known about people aged 75 years and over living in the community in Australia. In particular, significant knowledge gaps exist with regard to the relationship between disease and disability and that between service use and social support. The characteristics of social support in this group of older adults are also largely unknown. The papers presented in this thesis are based on data collected in The Sydney Older Persons Study (SOPS). This is a large longitudinal multidisciplinary project which began in 1991 in order to investigate the health and service use patterns of people aged 75 years and over living in the community in the Central Sydney Health Area. The initial sample consisted of two groups: first, the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) selected census districts with probability proportional to size and 9271 households were door-knocked to obtain a random sub-sample of the general community (n=320, response rate 73%); second, community-living veterans and war widows residing in the Central Sydney Health Area were selected at random from a list provided by the Department of Veterans Affairs to obtain a veteran/war widow sub-sample (n=327, response rate 82%). Respondents participated in both an interview conducted by a social scientist and a medical assessment performed by a medical practitioner with experience in geriatric medicine. An informant was sought for each respondent and this informant participated in a phone interview conducted by a social scientist. The first paper in this thesis investigates the characteristics of diseases (neurodegenerative, systemic and psychiatric) including their prevalence and association with age. The second paper extends the first by examining the nature of the relationship between disease and disability and in particular which individual diseases and groups of diseases have the greatest impact on disability. The third paper expands the analysis in the second paper by focusing in greater detail on the relationship between disease and disability. The contribution of clinically-diagnosed individual diseases and groups of diseases to three different measures of disability (clinician-rated, informant-rated or proxy and self-report) is investigated here. The fourth paper examines the possibility of disease and disability being the major predictors of service use and social support. It focuses on the determinants of service use and social support using Andersen's behavioral model. The fifth paper investigates the characteristics of social support, in particular gender differences and the socio-demographic variables associated with social support. This is an important research area because lower levels of social support have been found to predict mortality, disease and lower levels of well-being. Finally, the sixth paper links the major themes of the fourth and fifth papers by investigating the relationship between service use and social support. This paper tests Cantor's 'hierarchical-compensatory' mechanism, which predicts a negative association between service use and social support, and the 'bridging' mechanism which predicts a positive association between these two factors. Thus it assesses the extent to which demands for service use and for social support are made together or in a compensatory fashion for respondents of equal disease and disability. The presented work demonstrates that neurodegenerative diseases [dementia, cognitive impairment, parkinsonism, instability (gait ataxia), immobility (gait slowing) and motivation loss/behaviour change] have the largest and most significant increases with age of all disease groups. Therefore the hypothesis made in paper one that neurodegenerative diseases will come to dominate the health care needs of older adults, particularly when combined with population ageing, is supported. Further, results of papers two and three indicate that neurodegenerative diseases result in greater levels of disability, lending credence to the finding that it is these neurodegenerative diseases that are of central importance to the future of the health care needs of older adults of advanced age. While systemic diseases play an important role in disability, the neurodegenerative diseases are under-recognised by self-report and yet are most strongly associated with severe disability. A major recommendation of this study is that assessments and diagnosis of neurodegenerative diseases be included in disability assessments. With regard to the social aspects of health, the fourth paper finds that disease and disability are the main predictors of service use and social support. The fifth paper highlights important gender differences in social support and also finds that lower levels of social support are associated with increased age, male gender, single marital status and lower socioeconomic status. Because it is widely accepted that social support is protective against adverse health outcomes and low levels of wellbeing, these groups of older adults are at risk of poorer health and wellbeing. Finally the sixth paper fills some knowledge gaps with regard to the relationship between service use and social support. It shows that with regard to IADL (instrumental activities of daily living) services and IADL social support, Cantor's 'hierarchical-compensatory' mechanism (negative correlation) applies but with regard to medical services and both ADL (activities of daily living) and IADL social support the 'bridging' mechanism (positive correlation) is supported. These complex interrelationships between disease, disability, service use and social support are summarised schematically in a model. In light of significant population ageing, substantial resources in the form of medical and community services and social support from carers, family, friends and neighbours will need to be devoted to older adults with diseases, in particular neurodegenerative diseases, and to those with disabilities. Given the increasing importance of disease, disability, service use and social support in very old age, it is crucial that knowledge and understanding of these factors and their interrelationships be advanced in order to better allocate and sustain resources and to ultimately improve the health, well-being and quality of life of very old adults.