L'électrocoagulation permet d'éliminer simultanément un large spectre de polluants organiques et minéraux, de colorants et de métaux lourds ; de ce fait, il a été beaucoup étudié. En revanche, peu de travaux ont été entrepris pour étudier de façon plus approfondie son fonctionnement. La complexité des effluents pour laquelle il est particulièrement intéressant d'utiliser ce procédé, fait aussi qu'il est difficile d'analyser les résultats. Cette thèse a pour objectif d'apporter une contribution à la compréhension du couplage électrocoagulation - décantation et des interactions liés à des effluents multi-polluants complexes. De plus l'aspect réacteur en continu a été abordé dans le cas d'un effluent synthétique simple pour mieux appréhender les différences par rapport au fonctionnement en discontinu. Cette étude est basée sur une approche systématique qui repose sur les processus élémentaires de l'électrocoagulation: Electrochimie, Coagulation et Séparation physique. Chaque processus fournit une base pour l'étude des interactions qui permettent ensuite la modélisation globale des processus. Afin d'étudier les couplages électrocoagulation-décantation, des effluents textiles industriels ont été traités par électrocoagulation suivie par une étape de décantation en éprouvette, sans agent floculant. L'effet des paramètres d'électrocoagulation sur la décantabilité des effluents traités et l'efficacité d'élimination de la pollution a été étudié en suivant en particulier la vitesse de décantation en éprouvette et en calculant le SVI. Le deuxième objectif de ce notre travail était d'étudier les couplages entre les différents types de pollution à éliminer et plus particulièrement un effluent de papeterie contenant des pollutions organiques et de l'arsenic. Enfin, nous avons réalisé une étude sur les performances du couplage EC-décantation pour le traitement d'un effluent synthétique textile en réacteur continu. Ce dernier est composé de deux éléments, la cellule électrochimique suivie d'une chambre de sédimentation / Electrocoagulation eliminates simultaneously a large spectrum of organic pollutants, dyes and heavy metals; therefore, it has been studied extensively. However, little work has been undertaken to investigate more thoroughly its behaviors. The complexity of the effluent for which it is particularly interesting to use this method also makes it difficult to analyze the results. This thesis aims to contribute to understanding the coupling electrocoagulation - settling and interactions associated with complex effluent multi-pollutants. Also a continuous reactor has been addressed in the case of a simple synthetic sewage to better understand the differences from the batch operation. This study is based on a systematic approach based on the elementary processes of electrocoagulation: Electrochemistry, coagulation and physical separation. Each process provides a basis for studying the interactions that then the overall modeling process. To study the electro-decantation couplings, industrial textile effluents were treated by electrocoagulation followed by a settling step, without flocculent. The effect of parameters on electrocoagulation settleability of treated effluent and removal efficiency of pollution has been studied in particular by following the settling velocity in the test tube and calculating the SVI. The second objective of this our work was to study the coupling between the different types of pollution and to eliminate a particular paper mill effluent containing organic pollutants and arsenic. Finally, we conducted a study on the performance of EC-coupling settling for the treatment of a synthetic textile effluent flow reactor. The latter is composed of two elements, the electrochemical cell followed by a settling chamber

Grande parte das indústrias alimentícias, principalmente as que utilizam processos fermentativos, geram efluentes com altas concentrações de material orgânico e nutrientes (principalmente de nitrogênio), necessitando de sistemas complexos para o seu tratamento. Neste sentido, o presente trabalho foi proposto com o intuito de desenvolver um sistema compacto que possa operar como única unidade de tratamento de águas residuárias industriais, tanto na remoção de matéria orgânica quanto na remoção de nitrogênio, com baixo consumo de energia e baixa produção de lodo. Constatou-se, portanto, a viabilidade técnica do reator combinado anaeróbio-aeróbio vertical de leito fixo para o tratamento de efluentes industriais contendo matéria orgânica (1400 mg DQO/l) e nitrogênio (160 mg N/l). A melhor condição operacional do reator foi conseguida aplicando-se tempo de detenção hidráulica (TDH) de 35 h (21 h na zona anaeróbia e 14 h na zona aeróbia), com base no volume útil do reator, e razão de recirculação (R) igual a 3,5, apresentado eficiências na remoção de DQO, NTK e NT de 97%, 94% e 77%, respectivamente, com concentrações efluentes médias de 36 '+ OU -' 10 mg DQO/l, 2 '+ OU -' 1 mg N-'NH IND.4' POT.+'/l,8 '+ OU -' 3 mg N-org/l, 1 '+ OU -' 1 mg N-'NO IND.2'POT.-'/l e 26 '+ OU -' 23 mg N-'NO IND.3'POT.-'/l. O reator vertical de leito fixo, operando unicamente em condição anaeróbia, apresentou eficiências médias na remoção de DQO de 43 '+ OU -' 9%, 60 '+ OU -' 9% e 70 '+ OU -' 6%, respectivamente para TDH aplicados de 11 h, 17 h e 21 h / Most of the food industries, mainly the ones that use fermentative processes, generates effluent with high concentrations of organic matter and nutrients (nitrogen mainly), needing of complex systems for its treatment. In this direction, the present work was considered to develop a compact system that can operate as only unit of industrial wastewater treatment, in the removal of organic matter and nitrogen, with low consumption of energy and low sludge production. Therefore, the viability of the upflow anaerobic-aerobic combined fixed bed reactor for the treatment of industrial effluent with organic matter (1400 mg COD/l) and nitrogen (160 mg N/l) was evidenced. The best operational condition of the reactor was obtained applying 35 h of hydraulic retention time (21 h in the anaerobic zone and 14 h in the aerobic zone) and recycle ratio (R) of 3.5. In this condition, the COD, TKN and TN efficiencies removal were of 97%, 94% and 77%, respectively, with average effluent concentrations of 10 '+ OU -' 36 mg COD/l, 2 '+ OU -' 1 mg N-'NH IND.4'POT.+'/l, 8 '+ OU -' 3 mg N-org/l, 1 '+ OU -' 1 mg N-'NO IND.2'POT.-'/l and 26 '+ OU -' 23 mg N-'NO IND.3'POT.-'/l. The up-flow fixed bed reactor, operating only in anaerobic condition, presented average efficiencies in the COD removal of 43 '+ OU -' 9%, 60 '+ OU -' 9% and 70 '+ OU -' 6%, for HRT applied of 11 h, 17 h and 21 h, respectively

A viabilidade técnica de um sistema termofílico combinado de reatores anaeróbio-aeróbio foi avaliada para tratamento de efluente sintético da indústria de pasta de celulose não branqueada. Estas indústrias apresentam efluente com temperatura superior a 40ºC e o tratamento termofílico pode eliminar a necessidade do resfriamento, necessário para a faixa mesofílica de tratamento, reduzindo custos. Os reatores foram inoculados com lodo mesofílico com gradual adaptação para a condição termofílica. Na faixa mesofílica (37,5 a 42,5ºC) a eficiência do sistema foi de (69±3)%, com maior eficiência do reator anaeróbio (56±7)%. Depois que os reatores apresentaram equilíbrio dinâmico aparente, a temperatura foi gradualmente aumentada de 45,0 para 52ºC. As eficiências de remoção de DQO do sistema variaram de 57% a 88%. A porcentagem de metano no biogás foi decrescendo com o aumento de temperatura, de 77% para valores abaixo do limite de detecção do método cromatográfico utilizado. A eficiência do reator anaeróbio foi baixa e houve acúmulo de ácidos, principalmente acético. O reator aeróbio apresentou maior eficiência de remoção de DQO porém a concentração no licor misto foi baixa. Após a alteração no tempo de detenção hidráulica dos reatores UASB e de lodos ativados para 24 horas e 8 horas, respectivamente, os reatores operaram em faixa de temperatura de 52 a 57ºC por 85 dias. As eficiências de remoção de DQO do sistema variaram de 54% a 70%. A eficiência do reator UASB continuou baixa enquanto o reator aeróbio apresentou bom desempenho, com eficiências variando de 3% a 35% e de 43% a 75%, respectivamente. As concentrações de SSV no licor misto aumentaram, variando de 122 mg/L a 2940 mg/L. Em faixa de temperatura termofílica houve predomínio de Methanosaetas sp e bacilos no reator anaeróbio, não havendo diferenciação significativa de morfologias comparando com a fase mesofílica. No reator aeróbio houve diferenciação a partir da temperatura de 42,5ºC e predominaram bacilos, cocos e filamentos em temperatura termofílica. Os resultados demonstram a viabilidade do tratamento termofílico, mas outros experimentos são necessários antes da aplicação industrial do processo. / The technical feasibility of a combined thermophilic anaerobic-aerobic biological reactors configuration was evaluated in this work using a synthetic unbleached pulp mill effluent. These industries introduce effluent with temperature greater 40ºC and the treatment would eliminate the need of cooling that is required for the mesophilic range, reducing the costs. The reactors were inoculated with mesophilic sludge with gradual adaptation to the termophilic condition. In the mesophilic range (37.5 to 42.5ºC) the efficiency of the combined system was (69±3)%, with the higher efficiency in the anaerobic reactor (56±7)%. After the reactors reached apparent steady state regime the temperature was gradually increased from 42.5 to 52ºC. The system efficiency ranged from 57% to 88%. The percentage of methane in the biogas decreased with the increase in temperature, from 77% to values below the detection limit of the chromatographic measurement used in this work. The anaerobic efficiency was low and the reactor accumulated fatty acid, mostly acetic. The aerobic reactor presented higher efficiency removal of COD but the mixed liquor concentration was lower. After adjustment in the hydraulic retention time of both reactors, with the UASB operating with 24 hours HRT and the aerobic with 8 hours HRT, the reactors operated in the temperature range of 52 to 57ºC during 85 days. The overall removal efficiency ranged from 54% to 70%. The efficiency of the UASB reactor remained lower while the aerobic reactor presented good performance, with COD removal efficiency in the range of 3% to 35%, respectively. The mixed liquor VSS concentration increased with the increase in temperature from 122 mg/L to 2940 mg/L. In thermophilic temperature there was predominance of Methanosaetas sp and baccilus in the anaerobic reactor, without significant differentiation of morphology in comparison with the mesophilic temperature. In the aerobic reactor there was differentiation in temperature of 42.5ºC and baccilus, cocus and filamentous predominated in the thermophilic temperature. These results indicated the feasibility of the thermophilic treatment but other experiments are needed before industrial application of this process.

La production industrielle des silicones génère des effluents aqueux contenant des siloxanes et polysiloxanes, chargés en sels à divers stades de la filière. Dans une perspective de développement durable et pour tenir compte des préoccupations grandissantes autour de l'impact environnemental des rejets industriels, des procédés d'épuration sont recherchés. L'objectif de cette étude est d'évaluer les performances de deux procédés, nanofiltration et oxydation biologique, pour le traitement des effluents aqueux polysiloxaniques. Des expériences de nanofiltration frontale ont été réalisées. Les essais préliminaires avec des solutions synthétiques, mélange d'eau et des siloxanes, ont montré une rétention quasi-totale des siloxanes dans tous les cas testés. Des expériences ont ensuite été menées avec des effluents représentatifs des effluents usines de différentes compositions pour évaluer la robustesse du procédé. Nous avons montré que la nanofiltration réduit efficacement la charge organique globale de l'effluent et réduit significativement la concentration en siloxane. La dilution provoque une diminution de l'abattement du COT et de la rétention des siloxanes mais la qualité du perméat est améliorée. L'augmentation de la salinité réduit la qualité du filtrat. Des essais de micro et ultrafiltration des mêmes effluents ont montré que seule la NF permet d'atteindre un niveau de rétention important des siloxanes. Des essais de nanofiltration tangentielle ont ensuite été réalisés afin de préparer une étude plus complète nécessaire en vue d'une éventuelle l'industrialisation du procédé. La biodégradabilité des siloxanes a été explorée par la méthode Oxitop. Aucune activité biologique provoquée par les siloxanes n'a été enregistrée lors de tests Oxitop réalisés avec des boues activées de stations d'épuration, mais aucun effets toxique ou inhibiteur n'ont été observés non plus. Un bioréacteur à membrane pilote a été alimenté pendant 5 mois au laboratoire avec une solution contenant des siloxanes pour tenter d'acclimater les boues activées aux siloxanes. Les tests Oxitop effectués avec des boues issues du pilote n'ont pas mis en évidence d'acclimatation des micro-organismes aux siloxanes. / Industrial production of silicones generates liquid streams containing siloxanes with high salinity. In a perspective of sustainable development and to consider the growing concern about the environmental impact of industrial residues, we are looking for treatment processes to remove siloxanes in wastewater. This study aims to evaluate the performance of two processes for the treatment of effluents containing siloxanes: nanofiltration and biological oxidation, Frontal nanofiltration experiments were carried out. Firstly, experiments with synthetic solutions (mix of water and siloxanes) have shown almost total siloxane retention in all conditions investigated. Then, experiments were performed with effluents of different compositions representative of industrial ones in order to evaluate the process robustness. It was concluded that nanofiltration is efficient to reduce the total organic content of the effluent and significantly reduces siloxanes concentration. Dilution of the effluent causes a decrease in TOC reduction and siloxanes retention, but the permeate quality is improved. Increasing salinity reduces the filtrate quality. Micro and ultrafiltration of identical effluents confirmed that only NF can reach a high level of siloxane retention. Tangential nanofiltration experiences were performed in order to prepare a more complete study which is necessary to anticipate industrialization of the process. Siloxanes biodegradability was explored by Oxitop method. No biological activity induced by siloxanes was recorded in Oxitop tests with activated sludge from wastewater treatment plant, but no toxic or inhibitory effects were observed. A pilot membrane bioreactor was fed in the laboratory for 6 months with a solution containing siloxanes to try to acclimate activated sludge to siloxane. Oxitop tests performed with sludge taken from the pilot did not show acclimation of microorganisms to siloxanes.

A viabilidade técnica de um sistema termofílico combinado de reatores anaeróbio-aeróbio foi avaliada para tratamento de efluente sintético da indústria de pasta de celulose não branqueada. Estas indústrias apresentam efluente com temperatura superior a 40ºC e o tratamento termofílico pode eliminar a necessidade do resfriamento, necessário para a faixa mesofílica de tratamento, reduzindo custos. Os reatores foram inoculados com lodo mesofílico com gradual adaptação para a condição termofílica. Na faixa mesofílica (37,5 a 42,5ºC) a eficiência do sistema foi de (69±3)%, com maior eficiência do reator anaeróbio (56±7)%. Depois que os reatores apresentaram equilíbrio dinâmico aparente, a temperatura foi gradualmente aumentada de 45,0 para 52ºC. As eficiências de remoção de DQO do sistema variaram de 57% a 88%. A porcentagem de metano no biogás foi decrescendo com o aumento de temperatura, de 77% para valores abaixo do limite de detecção do método cromatográfico utilizado. A eficiência do reator anaeróbio foi baixa e houve acúmulo de ácidos, principalmente acético. O reator aeróbio apresentou maior eficiência de remoção de DQO porém a concentração no licor misto foi baixa. Após a alteração no tempo de detenção hidráulica dos reatores UASB e de lodos ativados para 24 horas e 8 horas, respectivamente, os reatores operaram em faixa de temperatura de 52 a 57ºC por 85 dias. As eficiências de remoção de DQO do sistema variaram de 54% a 70%. A eficiência do reator UASB continuou baixa enquanto o reator aeróbio apresentou bom desempenho, com eficiências variando de 3% a 35% e de 43% a 75%, respectivamente. As concentrações de SSV no licor misto aumentaram, variando de 122 mg/L a 2940 mg/L. Em faixa de temperatura termofílica houve predomínio de Methanosaetas sp e bacilos no reator anaeróbio, não havendo diferenciação significativa de morfologias comparando com a fase mesofílica. No reator aeróbio houve diferenciação a partir da temperatura de 42,5ºC e predominaram bacilos, cocos e filamentos em temperatura termofílica. Os resultados demonstram a viabilidade do tratamento termofílico, mas outros experimentos são necessários antes da aplicação industrial do processo. / The technical feasibility of a combined thermophilic anaerobic-aerobic biological reactors configuration was evaluated in this work using a synthetic unbleached pulp mill effluent. These industries introduce effluent with temperature greater 40ºC and the treatment would eliminate the need of cooling that is required for the mesophilic range, reducing the costs. The reactors were inoculated with mesophilic sludge with gradual adaptation to the termophilic condition. In the mesophilic range (37.5 to 42.5ºC) the efficiency of the combined system was (69±3)%, with the higher efficiency in the anaerobic reactor (56±7)%. After the reactors reached apparent steady state regime the temperature was gradually increased from 42.5 to 52ºC. The system efficiency ranged from 57% to 88%. The percentage of methane in the biogas decreased with the increase in temperature, from 77% to values below the detection limit of the chromatographic measurement used in this work. The anaerobic efficiency was low and the reactor accumulated fatty acid, mostly acetic. The aerobic reactor presented higher efficiency removal of COD but the mixed liquor concentration was lower. After adjustment in the hydraulic retention time of both reactors, with the UASB operating with 24 hours HRT and the aerobic with 8 hours HRT, the reactors operated in the temperature range of 52 to 57ºC during 85 days. The overall removal efficiency ranged from 54% to 70%. The efficiency of the UASB reactor remained lower while the aerobic reactor presented good performance, with COD removal efficiency in the range of 3% to 35%, respectively. The mixed liquor VSS concentration increased with the increase in temperature from 122 mg/L to 2940 mg/L. In thermophilic temperature there was predominance of Methanosaetas sp and baccilus in the anaerobic reactor, without significant differentiation of morphology in comparison with the mesophilic temperature. In the aerobic reactor there was differentiation in temperature of 42.5ºC and baccilus, cocus and filamentous predominated in the thermophilic temperature. These results indicated the feasibility of the thermophilic treatment but other experiments are needed before industrial application of this process.

Orientador: Lucia Regina Durrant / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-10T19:47:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 CaffaroFilho_RobertoAugusto_D.pdf: 3860538 bytes, checksum: 5e0a12a4a24fb8f37e470a346d8bc95a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Resumo: Os processos industriais são geradores de uma ampla variedade de contaminantes que estão presentes nas águas residuarias. A seleção de processos de tratamento baseia-se nas características do efluente a ser tratado. Neste trabalho investigou-se um efluente tóxico da fabricação de resinas de poliéster. Existem poucas informações na literatura sobre este tipo de água residuaria. Procedeu-se a caracterização do efluente, efetuando-se a avaliação e identificação de constituintes tóxicos presentes no mesmo por meio de uma abordagem orientada por toxicidade. Foi utilizado bioensaio respirometrico em lodo ativado para avaliar a toxicidade do efluente bruto. Então, foram efetuados tratamentos físicos e químicos para fracionamento do efluente, e apos cada um deles, realizou-se o mesmo bioensaio. Dessa maneira, avaliou-se qual técnica de fracionamento foi a mais efetiva na redução da toxicidade. A maior redução de toxicidade foi observada apos o fracionamento do efluente por arraste com ar em pH 11 (62,5 %). Este resultado demonstrou que uma fração significativa da toxicidade do efluente para lodos ativados era causada por compostos orgânicos volatilizados em pH 11. Isso indica que o tratamento do efluente por arraste com ar em pH básico pode ter impacto positivo em um tratamento biológico aeróbio subseqüente. Uma vez determinado o tipo de compostos no efluente que provocam efeitos tóxicos (Compostos Organicos Volateis - COVs), procedeu-se a esforços analíticos visando a identificação dos mesmos. Analises por headspace do efluente por cromatografia gasosa e espectrometria de massa identificaram a presença de aldeidos insaturados (congeneres de acroleina). Tais compostos tinham relacao direta com o efeito tóxico observado. Foram também realizados bioensaios utilizando microrganismos anaerobios. Para tanto, mediu-se o volume de gas produzido por uma biomassa anaerobia em contato com o efluente bruto e com o efluente fracionado por arraste com ar em pH 11. Não se observou redução na toxicidade do efluente mesmo com este fracionamento. Comparando-se esses resultados aos obtidos com lodo ativados, foi verificado que os compostos removidos por arraste com ar em pH 11 não apresentaram o mesmo grau de toxicidade para esta biomassa anaerobia. Tais resultados indicam que a utilização de processo de tratamento biológico anaerobio seria uma opção adequada para a condução de futuros estudos de tratabilidade deste efluente. Os resultados obtidos neste trabalho de avaliação e identificação de toxicidade em efluente da fabricação de resinas de poliéster ratificam a abordagem utilizada como uma valorosa ferramenta na caracterização de efluentes industriais tóxicos, principalmente nos casos onde não se encontram disponíveis informações especificas relacionadas ao efluente estudado / Abstract: Industrial processes generate a vast range of contaminants that are present in wastewaters. Treatment process selection is based on wastewater characteristics. In this work a toxic polyester resin manufacturing wastewater was investigated. Specific literature on this kind of wastewater is rare. The characterization of this wastewater was conducted, evaluating and identifying toxicity by applying a toxicity-oriented approach. An activated sludge respirometric bioassay was used to assess effluent toxicity. Then, physical and chemical treatments were performed for effluent fractionation. After each fractionation, the same bioassay was conducted. In this way, it was assessed which fractionation technique was the most effective in reducing effluent toxicity. The greater toxicity reduction was observed after effluent fractionation with air stripping in pH 11 (62.5 %). This result showed that a significant fraction of wastewater toxicity for activated sludge was caused by organic compounds volatilized in pH 11. This indicates that effluent treatment by air stripping in basic pH could have a positive impact in a conjugated aerobic biological treatment. Once the type of compounds causing wastewater toxicity has been determined (Volatile Organic Compounds ¿ VOCs), analytical efforts aiming the identification of these compounds were made. Wastewater headspace gas chromatographic analyses coupled with mass spectrometry identificated the presence of a,ß-unsaturated aldehydes (acrolein congeners). These compounds were directly related to the observed toxic effect. Bioassays using anaerobic microorganisms were also conducted. To that purpose, the volume of gas produced by an anaerobic biomass in contact with the baseline effluent and with the fractionated effluent by air stripping in pH 11 was measured. No toxicity reduction was observed with this fractionation. By comparing this result with the one obtained with the respirometric bioassay, it was found that the compounds removed by air stripping in pH 11 did not inhibit this kind of biomass in the same degree which they inhibited activated sludge. This indicates that the use of an anaerobic treatment process would be an adequate option for conducting future treatability studies in this wastewater. The results obtained in this research of toxicity identification evaluation of a polyester resin manufacturing effluent confirm that the toxicity-oriented approach is a valuable tool for the characterization of toxic industrial wastewaters, especially in cases when specific information related to the studied wastewater is lacking / Doutorado / Doutor em Ciência de Alimentos

Grande parte das indústrias alimentícias, principalmente as que utilizam processos fermentativos, geram efluentes com altas concentrações de material orgânico e nutrientes (principalmente de nitrogênio), necessitando de sistemas complexos para o seu tratamento. Neste sentido, o presente trabalho foi proposto com o intuito de desenvolver um sistema compacto que possa operar como única unidade de tratamento de águas residuárias industriais, tanto na remoção de matéria orgânica quanto na remoção de nitrogênio, com baixo consumo de energia e baixa produção de lodo. Constatou-se, portanto, a viabilidade técnica do reator combinado anaeróbio-aeróbio vertical de leito fixo para o tratamento de efluentes industriais contendo matéria orgânica (1400 mg DQO/l) e nitrogênio (160 mg N/l). A melhor condição operacional do reator foi conseguida aplicando-se tempo de detenção hidráulica (TDH) de 35 h (21 h na zona anaeróbia e 14 h na zona aeróbia), com base no volume útil do reator, e razão de recirculação (R) igual a 3,5, apresentado eficiências na remoção de DQO, NTK e NT de 97%, 94% e 77%, respectivamente, com concentrações efluentes médias de 36 '+ OU -' 10 mg DQO/l, 2 '+ OU -' 1 mg N-'NH IND.4' POT.+'/l,8 '+ OU -' 3 mg N-org/l, 1 '+ OU -' 1 mg N-'NO IND.2'POT.-'/l e 26 '+ OU -' 23 mg N-'NO IND.3'POT.-'/l. O reator vertical de leito fixo, operando unicamente em condição anaeróbia, apresentou eficiências médias na remoção de DQO de 43 '+ OU -' 9%, 60 '+ OU -' 9% e 70 '+ OU -' 6%, respectivamente para TDH aplicados de 11 h, 17 h e 21 h / Most of the food industries, mainly the ones that use fermentative processes, generates effluent with high concentrations of organic matter and nutrients (nitrogen mainly), needing of complex systems for its treatment. In this direction, the present work was considered to develop a compact system that can operate as only unit of industrial wastewater treatment, in the removal of organic matter and nitrogen, with low consumption of energy and low sludge production. Therefore, the viability of the upflow anaerobic-aerobic combined fixed bed reactor for the treatment of industrial effluent with organic matter (1400 mg COD/l) and nitrogen (160 mg N/l) was evidenced. The best operational condition of the reactor was obtained applying 35 h of hydraulic retention time (21 h in the anaerobic zone and 14 h in the aerobic zone) and recycle ratio (R) of 3.5. In this condition, the COD, TKN and TN efficiencies removal were of 97%, 94% and 77%, respectively, with average effluent concentrations of 10 '+ OU -' 36 mg COD/l, 2 '+ OU -' 1 mg N-'NH IND.4'POT.+'/l, 8 '+ OU -' 3 mg N-org/l, 1 '+ OU -' 1 mg N-'NO IND.2'POT.-'/l and 26 '+ OU -' 23 mg N-'NO IND.3'POT.-'/l. The up-flow fixed bed reactor, operating only in anaerobic condition, presented average efficiencies in the COD removal of 43 '+ OU -' 9%, 60 '+ OU -' 9% and 70 '+ OU -' 6%, for HRT applied of 11 h, 17 h and 21 h, respectively

Orientador: Julian Martínez / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-27T11:44:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Barrales_FranciscoManuel_M.pdf: 2768336 bytes, checksum: 142a36d90affeb4da8cdcb77e0d9bd5e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / Resumo: O presente trabalho teve como principal objetivo avaliar a influência da aplicação de ultrassom na extração de óleo de semente de maracujá com CO2 supercrítico, focando no rendimento da extração, na cinética do processo, conteúdo de tocoferóis e tocotrienóis, perfil de ácidos graxos, e atividade sequestrante do radical DPPH do óleo, usando como matéria-prima sementes de maracujá misturadas com polpa provenientes da indústria de processamento da fruta. Com esse intuito, a metodologia de superfície de resposta foi empregada, partindo como base de um planejamento experimental de tipo composto central para três fatores. Os fatores avaliados foram temperatura (38; 40; 45; 50 e 52°C), pressão (13; 16; 21; 26 e 29 MPa) e potência de ultrassom (0; 160; 400; 640 e 800 W). Os extratos obtidos apresentaram alto porcentagem de ácidos graxos poli-insaturados (aproximadamente 67%) e teor de tocoferóis e tocotrienóis (entre 60 e 90 mg/100g óleo), atividade sequestrante do radical DPPH (entre 1,8 e 2,6 mg TE/g óleo) que demonstrou correlação com o conteúdo total de tocoferóis e tocotrienóis (r = +0,872). A análise de polifenóis totais não conseguiu detectar a presença de polifenóis nos extratos. A aplicação de ultrassom na menor potência (160 W) resultou vantajosa, gerando incrementos de até 29% no rendimento de SFE. Este efeito foi registrado na temperatura de 40 °C e pressão de 16 MPa. O modelo de Sovová (1994) mostrou-se adequado para descrever o comportamento da cinética de extração, permitindo avaliar os parâmetros ajustados. Quando foi evidenciado grande incremento no rendimento da SFE, decorrente da aplicação do ultrassom, os parâmetros cinéticos foram modificados, sendo o tempo da etapa CER maior, junto com o coeficiente de transferência de massa da fase fluida, houve diminuição da proporção de extrato de difícil acesso. As imagens obtidas por microscopia eletrônica de varredura com fonte de emissão de campo (FESEM) demonstraram efeitos de atrito e menor tamanho de partículas quando o ultrassom foi aplicado / Abstract: The present work had as main objective the evaluation of the effect of the application of ultrasound in the extraction of passion fruit seed oil using supercritical CO2, on the global extraction yield, the process kinetics, the tocopherol and tocotrienol content and DPPH radical scavenging activity, using as raw material passion fruit seeds mixed with pulp, a byproduct of the pulp processing industry. To accomplish that, the response surface methodology was used. The evaluated factors were: temperature (38; 40; 45; 50 and 52 °C), pressure (13; 16; 21; 26 and 29 MPa) and ultrasound power (0; 160; 640 and 800 W). Fatty acids composition, total polyphenolic content, identification and quantification of tocopherols and tocotrienols and the antioxidant activity were evaluated on the extracts, which resulted rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids (about 67%) and tocopherols and tocotrienols (between 60 and 90 mg/100g oil), of high antioxidant activity (between 1,8 to 2,6 mgTE/g oil) that shown correlation with the tocopherol and tocotrienol total content (r = +0,872). The total polyphenol analysis was not able to detect the presence of polyphenols in the extracts. The application of low power ultrasound (160 W) resulted advantageous; the SFE global yield improvement achieved 29%. This effect was registered at a temperature of 40 °C and pressure of 16 MPa. The model of Sovová (1994) was adequate to describe the extraction kinetics behavior, and it was possible to evaluate the adjusted parameters. When a great increase of SFE yield was achieved due to the ultrasound application, the kinetic parameters were modified, being the CER time and the fluid phase mass transfer coefficient increased, also showing reduction of solute ratio inside the cells. . The images obtained by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) demonstrated mechanical damage effects and smaller particle size when ultrasound was applied / Mestrado / Engenharia de Alimentos / Mestre em Engenharia de Alimentos

PhD (Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology), Vaal University of Technology / Anaerobic digestion (AD) is usually applied in the treatment of distillery effluent due to the fact that it is effective in chemical oxygen demand (COD) reduction and bioenergy recovery. However, due to the presence of biorecalcitrant melanoidins present in distillery effluent, AD is ineffective in colour reduction. For this reason, ultraviolet (UV) photodegradation, which is effective in melanoidins’ degradation, can be integrated with AD to achieve high efficiency in colour and COD reduction. However, the UV process is energy intensive, majorly due to the electricity requirement of the UV lamp. In contrast, the AD process has high potential of renewable energy production in the form of biomethane, which can be transformed into electrical energy and applied to supplement the energy requirement of the UV process. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of a combined AD-UV system in colour and COD reduction for the treatment of distillery effluent in fluidised bed reactors. The potential of the application of the bioenergy produced by the AD process to supplement the energy intensive UV process was evaluated and modelled using response surface methodology. In the first place, the optimal hydrodynamic conditions of the fluidised bed reactors were determined using optical attenuation technique. The best homogeneity in the bioreactor, in which zeolite was used as microbial support, was found to be at a superficial liquid velocity of 0.6 cm/s while the best catalyst and gas hold up in the photoreactor were found to be 0.077 and 0.003, respectively. At these conditions, it was found that the initial biological step removed about 90% of COD and only about 50% of the colour while photodegradation post-treatment removed 98% of the remaining colour. Kinetic analysis of the bioreactor showed that ~ 9% of the feed total organic carbon (TOC) was non-biodegradable and this was attributed to the biorecalcitrant melanoidins. Photodegradation post-treatment mineralized the biorecalcitrant melanoidins via a reductive pathway as was indicated by the formation of NH4+ in large quantity compared to NO3-. Kinetic analysis further showed that the rate of substrate utilization in the bioreactor increased with an increase in organic loading rate and it was inversely proportional to the rate of photodegradation post-treatment. Modeling using response surface methodology (RSM) was applied to predict the effects of the operating parameters of the initial AD step on the performance of the photodegradation post-treatment process and the energy efficiency. Energy analysis of the integrated system showed that the AD process could produce 59 kWh/m3 of electricity which could supplement the electricity demand of the UV lamp by 30% leading to operation cost reduction of about USD 4.8/m3. This led to a presumed carbon dioxide emission reduction (CER) of 28.8 kg CO2e/m3.

Se evaluó el tratamiento de efluentes de la industria alimentaria por coagulación-floculación utilizando almidón de Solanum tuberosum L. „papa‟ como alternativa al manejo convencional. Los ensayos se realizaron a escala de laboratorio realizando la prueba de jarras con dos coagulantes: sulfato de aluminio y policloruro de aluminio, y dos floculantes: poliacrilamida aniónica y almidón gelatinizado, con variaciones en relación a dosis, concentración y velocidad. Para determinar los parámetros ideales se utilizaron las siguientes variables respuesta: índice de Willcomb, absorbancia, turbidez y demanda química de oxígeno. El mejor tratamiento fue con el coagulante policloruro de aluminio y el floculante poliacrilamida aniónica alcanzándose un porcentaje de reducción de DQO de 83,05%. Aun así, los resultados al utilizar almidón sugieren que se puede reemplazar la poliacrilamida aniónica por el almidón de S. tuberosum al aplicar un tratamiento primario a un efluente industrial no doméstico de una empresa alimentaria ubicada en el distrito de Ate en la ciudad de Lima, Perú para cumplir los Valores máximos admisibles del Decreto Supremo N°021-009-Vivienda, en el aspecto de la carga orgánica presente.Treatment of industrial wastewater was evaluated through coagulation-floculation using starch of Solanum tuberosum L. „potato‟ as an alternative to the conventional management. Assays were performed in a laboratory scale by performing Jar Test with two coagulants: aluminum sulfate and aluminum polychloride, and two flocculants: anionic polyacrylamide and gelatinized starch, making variations in dose, concentration and speed. To determine the ideal parameters, the following response variables were used: Willcomb index, absorbance, turbidity and chemical oxygen demand. The best treatment was when using aluminum polychloride as coagulant and anionic polyacrylamide as flocculant, reaching a reduction percentage of 83,05% in chemical oxygen demand. Even then, the results suggest that can the anionic polyacrylamide can be replaced by starch of S. tuberosum when applying a primary treatment to industrial wastewater from a food company located in the district of Ate in Lima, Perú to meet the admisible values set in the Supreme Decree No. 021-009-VIVIENDA, in the aspect of organic matter present in it.